AMM Flagship S/V HERITAGE

Transcription

1 EDUCATIONAL sailing program on THE AMM Flagship S/V HERITAGE Sailing As defined by Christopher Cross Well, t's not far down to paradise, at least it's not for me And if the wind is right you can sail away and find tranquility It's not far to never-never land, no reason to pretend And if the wind is right you can find the joy of innocence again Sailing takes me away to where I've always heard it could be Just a dream and the wind to carry me And soon I will be free Fantasy, it gets the best of me When I'm sailing Oh, the canvas can do miracles, just you wait and see All caught up in the reverie, every word is a symphony AMM S/V HERITAGE Sailing Educational Program Page 1

2 Table of Contents Introduction... 3 Class announcements and the sign up process... 3 Description of the flagship S/V Heritage... 3 How the S/V Heritage came to be in Apalachicola... 3 Educational Program overview... 3 Safety and navigational equipment... 4 Sail Course based on soundings, tides, winds and waves... 4 Planning for a sail excursion... 6 History of sailing in Apalachicola... 7 Passages through time.. The age of sail... 7 Wooden sailboat construction... 7 History of S/V HERITAGE... 8 The search for a Flagship... 8 Origins of the design... 8 Construction of the S/V HERITAGE... 8 Tribute to the Quark and John Kendall... 8 Following Samuel s path... 9 The art of sailing... 9 The Magic of riding the wind in a wooden boat... 9 The Points of Sail Diagram... 9 Adjusting course...11 Reducing sail through reefing...11 Sailing TERMs, warnings and safety...12 Ketch rigging nomenclature...12 Finding your way about onboard...13 Commands, and Terminology while underway...16 Cautions while underway...16 Man overboard procedure...16 First Aid and CPR AMM S/V HERITAGE Sailing Educational Program Page 2

3 INTRODUCTION Class announcements and the sign up process The educational program is organized to take advantage of optimal sailing conditions and announced via , on the chalkboard at the AMM location at 103 Water Street, through the Facebook page and other means. As trips are scheduled and announced, you may contact the AMM via telephone, or in person at the AMM to sign up. The sail trips are free and open to the public however there is a cost for the educational program which is required before embarkation. Donations in excess of that are greatly appreciated and will help us to continue our educational activities and programs. Description of the flagship S/V Heritage The flagship sailing vessel of the AMM, S/V HERITAGE, is the 58 LOA wooden ketch built to the L. Francis Herreshoff Mobjack design of the 1930s. The HERITAGE is a wooden boat of the highest quality constructed with a double planked hull of fir over cedar joined to laminate oak frames by Monel fasteners. The decks, cabin sides and sole are constructed of teak. Masts and spars are constructed from Sitka spruce. How the S/V Heritage came to be in Apalachicola The founder of the AMM sailed the HERITAGE from Massachusetts in a six month journey down the east coast, through the Bahamas, the Florida Keys to arrive at her new home port in Apalachicola on a full moon passage in October of 2007 to become the first exhibit of the new museum. Educational Program overview The HERITAGE educational program provides a glimpse trip back in time, to the days before motor powered vessels, when wind powered sailing vessels of all types dominated the waters. The program begins with a history lesson on the role of international sailing ships during the periods of early exploration through antebellum cotton era and afterwards where lumber, sponges, naval stores and European fineries were the objects of commerce. From there we begin to take a closer look at the S/V HERITAGE by exploring the character of traditionally designed and built wooden sailing vessels and then an overview of various sail plans and the names thereof. You will receive an introduction to nautical terminology and the terms essential for managing the vessel while underway and for safety. You will receive an introduction into how the sails are managed to achieve forward movement for a spectrum of 300 out of the 360 degrees of the compass based on concepts illustrated in the points of sail diagram. The program continues with an orientation to safety aboard a traditionally rigged sailing vessel with a focus on the use of sailing terminology to provide warnings and the hazards to be constantly aware of. This will continue with an overview of what to do if someone falls overboard and the safety guidelines appurtenant to all vessels. AMM S/V HERITAGE Sailing Educational Program Page 3

