Index 1. The Author(s) 2018 A. Cottey (ed.), The European Neutrals and NATO, New Security Challenges,

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1 Index 1 A Adenauer, Konrad, West German Chancellor ( ), 33, 131, 132 Afghanistan, 13, 45, 47, 48, 52, 58 60, 68, 74, 84, 85, 102, 103, 106, 107, 138, 174, 182, 193, 194, 197, 200, 201, 203, 215, 216, 223, 224 African Union (AU), 3, 48 Ahtisaari, Martti, Finnish President ( ), 104, 105, 110, 117, 118, 121 Albania, 33, 34, 63, 69n2, 199 Andorra, 5 Argentina, 29 Australia, 47, 54, 60, 61, 67, 74, 86, 155, 215 Austria Czechoslovak crisis (1968), 34, 133 European Union, 1, 2, 5, 8, 14, 36 39, 129, 130, , , , 172, 201, 211, 214, 217, 221, 228, 228n1 Hungarian crisis, 132 Neutrality Law, 132, 142, 147, 183 Nuclear weapons/nuclear disarmament, 12, 36, 39, 129, 188, 212 Partnership for Peace (PfP), 37, 40, 45, 46, 82, 83, 103, 130, 136, 138, 151, 214 peacekeeping/crisis management operations, 14, 45, 69, 83, 130, , 143, 146, 147, 213 post-second World War, 130 Security Strategy (2013), 15, 41, 136, 137, 147 Spannocchi Doctrine, 133 United Nations, 35, 129, 133, 139, 143, 145, Note: Page number followed by n denotes note The Author(s) 2018 A. Cottey (ed.), The European Neutrals and NATO, New Security Challenges, 231

2 232 INDEX B Balkans, 3, 14, 30, 40, 48, 58, 68, 130, 135, 146, 147, 173, 175, 182, 191, 193, 198, Baltic Sea region, 15, 74, 79, 90, 97, 105, 114, 226 Baltic states, 30, 33, 65, 82, 87, 99, 101, 102, 105, 114, 115, , 204, 218, 219, 226, 227 Belgium, 23, 29 32, 202, 224 Bildt, Carl (Swedish Prime Minister), 82 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 37, 46, 47, 52, 56, 59, 60, 74, 83, 84, 136, 147, 162, 199, 214, 215, 223 NATO intervention ( ), 60, 172, 173, 215, 223 Bulgaria, 33, 63, 225 C Central and Eastern Europe, 2, 5, 13, 30, 33, 36, 46, 50, 53, 61, 62, 65, 193, 211, 217 Chile, 29 Cold War, 1 11, 21, 27 37, 40, 41, 49, 50, 62, 74 91, 97, 98, , 117, 122, 131, 134, 135, 137, 138, 148, 152, 155, 157, 159, 160, 181, 182, 189, 190, , 198, 201, 204, 205, , 217, 218, , 227 Collective defence, 27, 45, 49, 50, 58, 59, 66, 67, 69, 104, 130, 142, 162, 163, 170, 172, 190, 191, 194, 203, 204, 212 Collective security, 13, 25, 26, 29, 48 50, 67 69, 142, 145, 182, 205, 223 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), 3, 189. See also Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) N+N (neutral and non-aligned) group, 35 Confidence- and security-building measures (CSBMs), 3, 49 Cooperative security, 3, 13, 45, 49, 50, 66 69, 69n1, 108, 136, , 147, 190, , 203, 204, 206, 217, 223 Croatia, 63, 69n2, 172 Cyprus, 5 D De Valera, Eamon, Irish political leader, , 166 Denmark, 22, 29 32, 73, 75 79, 87, 88, 91, 102, 119, 224 E Eisenhower, Dwight D., US President ( ), 132, 186 Euro-Atlantic Disaster Response Coordination Centre (EADRCC), 59 Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC), 46, 56, 58, 103, 138, 170, 176, 203 European Union (EU) accession of Austria, Finland and Sweden (1995), 2, 5, 37, 211, 221 Amsterdam Treaty, 161, 163 battlegroups, 137, 144, 145, 172, 225 Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), 2, 9, 10, 37, 38,

