Environmental Issues in Ship Operations and Ship Building

Transcription

1 Environmental Issues in Ship Operations and Ship Building

2 Model Description and Goals This module offers students an opportunity to: Learn the environmental hazards associated with Shipbuilding, Repair and Ship Operations, and how can these hazards be avoided. 2

3 Contents Introduction 05 min Major Sources of Pollution Ballast Water 15 min Exhaust Emissions 05 min Oil Spills 10 min - Oil Spill Hands-on Activity 35 min Other Pollutants 05 min Safety Issues in Ship Operation 05 min - Hands-on Activity 30 min Safety Issues in Ship Building and Ship repair 05 min - Hands-on Activity 30 min Total 2hrs 25 min 3

4 Introduction Spills from oil tankers and chemical tankers 4

5 Introduction Release of harmful gases like Sulfur dioxide, Nitrogen dioxide, and Carbon dioxide into the atmosphere 5

6 Introduction Ships create noise pollution that disturb natural wildlife Water from ballast tanks can spread harmful algae and other species 6

7 Major Sources of Pollution during Ship Operation Ballast Water Exhaust Emissions Oil Spills Other Pollutants 7

8 Ballast Water Ships use ballast water to provide stability during a voyage. Water is taken in at one port when cargo is unloaded and usually discharged at another port when the ship is loaded with cargo 8

9 Ballast Water 9

10 Example of Mid Ocean Exchange of Ballast Water Figure illustrates how ballast water exchange occurs: Ship leaves a port in the Indian Ocean Travels through the Suez Canal Discharges cargo in the Mediterranean and takes up ballast water prior to crossing the Atlantic Ocean Similarly at the other locations 10

11 Criteria for Selecting a Treatment Method for Ballast Water Safety of the crew and passengers Effectiveness at removing target organisms Ease of operating treatment equipment Size and expense of treatment equipment Amount of potential damage to the environment 11

12 Treatment of Ballast Water Chemicals may be used to treat ballast water and prevent the introduction of non-native species. Biocide: A chemical such as bleach that kills organisms. Ozone: Presence is important in our upper atmosphere, where it shields us from harmful ultraviolet rays. It is also used for killing organisms. 12

13 Heat Treatment of Ballast Water Flush Tank 1. Sea water is pumped in to flush ballast tanks. 2. The sea water is heated (shown in a darker shade) by freshwater used to cool the ship s engines. 3. The heated sea water is pumped into the ballast tanks, killing many of the organisms. 4. The treated ballast water is pumped overboard. 13

14 How Do We Avoid Ballast Tanks? University of Michigan researchers are investigating a radical new design for cargo ships that would eliminate ballast tanks, the waterfilled compartments that enable non-native creatures to sneak into the Great Lakes from overseas 14

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16 Ships take on ballast water for stability when they're not carrying cargo. They discharge ballast water when they load freight, expelling tons of water with pathogenic microbes, and fish 16

17 The ballast-free design allows water to flow into "trunks" inside the ship's hull, and then to pass out through outlets at the stern. Because the water inside the hull is always "local," ships will not transport invasive species along with their ballast water 17

18 1. Name any two methods of Water Treatments for Ballast Water List any two Criteria for Selecting a Water Treatment Method Will the new innovative design of having trunks to pass the water work? Explain 18

19 1. Name any two Water Treatment Methods for Ballast Water 1. Chemical Treatment 2. Heat Treatment 2. List any two criteria for selecting a Water Treatment Method 1. Safety of the crew and passengers 2. Effectiveness at removing target organisms 3. Ease of operating treatment equipment 4. Size and expense of treatment equipment 5. Amount of potential damage to the environment 19

20 Exhaust Emissions Exhaust emissions from ships are considered to be a significant source of air pollution Nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide are the main emissions 20

21 Exhaust Emissions Sulfur in the air creates acid rain which damages crops and buildings When inhaled the sulfur is known to cause respiratory problems and even increase the risk of a heart attack 21

22 Effect of Acid Rain Trees burnt by acid rain 22

23 The greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature that the Earth experiences because certain gases in the atmosphere (water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane, for example) trap energy from the sun. Global Warming Upsala Glacier, Argentina 1928 /

24 Oil Spills Oil spills happen when an oil tanker, oil rig or an off shore structure leaks oil into the ocean 24

25 When an oil spill occurs, the oil forms a millimeter-thick slick that floats on the water Oil Spills The oil eventually spreads out, thinning as it does, until it becomes a widespread sheen on the water 25

26 How Do We Clean Up Oil Spills The following are the equipments used for cleaning the oil spill Booms Skimmers Dispersants Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Cleanup 26

27 Booms Booms (or Oil Containment Booms) are floating devices which may have one or more of the following functions in connection with oil spill response on water: Deflecting oil to prevent oil slick from reaching sensitive areas Containment of oil (for instance for later recovery by a skimmer) Use of booms to contain the spill 27

28 Skimmers An oil skimmer is a device which can be used to recover floating oil from (or near) the surface of water. A skimmer may be free floating side mounted on a vessel built into a vessel held by a crane held by hand Example of Skimmers which provide a quick response to oil spills 28

29 Dispersants Natural dispersion of an oil slick occurs when waves and other turbulence at the sea surface cause all or part of the slick to break up into droplets and enter into the water column. The addition of dispersants is intended to accelerate this natural process. 29

30 Hands-on Activity - 1 Oil Spill Cleanup 30

31 Instructions 1 2 Wear safety gloves before starting the experiment Prepare the boom to contain the oil before it spreads 3 Contain the oil Spill using the boom you prepared and use different materials given to clean up the oil Complete the hand out given to you and discuss your results with the other groups 31