4 At the end of the classroom setting, we will to a tour of the HERITAGE to orient everyone to the rigging, steerage, and other elements appropriate for a short term sailing excursion. The captain and crew provide an a hands on demonstration of the sailing concepts provided in the class room setting. You will have the opportunity to assist in the raising and lowering of the sails, trimming the running rigging, steering with the tiller, navigation and course plotting. Silently slicing through the waters aboard the magnificent HERITAGE provides an experience which words alone cannot adequately convey. Safety and navigational equipment For safety purposes, the HERITAGE is fitted out with state of the art electronics including dual helm redundant GPS navigational systems, RADAR, VHF and Single Side Band radios, refrigeration, hydraulic emergency bilge, EPIRP, air horn and more. Type I PFDs are on board for all guests in addition to a life sling and dual block retrieval system. Sail Course based on soundings, tides, winds and waves The S/V HERITAGE has a six foot (6 ) deep draft which dictates the portion of the bay that can be utilized during a sailing excursion. Sample depth readings on the charts are called soundings and measure the depth at mean low water. Mean low water is the average depth of low tides. In the Apalachicola bay the average difference between mean low and mean high tide is two to three feet. The actual depth can be well below mean low tide during lunar cycles of full and new moon since the gravitational effects of the sun and moon are combined at these times. In addition strong north winds, especially in the winter, have the effect of pushing water out of the bay. When winter winds and lunar cycles combine to produce extreme conditions, the tide can be over three feet below the mean low tide shown on chart soundings. In a similar way high tides can be higher than usual when strong south winds push water into the bay. We take these fluctuations into account in determining the sailing course. We endeavor to keep a minimum of an additional two feet (2 ) of depth under the keel and always stay to the windward side of the channel or shoals. In addition to the depth constraints, the direction of the wind and the wind speed is also factored into the course selected. The sea state is measured in wave height and period. Wave heights are mostly a factor affecting comfort and spray while in the bay since wave heights are seldom more than two feet. Wave heights in the Gulf can be substantially higher than in the bay such that we avoid venturing into the Gulf when wave heights are more than two to three feet. The wave period is the duration between waves measured in period. The chart on the following page is highlighted in red to circle the area which is normally open sailable area. At some points the passage is constrained to a channel such that a red line shows the channel path which must be followed. When in the Gulf, the sail area is defined by a line near shore since sufficient depth is available approximately 100 fees offshore except for where shoaling occurs near the natural passes and points. AMM S/V HERITAGE Sailing Educational Program Page 4

5 Sail Area for the Apalachicola Bay & River And the Gulf of Mexico AMM S/V HERITAGE Sailing Educational Program Page 5

6 Planning for a sail excursion On any trip, you must provide your own weather appropriate clothing, sunscreen, insect repellant, food and water. During the summer, temperatures will exceed 90 degrees F. Plan on consuming four to six glasses of water hourly on your four- hour trip. Shoes must be removed before boarding the Heritage to avoid damaging the deck. There is no guarantee of what wildlife will be observed on your trip but biting insects, snakes and alligators are common in this area so use caution. There is a first aid kit aboard the Heritage but AMM staff has no special expertise or training in emergency medicine other than the First Aid and CPR courses required by the Coast Guard. Adverse weather may delay a trip. Stay in touch with AMM, (850) , to learn of schedule changes. AMM S/V HERITAGE Sailing Educational Program Page 6

7 History of sailing in Apalachicola Passages through time.. The age of sail Description of history of sailing commerce from early European exploration up until the arrival of motor powered vessels that lacked sailing. Points to cover include 1. Spanish era, square rigs 2. From 1820 on.. a. the cotton era b. standing packet lines in the triangular trade route c. blockade ships during the Civil War d. seafood harvesting in the early days e. the storm of 1898 f. the logs of the customs house g. when sail powered seafood harvesting vessels 3. Types of sailing ships as defined by sail plans a. Diagrams with info on how used (international, coastal, lighters, etc) b. Heritage is a ketch 4. Wooden sailboat construction Review the history of wooden boats 1. Type of boats based on hull a. Log canoes i. Fire hollowing ii. Tool hollowing example on display b. Earliest plank on frame from the time of the Phoenicians c. Types of hulls and planking i. Carvel Original which used cotton caulking.. up thru the 1960s ii. Batten iii. Lap strake typical on smaller boats iv. Cold molded like fiberglass where wood triaxial wooden laminates are laid up similar to epoxy d. Masts i. Hoop style where rings traverse solid wooden masts ii. Hollow masts with tracks like a long narrow box with scarfs are stronger than solid masts e. Different trees for different purposes i. Oak is preferred for framing given it s strength. Live oak from our region is renowned for this purpose ii. Longleaf pine is preferred for planking because of strength and rot resistance. iii. Sitka spruce is the best choice for masts due to long straight grains AMM S/V HERITAGE Sailing Educational Program Page 7