3 INDEX , 143, 151, 158, 162, 163, 165, 169, 221, 222 Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), 2, 9, 10, 37 41, 142, 145, 152, , 167, 169, 170, 175, 176, 221, 222 Irish guarantees, 141, 175 Lisbon Treaty, 38, , 164, 165 Maastricht Treaty, 37, 163, 227, 228n1 Nice Treaty, 38, 163, 164 permanent structured cooperation, 144, 145 Seville Declarations, 164, 165 Single European Act, 159 Europeanisation (of foreign/security policy), 9, 12, 38, 40 F Finland civil war (1918), 99 Continuation War, 99 Enhanced Opportunities Partners programme, 61 European Union, relations with, 2, 36 38, 97, 103, , 117, 121, 141, 163, 211, 217, 219, 221, 227, 228 Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (FCMA) Treaty, 32, 100, 217 Host Nation Support agreement, 86, 97, 106, 226 option policy (re. NATO membership), 104, 118 Paris Peace Treaty (1947), 99 rimstate policy, 99 Russia, relations with, 68, 69, 73, 97, 98, 103, 110, 115, 226 Second World War, 40, 74, 99, 101, 212 Sweden, impact on NATO policy, 14, , 118, 119 Winter War ( ), 99, 100 First League of Armed Neutrality, 22 Former Soviet Union, 6, 65, 119 G Georgia, 4, 6, 46, 47, 56, 60, 61, 65, 67, 68, 74, 86, 120, 136, 198, 202, 215, 218, 227 Georgia war (2008), 65, 68 Germany, 5, 27, 29, 31 33, 39, 50, 79, 91, 99, 100, 108, 115, 130, 131, 136, 154, 155, 172, 176, 183, 202, 224 Grotius, Hugo, 22 Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), 47 H Hague Conventions, 1907, 23 Halonen, Tarja, Finnish President ( ), 105, 106, 110, 111, 116 Historical institutionalism, 221, 222 Holy See. See Vatican City I Idealism, 83 86, 90, 91 International Relations, theories of, 4, 11, 24 Iraq, 47, 54, 69, 105, 112, 118, 197, 201, 224 Ireland Acts of Union ( ), 152 Civil War, 153, 154, 166, 176 Commonwealth, 153, 157 Declaration of Independence, 152

4 234 INDEX Ireland (cont.) defence policy White Paper (2000), 104 defence policy White Paper (2015), 171, 175 Easter Rising, 152, 153, 167 European Union, 38, 39, 141, , 169, 172, 173, 228 Fianna Fáil, 153, 155, 157, , 166, 167 Fine Gael, 155, 160, 161, 166, 167 foreign policy paper (2015), 151 foreign policy White Paper (1996), 160 Green Party, , 173 independence from Britain, Irish Free State, 152, 153 Irish guarantees (EU), 141, 175 Labour Party, 155, 166, 167 NATO membership debate ( ), 122 Partnership for Peace (PfP), 37, 40, 83, 103, 214 peacekeeping, 14, 15, 69, 83, 170, 174, 175 Second World War, 4, 30, 152, 217 Seville Declarations, 164, 165 Sinn Féin, 152, 161, Treaty Ports, 153, 154 triple lock, 164, 165 War of Independence, 152, 153 Islamic State, 69, 139, 224 Istanbul Cooperation Initiative (ICI), 47, 54, 56 J Japan, 47, 54, 60 Jordan, 47, 60, 61, 74, 86 K Kekkonen, Urho, Finnish President ( ), 102 Koivisto, Mauno, Finnish President ( ), 103, 105 Kosovo Force (KFOR), 84, 107, 136, 174, 193, 199, 200, 205 Kosovo war (1999), 6, 104, 173, Kreisky, Bruno, Austrian Chancellor ( ), 134 L League of Nations, 29, 30, 99, 153, 154 Liberalism, 11, 12, 67, 76, 89, 109, 220, 221. See also idealism Libya, NATO intervention (2011), 13, 74, 86, 107, 174, 200, 216, 224 Liechtenstein, 5 Luxembourg, 29 32, 172 M Macedonia, 46, 67 Malta, 5, 46, 214 Mediterranean Dialogue (MD), 47 Moldova, 6, 46 Mongolia, 47 Morocco, 47, 60 N NATO Berlin partnership policy (2011), 55, 65 Bucharest summit (2008), 65 Chicago summit (2012), 60 Connected Forces Initiative (CFI), 60, 107, 108, 171 global partners, 3, 13, 47, 48 Harmel report, 3, 188 Host Nation Support agreement, 226 Individual Partnership Action Plan (IPAP), 56, 64

