A Brief Introduction to Helium Liquefaction At ITER
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1 ITER Cryogenic System LHe PLANTS A Brief Introduction to Helium Liquefaction At ITER ITER Organization PLANT ENGINEERING DIVISION CRYOGENIC SECTION LHe PLANTS TRO: Eric FAUVE A Brief Introduction to to Helium Liquefaction at at ITER Eric Fauve Page 1
2 OUTLINE 1. What is Helium? 2. Why and where is Helium used at ITER? 3. The ITER Helium Cryogenic System Page 2
3 1. WHAT IS HELIUM? 1. WHAT ARE HELIUM PROPERTIES? A. What are its properties? B. Where does it come from? C. What are its applications? Page 3
4 1. WHAT IS HELIUM? A. WHAT ARE HELIUM PROPERTIES? SMALL: Smallest molecule (He H2) LIGHT: 7 Times lighter than air COLD: Boil at -269 degc HEAT: High Heat Transfer INERT: No Chemical Reaction with He He 1m3 = 0.18 kg AIR 1m3 = 1.20 kg 2 Protons 2 Neutrons Smallest Molecule 7 Times lighter than AIR 1m3 lifts 1kg Coldest Fluid Boiling at -269 degc Page 4
5 1. WHAT IS HELIUM? A. WHAT ARE HELIUM PROPERTIES? BOILING POINTS Water: 100 o C Methane: o C Oxygen: o C Nitrogen: o C Hydrogen: o C Helium: o C Zero: o C Page 5
6 1. WHAT IS HELIUM? 1. WHAT ARE HELIUM PROPERTIES? A. What are its properties? B. Where does it come from? C. What are its applications? Page 6
7 1. WHAT IS HELIUM? B. WHERE DOES IT COME FROM? Present in Air But not in very small quantities: 5 ppmv Extraction from Air is not economical Page 7
8 1. WHAT IS HELIUM? B. WHERE DOES IT COME FROM? In Natural Gas < 1% Natural Gas Boil at 160 o C Natural Gas LNG PLANT LHe PLANT He is Gaseous CH 4 is Liquid Page 8
9 1. WHAT IS HELIUM? B. WHERE DOES IT COME FROM? Liquefied at production site Individual Containers (40m 3 ) Transported as standard Container Page 9
10 1. WHAT IS HELIUM? B. WHERE DOES IT COME FROM? USA POLAND RUSSIA ALGERIA QATAR AUSTRALIA Page 10
11 1. WHAT IS HELIUM? 1. WHAT ARE HELIUM PROPERTIES? A. What are its properties? B. Where does it come from? C. What are its applications? Page 11
12 1. WHAT IS HELIUM? C. WHAT ARE ITS APPLICATIONS? Page 12
13 1. WHAT IS HELIUM? C. WHAT ARE ITS APPLICATIONS? - SPACE Inert Gas Cold - SCIENCE Cold Page 13
14 1. WHAT IS HELIUM? C. WHAT ARE ITS APPLICATIONS? SUPERCONDUCTIVITY: Zero Electrical Resistivity at Low Temperature High Current Density High Magnetic Fields (RMI, Accelerators, Tokamak) Helium 100,000 kilometres of niobium-tin (Nb3Sn) superconducting strands Page 14
15 2. WHERE IS HELIUM USED AT ITER? 2. WHY AND WHERE IS HELIUM USED AT ITER? A. The Superconducting Magnets B. The Thermal Shield C. The Vacuum System Page 15
16 2. WHERE IS HELIUM USED AT ITER? A. THE MAGNETS: Superconductors to be kept at about 5K 18 TF Coils x 360tons Page 16
17 2. WHERE IS HELIUM USED AT ITER? A. THE MAGNETS: Superconductors to be kept at about 5K Total Cold Max: 10,000 Tons Page 17
18 2. WHERE IS HELIUM USED AT ITER? 2. WHY AND WHERE IS HELIUM USED AT ITER? A. The Superconducting Magnets B. The Thermal Shield C. The Vacuum System Page 18
19 2. WHERE IS HELIUM USED AT ITER? B. THE THERMAL SHIELDS: 80K: THE THERMAL SHIELDS Page 19
20 2. WHERE IS HELIUM USED AT ITER? B. THE THERMAL SHIELDS: 80K: THE THERMAL SHIELDS Plasma: K Blanket: K Water: 370 K Thermal Shield: 80 K Magnets: 4 K Page 20
21 2. WHERE IS HELIUM USED AT ITER? B. THE THERMAL SHIELDS: Nitrogen cannot be used within the Tokamak. Page 21
22 2. WHERE IS HELIUM USED AT ITER? 2. WHY AND WHERE IS HELIUM USED AT ITER? A. The Superconducting Magnets B. The Thermal Shield C. The Vacuum System Page 22
23 2. WHERE IS HELIUM USED AT ITER? C. CRYO-PUMPS Thermal Shields Cold Traps Page 23
24 3. The CRYOGENIC SYSTEM 3. The Cryogenic System A. Overview B. The Cryoplant C. The Distribution System D. Project Progress Page 24
25 3. The CRYOGENIC SYSTEM Magnets: PF Magnets: CS Magnets: TF Magnets: C. Leads Cryo Pumps Thermal Shields A. The Cryogenic System: Overview 300K to 80K: LN2 PLANTS 80K to 4K: LHe Plants 80K: Ghe Loops Cryoplants 4K: LHe Distribution 80K: GHe Distribution Cryo-Distribution Cryo-Lines EU-DA IO IN-DA IN-DA Page 25
26 3. The CRYOGENIC SYSTEM A. The Cryogenic System: Overview 80K Plants 4K Plants Distribution Cryogenic Lines Page 26
27 3. The CRYOGENIC SYSTEM CRYOPLANT TOKAMAK Page 27
28 3. The CRYOGENIC SYSTEM B. The Cryoplant: W=50m L=100m ITER ORGANIZATION: EUROPE: INDIA: 1. LHe PLANTS Cold Boxes 2. LHe PLANTS Compressors 1. LN2 PLANTS 2. 80K LOOPS 3. STORAGES 4. N2 GENERATOR 1. CTCB 2. Process Lines Page 28
29 3. The CRYOGENIC SYSTEM C. The Distribution System: CRYO-DISTRIBUTION: B11 (TOKAMAK Building) 5km of Cryogenic Lines ACB Cryo-Lines Page 29
30 3. The CRYOGENIC SYSTEM D. Project Progress: LHe Plants 75% Completed 100% Tested Page 30
31 The CRYOGENIC SYSTEM D. Project Progress: LHe Plants Today years BUILDINGS PRELIM. FINAL DESIGN 10 m 12 m PROCUREMENTS 24 m +5 m ASSEMBLY 18 m +5 m DELIVERY 5 m INSTALLATION 12 m 22 m COMMISSIONING Page 31
32 QUESTIONS QUESTIONS? Page 32
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