8 iv. Cedar is preferred for cabin tops to keep them light v. Teak is preferred for decks due to rot resistance and durability History of S/V HERITAGE The search for a Flagship The history of the search for a flagship for the new AMM conducted in 2006 and Criterion for the search included 1. Exhibition of the highest form of craftsmanship in American wooden boat building 2. Traditional lines and rigging 3. High state of readiness 4. Sea worthy for long passages 5. Inner cabin accommodations for a large number of passengers to be able to escape heavy rains and weather Many boats were evaluated from the Governor Stone on through the William Albury located in the Abaco islands of the Bahamas. Along the way the Quark came on the market and was selected on first sight. Origins of the design Famed American naval architect L. Francis Herreschoff designed the Mobjack. <research and photos of the Mobjack and his other boats> As seen on the sail, Heritage is the 63 rd version of boast from this plan. <use drawings files>. Construction of the S/V HERITAGE Famed American naval architect L. Francis Herreschoff designed the Mobjack. <research and photos of the Mobjack and his other boats> As seen on the sail, Heritage is the 63 rd version of boast from this plan. <use drawings files>. Tribute to the Quark and John Kendall Pull history of construction at Brooklyn boat yard under the direction of Steve White, son of Joel White, whose fame is renowned similar to L. Francis. John Kendal had correspondence with L. Francis during the day and commissioned several of his designs to be built at various boat yards. In realization of the proposed use of the Quark as a flagship for the AMM, he reduced the prices to 1/3 of the construction cost and the deal was done. AMM S/V HERITAGE Sailing Educational Program Page 8

9 Following Samuel s path It was an ironic twist of fate that the Quark was located in the same general area where Samuel Floyd was born and raised. This provided the opportunity go take the vessel along the same general route that Samuel may have taken on his trip to Apalachicola in <insert trip journal> Upon arriving in October of 2007, the Quark became an instant hit taking many local residents and visitors out onto our local waters. In those days it was necessary to traverse a shaking ramshackle dock to climb aboard. As time progressed the museum building went through renovations and the broken down wooden dock was replaced with a modern new concrete structure. The art of sailing The Magic of riding the wind in a wooden boat Sailing has been described in many ways. Pull a few ropes and go where you want for free sums it up. The trick in the game is knowing which ropes to pull and when to pull them! Much of the rest of the experience is the same with any other form of boating. And take note, sailing is the most green form of travel upon the water in that it uses an abundant and renewable form of energy.. the wind it s a low energy cruise.. we will be sailing on the ocean when there are no more fossil fuels And sailing in a wooden boat give an experience that transcends time by carrying on tradition that date back to the earliest recorded history. It gave mankind the ability to explore beyond terra firma in the same profound way that our space program gives us the ability to travel to the moon and one day, distant planets. After all, being on the ocean without a boat is just as hostile as being in space without a space capsule.. except there are no sharks in space!! The Points of Sail Diagram You can t change the wind, you can only change your sails. And the most fundamental concept that every sailor learns first is the Points of Sail as shown in the diagram below AMM S/V HERITAGE Sailing Educational Program Page 9

10 Like the Compass Rose gives meaning to a chart, the Points of Sail diagram provides a clear example of how to adjust sails in order to travel where you want to go relative to the wind. POINTS OF SAIL: BEATING, GOING TO WINDWARD, CLOSE HAULED - sailing as closely as possible to the direction the wind is coming, the ride tends to be bouncy (hence "beating"), the sails are pulled in tight (hence "close hauled"), the boat heels over, and spray often comes over the bow; often fun but not very comfortable CLOSE REACHING - sailing between beating and beam reaching BEAM REACHING - - sailing with the wind square on the beam, coming from the side of the boat, usually the fastest and most comfortable point of sail BROAD REACHING -sailing with the wind on the after quarter RUNNING - sailing downwind with the wind coming directly over the stern. One must be very careful to avoid an accidental jibe. It is best to put the mainsail out on the side away from the wind, and jib and mizzen out on the side toward the wind with PREVENTERS, a rope tied from the booms to the rail to prevent the sails from jibing; this is called sailing WING AND WING, and is best done only in stable, light wind HEADING UP - turning into the wind, toward the direction the wind is coming from FALLING OFF - turning away from the direction the wind is coming from (falling off is not the same as falling overboard, which is not recommended and obliges us to perform the "Person Overboard Maneuver"!) AMM S/V HERITAGE Sailing Educational Program Page 10

11 Adjusting course <description of how to trim sail to match the wind agle and turning with a tack and a jibe.> Reducing sail through reefing <describe adjusting sail to match wind speed. Include the Jib and Jigger on a ketch where the mainsail is dropped in very strong winds where the jiff and mizzen sails are all that remain> AMM S/V HERITAGE Sailing Educational Program Page 11

12 Sailing TERMs, warnings and safety Ketch rigging nomenclature KETCH - a sailboat that has two masts, with the forward mast, called the MAINMAST, being taller than the after mast which is located forward of the rudder post and is called the MIZZENMAST AMM S/V HERITAGE Sailing Educational Program Page 12