5 INDEX 235 Individual Partnership and Cooperation Programme (IPCP), 55, 56, 64 integration, 5, 6, 13, 33, 49 51, 67, 68, 74, 80, 88, 158, 175, 188, 222, 223, 225, 227 interoperability platform, 58, 60, 61 Membership Action Plan (MAP), 64 Membership, possibility for European neutral states, 5 Operational Capabilities Concept (OCC), 58, 171 Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism (PAP-T), 58 Partnership Cooperation Menu, 55, 56 Partnership Coordination Cell, 51 Partnership Interoperability Initiative (PII), 58 Partnership Trust Funds, 59 Partnerships, 2, 3, 6, 13, 15, 41, 45 69, 135, 139, 140, 146, , 217, , 225, 228 Partnerships and Cooperative Security Committee (PCSC), 56 peacekeeping/intervention role, 13, 48, 49, 60, 67, 68, 174, 215 Planning and Review Process (PARP), PfP, 51 roles/identities, 67, 223 Strategic Airlift Capability (SAC), 74, 85 Strategic Concept, 2010, 45, 50, 66, 138 Study on Enlargement, 1995, 2, 63, 64, 118, 211 Wales summit, 2014, 60, 61, 86, 140, 215 Warsaw summit, 2016, 226 NATO Response Force (NRF), 57, 86, 106, 140, 225 Netherlands, 29 32, 108, 172, 202, 224 Neutrality ancient Greek city-state system, 22 anti-war/peace policy, 26 free-riding, 205 French Revolutionary Wars, 23 great powers, 7, 11, 25, 26, 28, 40, 74, 75, 130, 154, 182 history, 11, 13, 21, 24, 33, 159 international law, 7, 11, 22 24, 26, 28, 39, 132, 137 morally ambivalent, 27 national identity, 9, 12, 14, 41, 90, 175, 176, 205, 212, non-belligerency in war, 21, 22, 24, 27, 40, 41 non-membership of military alliances, 2, 3, 24, 40, 129, 146, 222 normative character, 26 permanent neutrality, 23, 28, 30, 40, 130, 133, 181, 183, 188, 203, 204 rights and duties of neutral states, 28 Neutrality Acts (US), 1930s, 30 New Zealand, 47, 54, 60, 155 Niinistö, Sauli, Finnish President (2012-), 106 Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), 25, 26, 34, 36 Nordic Defence Cooperation (NORDEFCO), 87, 88, 108, 115, 118 Nordic states, 9, 108 North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC), 51, 103 Northern Europe, 69, 76, 102, 104, 119 Norway, 29, 30, 32, 73 79, 81, 87, 88, 91, 102, 108, 115, 119, 172, 202, 224

