Enclosed Spaces An introduction by the TT Club for Ports Skills & Safety Kirkwall, Orkney Islands

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1 Enclosed Spaces An introduction by the TT Club for Ports Skills & Safety Kirkwall, Orkney Islands Oscar Egerström, Senior Claims Executive, TT Club 14 th March 2018

2 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE TT CLUB

3 Who we are Oscar Egerström TT Club established expertise 3

4 Who we are TT Club is a true mutual Through Transport Mutual or, for short, TT Club Mutual insurer established in 1968 A- (Excellent) rated AM Best Managed by Thomas Miller & Co Owned by its Members and non-profit making Policy is determined by the Club Board, which is drawn from the membership Over 93% of members stay with the Club at renewal each year established expertise 4

5 Key Facts A- (Excellent) A strong capital position equivalent to A++, the highest rating on the AM Best capital adequacy model. 80% Percentage of the world s maritime containers insures by TT Club 46% Percentage of the top 100 ports in which TT Club has an insurable interest 20+ The number of dedicated countries in which TT Club has dedicated offices 900+ Number of members 93% TT Club has an excellent retention rate 86% 85% feel TT Club meets or exceeds the standards set out in the Club s service commitment 1968 The year TT Club was established and containers revolutionised freight transport established expertise 5

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7 Examples of UK members of TT Club established expertise 7

8 WHAT ARE ENCLOSED SPACES?

9 Enclosed Spaces Definitions An enclosed space is a space with limited entry and egress and not suitable for human inhabitants. - Wikipedia An enclosed space is any workplace with restricted access and egress that may be subject to life threatening atmospheric or physical change, is not subject to continuous ventilation and is not designed for continuous occupancy. TT Club Pocket Card IIL/4 IMO Resolution A.1050(27) from Enclosed Space means a space which has any of the following characteristics: 1. limited openings for entry and exit; 2. inadequate ventilation; and 3. is not designed for continuous worker occupancy" 9

10 Enclosed Spaces Examples Cargo holds Containers Crawl spaces Access ladder spaces Ballast tanks Fuel tanks Anchor lockers Silos Caissons 10

11 WHY ARE ENCLOSED SPACES DANGEROUS?

12 Enclosed Spaces - Dangers Examples of risks Dust (e.g. from dry bulk cargoes such as grain or coal) Direct contact with hazardous substances (stemming from leakage from cargoes) Fumigants (either active or remnants of) Flammable or toxic vapours (from leaking cargoes or leaking pipes, hoses) Hot temperatures Excess oxygen (leaking oxygen hoses or cylinders) Lack of oxygen / presence of CO2 (carbon dioxide) Rusting of ship s structure or metal cargoes Oxidation of coal Decomposition of biodegradable cargoes (any organic cargo including fish meal, logs, bark, pellets) 12

13 Enclosed Spaces - Dangers CO2 The Silent Killer CO2 is colourless and tasteless Has 60% higher density than that of dry air 7% to 10% concentration may cause suffocation When exposed there are no obvious warning signs such as coughing or feeling breathless, where the oxygen levels are sufficiently depleted the first sign is often that the individual will simply pass out. This happens so quickly that they will not have the opportunity to raise an alert. The individual will start to feel very weak and confused; unable to undertake the simplest of tasks such as reaching the exit of the enclosed space. 13

14 Enclosed Spaces - Dangers CO2 The Silent Killer (continued) If not rescued quickly they will likely pass out Without sufficient oxygen the body starts to shut down very quickly.. in the event of heart failure the brain can survive for approximately 6 minutes but after around 5 minutes irreversible damage can be sustained even in the event that an individual is resuscitated. Rescue operations are therefore time critical! 14

15 EXAMPLES OF FATAL INCIDENTS

16 Martapura Baru incident 2018 Fatal incident in Indonesia mv. Sumiei discharged palm kernels 24 th February 2018 Martapura Baru port, Indonesia Cargo was covered by hatch cover and tarpaulins Stevedores were advised not to work the holds Advise was disregarded and two stevedores fainted from CO2 exposure A third stevedore attempted to help and was overcome A fourth stevedore attempted to help and was similarly overcome A medic was called to the scene and entered without safety gear and also lost consciousness In total five fatalities were counted at the end of the incident 16