13 Finding your way about onboard Basic terms to manage your way around while on board include 1. Locations on deck a. DECK - the part of the boat that we stand on b. BOW - the front of the boat c. FOREDECK - the deck area at the front of the boat between the BOW and MAIN MAST d. MIDSHIP - the middle area of the boat after the MAIN MAST and before the MIZZEN MAST e. STERN - the back of the boat f. FORWARD - toward the front part of the boat g. AFT - toward the back, or after part, of the boat h. PORT - the left hand side of the boat as we face forward, carries a red navigation light i. STARBOARD - the right hand side of the boat, carries a green navigation light j. HULL, or TOPSIDES - the part of the boat that is in the water up to the deck k. STEM - the leading edge at the front of the boat 2. Safety, Control and Navigational Instruments found on deck a. RAIL - the top edge of the hull b. TILLER- Attached to the rudder, used to steer the boat, located in the COCKPIT and connected directly to the RUDDER. This area is sometimes referred to as the HELM. 3. In the cabin a. SOLE - the deck inside the cabin b. BILGE - The lowest part of the inside of the hull, where water and spilled liquids accumulate and can be collected or pumped overboard c. BILGE PUMP - used to remove water from the bilge, can be either manual or electric powered 4. Exterior HULL below the DECK a. KEEL - the large timber leading from the stem along the bottom to the stern of the boat, the backbone of the boat b. RUDDER - under the stern of the boat, makes the boat turn to port when the TILLER is pushed to starboard, and vice versa 5. Terminology for LINES and connecting, terminating or a. LINES Raw rope or cable dedicated for a particular purpose are referred to as LINES. b. SHEETS- Lines used to trim the sails c. HALYARDS Lines used to hoist the sails d. STANDING RIGGING - all the fixed parts and pieces above the deck that hold the sails, including the spars and the wires holding them in position. e. MAKING UP LINES - coiling and securing lines so that they do not tangle, and will run smoothly f. RUNNING RIGGING- all the control lines, sheets and halyards used to shape and control the sails AMM S/V HERITAGE Sailing Educational Program Page 13

14 g. STAYS wires or lines used to hold the mast in position fore and aft. The HEADSTAY is located at the bow, the BACKSTAY at the stern. A RUNNING BACKSTAY is removable, and allows the boom to travel further to the side. h. SHROUDS wires or lines used to hold the mast in position abeam, or side to side i. CLEATS metal or wood horns used for fastening lines j. PINRAILS- pieces of wood between the shrouds that hold the belaying pins k. BELAYING PINS - fit through holes in the pinrails, used for cleating lines 6. Terminology for rigid wooden poles and connecting hardware a. SPAR - a rigid pole to which sails are attached b. MAST - a spar standing vertically from the deck c. BOOM - a horizontal spar attached to the mast at one end, and to which the bottom edge of a sail is attached d. GOOSENECK a pivot point where the boom attaches to the mast e. RIG All the spars, sails, and control lines used to propel the boat with sail f. BOWSPRIT - the long spar on the front of the boat g. SAMSONPOST - large post on the foredeck, used to attach dock lines, the strongest post on the boat 7. Sailing canvas terms a. SAILS - pieces of fabric designed and made to catch the wind b. MAINSAIL - the largest sail, located forward on a ketch c. JIB - the forward most sail, has a halyard, downhaul, and two sheets d. REEF - to reduce the size, or shorten the sails by tying the REEFING LINES or REEF POINTS around the bottom edges of the sails; we reef the sails when the wind rises and makes the boat hard to handle and dangerous; when to reef? as soon as it occurs to you! 8. Terms used to describe the wind in relation to the vessel a. WINDWARD - toward the wind b. LEEWARD - away from the wind c. BEAM - toward the side of the boat 9. Terms that describe changes to the sail setting a. UNDER WAY - the boat is free to move, is not anchored or secured to a dock b. MAKING WAY - the boat is "under way", and is moving through c. the water or over the bottom, in some direction d. COMING ABOUT- when the boat changes relation to the wind from one side to the other e. TACKING - when the bow crosses the wind, necessary when sailing to windward f. JIBING (sometimes spelled GYBING) - when the stern crosses the wind. If not done with care, can cause the booms to swing quickly across the deck, endangering both people and rigging. Best avoided in heavy winds. g. BACKING THE HEADSAIL (Jib) - during tacking, catching the wind on the back side of the sail to bring the bow across the wind h. SETTING THE SAIL or TRIMMING THE SAIL - adjusting the sheet so that the sail catches the wind to best advantage AMM S/V HERITAGE Sailing Educational Program Page 14