6 236 INDEX O OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe), 3, 5, 15, 35, 40, 48, 104, 119, , 140, 146, 191, 193, 199, 200, 213, 214. See also Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) P Paasikivi, Juho Kusti, Finnish President ( ), 100 Pakistan, 47, 54, 67 Palme, Olof (Swedish Prime Minister), 134 Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law of 1856, 23 Partnership Cooperation Menu, 55 Partnership for Peace (PfP), 13, Peacekeeping/intervention, 13, 48, 49, 60, 67, 68, 174, 175, 215 Planning and Review Process (PARP), PfP, 52, 56, 64, 83, 103, 170, 171, 192 Political party views, 160 Portugal, 22, 31, 32, 224 Public opinion, 89, 105, 110, 112, 113, 118, 120, 169, 170, 191, 216, 219, 227 Q Qatar, 47, 61 R Raab, Julius, Austrian chancellor ( ), 130 Realism, 83 86, 90, 91 Response Force (NRF), 140 Russia relations with NATO, 46 S San Marino, 5 Scandinavian Defence Union (SDU), proposal ( ), 75 Second League of Armed Neutrality, 22 Second World War, 3, 7, 11, 26, 27, 31, 32, 75 77, , 156, 160, 166, 171, 182, 185, 212 Serbia, 6, 46, 199 Small states, 9, 187 Social Constructivism, 9, 12, 176, 220 South Korea, 47, 54, 60, 61 Soviet Union break-up of, 6, 50 Spain, 29, 31, 62, 183, 224 Sweden contributions to NATO operations, 61, 86 Enhanced Opportunities Partners programme, 61, 74, 86, 106, 215, 226 European Union, relations with, 81 Host Nation Support agreement, 226 moral superpower, 26, 35, 80 NATO membership, debate on, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 13, 77, 79 Neutrality Policy Commission [Neutralitetspolitikkommissionen], (1992), 77 policy of 1812, 74 Social Democratic-Green government (2014), 89, 90 solidarity declaration/policy, 82 Strategic Airlift Capability (SAC), NATO, 74, 85 Swedish-Norwegian Union, 74 Switzerland Afghanistan, 3, 200 Bosnia and Hercegovina peacekeeping role, 14, 173 Brunner report (1998), 196 Cold War, contacts with NATO, 4, , 196

7 INDEX 237 Kosovo peacekeeping role, 83, 193, 199 Libya, 13, 74, 86, 107, 174, 200, 216, 224 NATO membership discussed ( ), 32, 217 neutrality (1815), 7, 23, 28, 182 Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), 3, 48, 104, 213 Partnership for Peace (PfP), 3 peacekeeping, 2, 3, 10, 15, 26, 35, 37, 40, 84, 161, 162, 182, 190, 191, 193, 195, , 205, 213, 214, 224 Security Policy Report (1973), 188 Security Policy White Paper (1999), 160 Security Policy White Paper (2016), 160 security through cooperation, 15, 40, 182, 189, 190, 196, 198 Syria, 69, 224 T Trump, Donald, US President (2017-), 227 Turkey, 5, 31, 32, 62 Turkmenistan, 6, 46 U Ukraine, 4, 6, 46, 47, 65, 68, 75, 89, 97, 106, 112, 118, 120, 134, 136, 139, 140, 194, 203, 204, 218, 225, 226 Ukraine war ( ), 65, 68, 227 United Arab Emirates, 47, 61 United Kingdom (UK), 32, 99, 102, 152, 153, 157, 172, 201, 202, 224 United Nations (UN), 2, 25, 48, 129, 134, 135, 139, 145, 148, 151, 157, 164, 181 United States (US), 22, 23, 30, 32, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 111, 114, 115, 120, 121, 131, 133, 136, 153, 155, 156, 171, 172, 182, 184, 195, 202, 214, 224, 225 UN Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1325, 58, 109, 170 V Vatican City, 5 W Warsaw Pact, 31, 33, 34, 80, 81, 100, 105, 134, 181, 203 Western European partners (WEP-5), 204 Y Yugoslav conflict, 1990s, 3, 6, 213, 220 Yugoslavia, 5 8, 13, 21, 30, 33 36, 41, 45, 104, 138, 213, 223