17 Humberside incident 2014 Fatal incident in the UK mv. Suntis at Goole docks, Humberside Discharging a cargo of sawn timber 26 th May 2014 Shore stevedores were working the holds whilst crew assisted in removing protective tarpaulins in the holds 17

18 Humberside incident 2014 Fatal incident in the UK (continued) Two crewmen entered the forward main hold access compartment As the two crew men did not reappear the Chief Officer went looking for them Chief Officer found the access compartment door open and entered the space. A third crewman then saw the Chief Officer collapse Ambulance paramedics, fire and rescue services arrived but all three crew lost their lives Analysis of the atmosphere after the accident showed normal readings (20.9%) of oxygen content at the access hatch; the readings reduced to 10% just below main deck level inside the hatch opening and to between 5% and 6% at the bottom of the ladder into the compartment Pre-entry procedures were not followed and crew also appear to have disregarded the warning notices 18

19 Humberside incident 2014 Fatal incident in the UK (continued) forecastle access 19

20 Helsingborg incident 2006 Fatal incident in Sweden mv. Saga Spray Discharging a cargo of wood pellets A crew member was assisting in lowering a bulldozer into a ship s hold Entered an unventilated stairway next to a cargo hold, lost consciousness and fell into the cargo hold A stevedore that attempted to help also lost consciousness The crewman was exposed for 15 minutes and died 20

21 Helsingborg incident 2006 Fatal incident in Sweden (continued) The stevedore was exposed to CO2 for 10 minutes He was treated with hyperbaric oxygen but his condition deteriorated with the onset of neurological symptoms that later proved to be caused by a cerebral vascular lesion which eventually left him bound to a wheel chair. At the time of the fatal accident in the Port of Helsingborg, no air measurements had been taken prior to entering the stairway, contrary to the usual routine of making an oxygen check. The deck-access door had been left open for about 8 h on the previous day while another cargo hold was discharged. 21

22 Helsingborg incident Fatal incident in Sweden (continued) However, due to the risk of rain, all doors were closed after the shift ended at 22:00 and opened again at 05:45 the next morning, the day of the accident. The accident occurred around 08:00. No wood pellets were present and no corrosion was discovered in the stairways at discharge it was obvious that gas moved quite freely between the cargo holds and the related stairways. The concentrations in the stairways were lower than in the cargo holds but still remained at very high levels Defective seals around doors may in other cases increase leakage and generate low levels at the top and toxic levels at the bottom of a stairway The vessels instruction manuals specified 2 h of self-ventilation prior to entry to the stairways. The slow decay of CO shows that this is not sufficient. Result: 1 fatality, 1 disability, 4 (2 crew, 2 medics) hospitalized 22

23 RISK MANAGEMENT

24 Risk Prevention How to prevent CO2 incidents (HSE Confined spaces OCM1) Assume that confined spaces are unsafe! Restrict access to authorised personnel only If entry is unavoidable ensure there is a safe system of work Ensure that there are emergency arrangements in place before work starts Continuous training of staff! Ensure that the workers selected are competent and physically able to do the task. Perform drills. 24

25 Risk Prevention How to prevent CO2 incidents (continued) Ensure access routes and hatches are large enough and rescue harnesses are usable Ventilate the area before entry and ensure good general ventilation during work activities Test the air before entry, and monitor the air during the procedure If required wear breathing apparatus Ensure that number of workers involved is clearly monitored Ensure that people inside the space can communicate with those on the outside 25

26 IMO & ILO

27 Industry response The IMO response Amendments to SOLAS (regulation III/19) Emergency training and drills, entered into force on 1st January, 2015 Requires that enclosed space entry and rescue drills are to be are to be conducted at two monthly intervals Also the IMO approved a new draft SOLAS regulation XI-1/7 Atmosphere testing instrument for enclosed spaces, which entered into force on 1 July 2016 The new regulation makes it mandatory for all ocean going ships to which SOLAS applies to carry on board an appropriate portable atmosphere testing instrument or instruments. As a minimum, these instruments shall be capable of measuring concentrations of oxygen, flammable gases or vapours, hydrogen sulphide and carbon monoxide prior to entry into enclosed spaces 27

28 Industry response The ILO response Code of practice on safety and health in ports (Revised 2016) Includes section 6.25 Confined Spaces which goes into great details and supplements the existing IMO guidance, but is aimed at quayside workers as opposed to IMO s work in relation to seafarers 28

29 Thank you Any questions?