15 i. PORT TACK - when the wind is coming over the port side of the boat; boats on a port tack must give way to boats on a starboard tack j. STARBOARD TACK - when the wind is coming over the starboard side of the boat; boats on a starboard tack have right of way over boats on a port tack, but must still do everything necessary to avoid a collision k. SAILING BY THE LEE - sailing downwind with the wind coming from the same side as the sails are out on, very dangerous because a small shift in the direction of the wind can catch the wrong side of the sails and swing the booms suddenly across the deck in an accidental jibe possibly injuring people and damaging rigging; TO BE AVOIDED by turning away from the side the sails are out on; if you need to go the same direction, tack around bringing the sails over to the other side, and proceed 10. Terms that describe the current or planned activity of the boat a. UNDER WAY - the boat is free to move, is not anchored or secured to a dock b. MAKING WAY - the boat is "under way", and is moving through c. the water or over the bottom, in some direction 11. The masts, sails and lines are grouped under three categories on a ketch as follows a. Jib -. b. Main -. c. Mizzen Elements common to these three are a. Mast -. b. Boom -. c. Sail -. d. Halyard -. e. Sheets Aft deck details a. Cockpit -. b. Tiller -. c. Companionway hatch and stairs -. d. Navigational instruments -. e. Lazarette hatches Areas inside the cabin a. Main cabin the port side i. Engine ii. Galley iii. Salon seating and table b. Main cabin starboard side i. Companionway ladder ii. Navigation instruments and drawers iii. Refrigeration iv. Salon seating c. Amid way between main cabin and v-birth Main cabin i. Separated by doors ii. Port side AMM S/V HERITAGE Sailing Educational Program Page 15

16 1. Head The marine toilet. Operation <describe location and use> iii. Starboard side 1. Wash basin Commands, and Terminology while underway For the safety of all aboard, Commands and Terminology must be constantly monitored while underway. Frequently used commands from the captain or crew while underway include the following. 1. Commands a. Prepare to come about followed by Helm Alee -. b. Prepare to jib followed by Jibe ho -. c. Prepare to raise sail d. Prepare to drop sail e. KEEPING A LOOK OUT; if you see something that you are not sure has been noticed, such as another boat, a crab trap or float, some weeds, anything, sing out and let the Captain know; better to say too much than run into or over something! f Terminology a. Windward side -. b. Lee side -. Cautions while underway Be cautions of the following conditions and govern yourself accordingly on the following conditions 1. Tack or Jibe-. 2. Raising or lowering of the sails 3. Close hauled run-. 4. Man overboard procedure The following steps should will be undertaken in the event someone ends up in the water 1. Conscious a. Throw one of the many square style PFDs to the person in distress. These are the square cushions used for seating with straps on each end b. Assign one or more person to maintain sight of the person overboard and keep a finger pointed at the location of the individual. Never take your eyes off of that person until they are aboard. Note that the captain and crew will be busy managing for a retrieval and thus focused on boat operations. c. Deploy the hoist belt or ladder as instructed by the captain d... AMM S/V HERITAGE Sailing Educational Program Page 16

17 e. 2. Unconscious a. Deploy a swimmer with a PFD and a throwable PFD to assist the stricken person to help ensure their head is kept above water and able to breathe. b.. First Aid and CPR The Captain and crew have First Aid and CPR training and will assist. 1. xxx AMM S/V HERITAGE Sailing Educational Program Page 17

18 Heritage Trip Guide Sail craft and history AMM S/V HERITAGE Sailing Educational Program Page 18

19 Heritage Trip Guide Sail craft and history Brooklin Boat Yard The 45-foot ketch Heritage began life in 2002 as the Quark constructed at Brooklin Boat Yard in Franklin Maine for Henry Kendell winner of the 1990 Nobel Prize for Physics for his role in demonstrating subatomic particles like protons and neutrons are composed of even smaller particles called quarks. of postulator of quark particles the smallest known unit of matter. She was the first major investment of George Kirvin Floyd on founding the Apalachicola Maritime Museum in The Heritage Floyd s parents both grew up in Apalachicola and as a boy he spent his summers here working for his maternal grandfather, George H. Floyd founder of Quality Seafood. AMM S/V HERITAGE Sailing Educational Program Page 19