32 Other Pollutants Black water is sewage, waste water from toilets and medical facilities, which can contain harmful bacteria, pathogens, and viruses Gray water is wastewater from the sinks, showers, laundry, and cleaning activities aboard a ship Solid waste generated on a ship includes glass, paper, cardboard, aluminum and steel cans, and plastics 32

33 BREAK 5 minutes 33

34 Safety Issues During Ship Operation Having the proper safety equipment on board is very important 34

35 Safety Symbols Found on Ships Fire Extinguisher : used to put out fire Lifebuoy: is a life saving buoy designed to be thrown to a person in the water Child Life Jacket : to keep afloat with his or her face above the water surface when in or on water First Aid kit Noisy machinery and require hearing protection gear Survival craft portable radio and rescue boat Caution sign placed in areas where the risk of electrical shock is dangerously high. Embarkation Ladder 35

36 Safety Symbols Found on Cargo Ships Radioactive Cargo Poisonous Cargo Biohazard Cargo Flammable Cargo 36

37 Hands-on Activity 2 Safety Issues in Ship Operation 37

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39 Instructions The game should be played in groups of 5 If you land on a safety symbol, read aloud what the symbol indicates to your group and follow the instructions given. The team which reaches the life boat first wins. 39

40 Identify the Safety Issues in Ship Operation 40

41 BREAK 5 minutes 41

42 Safety Issues in Ship Building and Ship Repair 42

43 Hazards in Shipbuilding and Ship Repair The processes listed below include many of the major activities that occur during shipbuilding and ship repair. Each of the process provides a description of the process and associated hazards Dry Docking and Launching Fabricating and Repairing Large Structural Components Handling Large Materials Outfitting (also called "fitting out") Painting Surface Preparation and Descaling OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) 43

44 Dry Docking and Launching In dry docking, a ship is removed from the water to enable work to be performed on the exterior part of the ship below the waterline. Ships are constructed on dry docks. In launching, the new or repaired ship is either floated in place or slid from its berth. 44

45 Dry Docking and Launching Injuries associated with overturning ship during dry docking and launching operations can be avoided by the following Safety Equipments keel blocks 45

46 Safety Equipment to Avoid Hazards Helmet Hand Gloves Apron Safety Harness Safety Shoes 46

47 Fabricating and Repairing Large Structural Components Structural steel plates or aluminum plates are fabricated and assembled to form the ship Equipment Required: 1. Sheet Metal Equipment 2. Welding Equipment 3. Cutting Equipment Identify which safety equipments are needed for each of these processes 47

48 Safety Equipment to Avoid Hazards Safety Harness Hand Gloves Safety Shoes Fire Extinguisher Welding Head Shield Respiratory Mask Apron 48

49 Handling Large Equipments This process includes moving large steel plates, erection units, diesel engines, etc. Large cranes are used to move large erection units (fabricated sections of a ship). 49

50 Safety Equipment to Avoid Hazards Injuries associated with moving construction equipment (cranes, derricks, hoists, etc.) and Injuries caused by objects falling from carrying devices can be avoided by the use of these equipments Safety Harness Hand Gloves Helmet with eye and ear protection Safety Shoes Apron 50

51 Outfitting Ship or erection units are outfitted with support equipment, such as plumbing, electrical installations, etc. 51

52 Safety Equipment to Avoid Hazards Safety Shoes Apron Hand Gloves Hearing loss from noise and Eye injuries from metal chips and rust can be avoided by the use of the Helmet Helmet with eye and ear protection Life Jacket Lifebuoy Safety Harness Drowning, injuries from falls can be avoided by the use of safety harness and lifejacket and life buoy can be used to save people from drowning 52

53 Ship-board painting is often performed in confined spaces and tanks, thereby concentrating fumes and particulates. Painting Lead poisoning can occur from inhalation of lead-based paint particles can be avoided by use of respiratory mask Respiratory Mask 53

54 Safety Equipment to Avoid Hazards Safety Harness Hand Gloves Safety Shoes Fire Extinguisher Helmet with eye and ear protection Apron 54

55 Surface Preparation and Descaling During this process, surfaces of steel ships are prepared for painting Exterior surfaces may be sandblasted, but chipping, using chipping hammers, wire brushes and grinders, powered either pneumatically or electrically, is more common Interior preparation is usually done by hand 55

56 Safety Equipment to Avoid Hazards Hearing loss from noise can be avoided by the use of ear protection gear Eye injuries from scale and Respiratory damage from abrasive particles and dusts can be avoided by the use of eye protection and respiratory mask Ear protection Thermal burns during steam cleaning operations can be avoided by the use of hand gloves, safety shoes and apron Gloves Safety shoes Apron Eye protection and respiratory mask Life Jacket Lifebuoy Safety Harness Drowning, injuries from falls can be avoided by the use of safety harness and lifejacket and life buoy can be used to save people from drowning 56

57 Hands-on Activity - 3 Safety Issues in Shipbuilding and Ship Repair 57

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59 1. Are you left with any safety equipment icons? Why/Why not? 2. Do you think that the remaining safety equipment icons could have been used for any of these six processes? Give reasons. 59

60 Review Major sources of pollution. How oil spills are cleaned. Safety issues in ship operations. Safety symbols commonly used Safety issues in ship building and repair. 60

61 Thank You For information on this Instructional Module Please contact: Dr. Alok K. Verma, P.E., CmfgE Ray Ferrari Professor Director-Lean Institute Old Dominion University. Phone (757) Fax (757)