20 At 45 long, the Quark was constructed by the Brooklin Boat Yard of Brooklin, Maine in She resembles to a t, minus modern amenities and navigational upgrades, a Herreshoff boat from the early 20th century. Nathaniel Herreshoff, an illustrious boatbuilder in Bristol, Rhode Island, designed many successful yachts, punt-hulls, scows, ketches, fin-keelers, and other sailing craft during the late 19th century and into the 20th century. A powerhouse in American sailing design, the Herreshoff family drew up plans for several America s Cup defenders and other notable quick-sailers. Heritage represents the beautiful and sleek lines of the Herschoff family most notably and recently L. Francis Herreshoff. Design Specifications Topsides and Bottom: DOUBLE-PLANKED FIR OVER CEDAR Stem: CLIPPER BOW WITH OAK STEM Stern: TRANSOM STERN Frames: 2 ¼ x 2 ¼ LAMINATED FIR ON 14 CENTERS Floor Timbers: 1 ¾ OAK SIDED ON 14 CENTERS Fasteners: MONEL SCREWS CUSTOM MADE FOR THE PROJECT Deck Beams: 1 3/8 x 2 ¾ OAK ON 14 CENTERS AMM S/V HERITAGE Sailing Educational Program Page 20

21 AMM S/V HERITAGE Sailing Educational Program Page 21

22 Nautical terms ABAFT - Toward the rear (stern) of the boat. Behind. ABEAM - At right angles to the keel of the boat, but not on the boat. ABOARD - On or within the boat. ABOVE DECK - On the deck (not over it - see ALOFT) ABREAST - Side by side; by the side of. ADRIFT - Loose, not on moorings or towline. AFT - Toward the stern of the boat. AGROUND - Touching or fast to the bottom. AHEAD - In a forward direction. AIDS TO NAVIGATION - Artificial objects to supplement natural landmarks indicating safe and unsafe waters. ALEE - Away from the direction of the wind. Opposite of windward. ALOFT - Above the deck of the boat. AMIDSHIPS - In or toward the center of the boat. ANCHORAGE - A place suitable for anchoring in relation to the wind, seas and bottom. ASTERN - In back of the boat, opposite of ahead. AMM S/V HERITAGE Sailing Educational Program Page 22

23 ATHWARTSHIPS - At right angles to the centerline of the boat; rowboat seats are generally athwart ships. AWEIGH - The position of anchor as it is raised clear of the bottom. BATTEN DOWN - Secure hatches and loose objects both within the hull and on deck. BEAM - The greatest width of the boat. BEARING - The direction of an object expressed either as a true bearing as shown on the chart, or as a bearing relative to the heading of the boat. BELOW - Beneath the deck. BIGHT - The part of the rope or line, between the end and the standing part, on which a knot is formed. BILGE - The interior of the hull below the floor boards. BITTER END - The last part of a rope or chain. The inboard end of the anchor rode. BOAT - A fairly indefinite term. A waterborne vehicle smaller than a ship. One definition is a small craft carried aboard a ship. BOAT HOOK - A short shaft with a fitting at one end shaped to facilitate use in putting a line over a piling, recovering an object dropped overboard, or in pushing or fending off. BOOT TOP - A painted line that indicates the designed waterline. BOW - The forward part of a boat. BOW LINE - A docking line leading from the bow. (See Spring Line) BOWLINE - A knot used to form a temporary loop in the end of a line. BRIDGE - The location from which a vessel is steered and its speed controlled. "Control Station" is really a more appropriate term for small craft. BRIDLE - A line or wire secured at both ends in order to distribute a strain between two points. AMM S/V HERITAGE Sailing Educational Program Page 23

24 BRIGHTWORK - Varnished woodwork and/or polished metal. BULKHEAD - A vertical partition separating compartments. BUOY - An anchored float used for marking a position on the water or a hazard or a shoal and for mooring. BURDENED VESSEL - That vessel which, according to the applicable Navigation Rules, must give way to the privileged vessel. The term has been superseded by the term "give-way. CABIN - A compartment for passengers or crew. CAPSIZE - To turn over. CAST OFF - To let go. CATAMARAN - A twin-hulled boat, with hulls side by side. CHAFING GEAR - Tubing or cloth wrapping used to protect a line from chafing on a rough surface. CHART - A map for use by navigators. Chart Symbols CHINE - The intersection of the bottom and sides of a flat or v-bottomed boat. CHOCK - A fitting through which anchor or mooring lines are led. Usually U-shaped to reduce chafe. CLEAT - A fitting to which lines are made fast. The classic cleat to which lines are belayed is approximately anvil-shaped. AMM S/V HERITAGE Sailing Educational Program Page 24

25 CLOVE HITCH - A knot for temporarily fastening a line to a spar or piling. COAMING - A vertical piece around the edge of a cockpit, hatch, etc. to prevent water on deck from running below. COCKPIT - An opening in the deck from which the boat is handled. COIL - To lay a line down in circular turns. COURSE - The direction in which a boat is steered. CUDDY - A small shelter cabin in a boat. CURRENT - The horizontal movement of water. DEAD AHEAD - Directly ahead. DEAD ASTERN - Directly aft. DECK - A permanent covering over a compartment, hull or any part thereof. DINGHY - A small open boat. A dinghy is often used as a tender for a larger craft. DISPLACEMENT - The weight of water displaced by a floating vessel, thus, a boat's weight. AMM S/V HERITAGE Sailing Educational Program Page 25

26 DISPLACEMENT HULL - A type of hull that plows through the water, displacing a weight of water equal to its own weight, even when more power is added. DOCK - A protected water area in which vessels are moored. The term is often used to denote a pier or a wharf. DOLPHIN - A group of piles driven close together and bound with wire cables into a single structure. (See piling) DRAFT - The depth of water a boat draws. EBB - A receding current. FATHOM - Six feet. FENDER - A cushion, placed between boats, or between a boat and a pier, to prevent damage. (See Spring Line) FIGURE EIGHT KNOT - A knot in the form of a figure eight, placed in the end of a line to prevent the line from passing through a grommet or a block. FLARE - The outward curve of a vessel's sides near the bow. A distress signal. FLOOD - A incoming current. FLOORBOARDS - The surface of the cockpit on which the crew stand. FLUKE - The palm of an anchor. FOLLOWING SEA - An overtaking sea that comes from astern. FORE-AND-AFT - In a line parallel to the keel. FOREPEAK - A compartment in the bow of a small boat. FORWARD - Toward the bow of the boat. FOULED - Any piece of equipment that is jammed or entangled, or dirtied. AMM S/V HERITAGE Sailing Educational Program Page 26

27 FREEBOARD - The minimum vertical distance from the surface of the water to the gunwale. GALLEY - The kitchen area of a boat. GANGWAY - The area of a ship's side where people board and disembark. GEAR - A general term for ropes, blocks, tackle and other equipment. GIVE-WAY VESSEL - A term used to describe the vessel which must yield in meeting, crossing, or overtaking situations. GRAB RAILS - Hand-hold fittings mounted on cabin tops and sides for personal safety when moving around the boat. GROUND TACKLE - A collective term for the anchor and its associated gear. GUNWALE - The upper edge of a boat's sides. HARD CHINE - An abrupt intersection between the hull side and the hull bottom of a boat so constructed. HATCH - An opening in a boat's deck fitted with a watertight cover. HEAD - A marine toilet. Also the upper corner of a triangular sail. HEADING - The direction in which a vessel's bow points at any given time. HEADWAY - The forward motion of a boat. Opposite of sternway. HELM - The wheel or tiller controlling the rudder. HELMSPERSON - The person who steers the boat. HITCH - A knot used to secure a rope to another object or to another rope, or to form a loop or a noose in a rope. HOLD - A compartment below deck in a large vessel, used solely for carrying cargo. AMM S/V HERITAGE Sailing Educational Program Page 27

28 HULL - The main body of a vessel. INBOARD - More toward the center of a vessel; inside; a motor fitted inside a boat. INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY - ICW: bays, rivers, and canals along the coasts (such as the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts), connected so that vessels may travel without going into the sea. JACOBS LADDER - A rope ladder, lowered from the deck, as when pilots or passengers come aboard. JETTY - A structure, usually masonry, projecting out from the shore; a jetty may protect a harbor entrance. KEEL - The centerline of a boat running fore and aft; the backbone of a vessel. KNOT - A measure of speed equal to one nautical mile (6076 feet) per hour. KNOT - A fastening made by interweaving rope to form a stopper, to enclose or bind an object, to form a loop or a noose, to tie a small rope to an object, or to tie the ends of two small ropes together. LATITUDE - The distance north or south of the equator measured and expressed in degrees. LAZARETTE - A storage space in a boat's stern area. LEE - The side sheltered from the wind. LEEWARD - The direction away from the wind. Opposite of windward. LEEWAY - The sideways movement of the boat caused by either wind or current. LINE - Rope and cordage used aboard a vessel. LOG - A record of courses or operation. Also, a device to measure speed. LONGITUDE - The distance in degrees east or west of the meridian at Greenwich, England. LUBBER'S LINE - A mark or permanent line on a compass indicating the direction forward parallel to the keel when properly installed. MARLINSPIKE - A tool for opening the strands of a rope while splicing. MIDSHIP - Approximately in the location equally distant from the bow and stern. MOORING - An arrangement for securing a boat to a mooring buoy or a pier. NAUTICAL MILE - One minute of latitude; approximately 6076 feet - about 1/8 longer than the statute mile of 5280 feet. AMM S/V HERITAGE Sailing Educational Program Page 28

29 NAVIGATION - The art and science of conducting a boat safely from one point to another. NAVIGATION RULES - The regulations governing the movement of vessels in relation to each other, generally called steering and sailing rules. OUTBOARD - Toward or beyond the boat's sides. A detachable engine mounted on a boat's stern. OVERBOARD - Over the side or out of the boat. PIER - A loading platform extending at an angle from the shore. PILE - A wood, metal or concrete pole driven into the bottom. Craft may be made fast to a pile; it may be used to support a pier (see PILING) or a float. PILING - Support, protection for wharves, piers etc.; constructed of piles (see PILE) PILOTING - Navigation by use of visible references, the depth of the water, etc. PLANING - A boat is said to be planing when it is essentially moving over the top of the water rather than through the water. PLANING HULL - A type of hull shaped to glide easily across the water at high speed. PORT - The left side of a boat looking forward. A harbor. PRIVELEGED VESSEL - A vessel which, according to the applicable Navigation Rule, has right-of-way (this term has been superseded by the term "stand-on"). QUARTER - The sides of a boat aft of amidships. QUARTERING SEA - Sea coming on a boat's quarter. RODE - The anchor line and/or chain. ROPE - In general, cordage as it is purchased at the store. When it comes aboard a vessel and is put to use it becomes line. RUDDER - A vertical plate or board for steering a boat. AMM S/V HERITAGE Sailing Educational Program Page 29

30 RUN - To allow a line to feed freely. RUNNING LIGHTS - Lights required to be shown on boats underway between sundown and sunup. SATELLITE NAVIGATION - A form of position finding using radio transmissions from satellites with sophisticated on-board automatic equipment. SCOPE - Technically, the ratio of length of anchor rode in use to the vertical distance from the bow of the vessel to the bottom of the water. Usually six to seven to one for calm weather and more scope in storm conditions. SCREW - A boat's propeller. SCUPPERS - Drain holes on deck, in the toe rail, or in bulwarks or (with drain pipes) in the deck itself. SEA COCK - A through hull valve, a shut off on a plumbing or drain pipe between the vessel's interior and the sea. SEAMANSHIP - All the arts and skills of boat handling, ranging from maintenance and repairs to piloting, sail handling, marlinespike work, and rigging. SEA ROOM - A safe distance from the shore or other hazards. SEAWORTHY - A boat or a boat's gear able to meet the usual sea conditions. SECURE - To make fast. SET - Direction toward which the current is flowing. SHIP - A larger vessel usually thought of as being used for ocean travel. A vessel able to carry a "boat" on board. SLACK - Not fastened; loose. Also, to loosen. SOLE - Cabin or saloon floor. Timber extensions on the bottom of the rudder. Also the molded fiberglass deck of a cockpit. SOUNDING - A measurement of the depth of water. SPRING LINE - A pivot line used in docking, undocking, or to prevent the boat from moving forward or astern while made fast to a dock. AMM S/V HERITAGE Sailing Educational Program Page 30

31 SQUALL - A sudden, violent wind often accompanied by rain. SQUARE KNOT - A knot used to join two lines of similar size. Also called a reef knot. STANDING PART - That part of a line which is made fast. The main part of a line as distinguished from the bight and the end. STAND-ON VESSEL - That vessel which has right-of-way during a meeting, crossing, or overtaking situation. STARBOARD - The right side of a boat when looking forward. STEM - The forward most part of the bow. STERN - The after part of the boat. STERN LINE - A docking line leading from the stern. (See Spring Line) STOW - To put an item in its proper place. SWAMP - To fill with water, but not settle to the bottom. THWARTSHIPS - At right angles to the centerline of the boat. TIDE - The periodic rise and fall of water level in the oceans. AMM S/V HERITAGE Sailing Educational Program Page 31

32 TILLER - A bar or handle for turning a boat's rudder or an outboard motor. TOPSIDES - The sides of a vessel between the waterline and the deck; sometimes referring to onto or above the deck. TRANSOM - The stern cross-section of a square sterned boat. TRIM - Fore and aft balance of a boat. UNDERWAY - Vessel in motion, i.e., when not moored, at anchor, or aground. V BOTTOM - A hull with the bottom section in the shape of a "V". WAKE - Moving waves, track or path that a boat leaves behind it, when moving across the waters. WATERLINE - A line painted on a hull which shows the point to which a boat sinks when it is properly trimmed (see BOOT TOP). WAY - Movement of a vessel through the water such as headway, sternway or leeway. WINDWARD - Toward the direction from which the wind is coming. YACHT - A pleasure vessel, a pleasure boat; in American usage the idea of size and luxury is conveyed, either sail or power. YAW - To swing or steer off course, as when running with a quartering sea. AMM S/V HERITAGE Sailing Educational Program Page 32