OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY MANUAL

Transcription

1 OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY MANUAL SECTION 3 SPILL ASSESSMENT CHECKLIST

2 Spill Assessment Checklist SPILL PREVENTION LAND - ASSESSMENT INITIAL ACTIONS 3.2 WATERCOURSES - ASSESSMENT 3.5 SAFETY & HAZARD - ASSESSMENT 3.3 ICE-COVERED WATERCOURSES - ASSESSMENT 3.6

3 SPILL PREVENTION 3.1 WELLHEADS Conduct an on-site inspection to ensure spill prevention methods are in place. Confirm adequate lubricant application of the stuffing box on pumping oil wells. If in an environmentally sensitive area, verify whether a second stuffing box has been considered to minimize spill in the event of rod breakage. Check that the need for installation of a secondary pressure switch has been addressed. Ensure that the radigan rubbers have been checked and, if necessary, replaced each time the well was serviced. Confirm that vibration switches have been installed on pump jacks. Verify that the safety bolts on pump jacks are in place on the horse s head. Ensure that the bridle cables have been inspected for fraying and, if necessary, replaced on pump jacks. Ensure wellhead barricades have been installed to prevent vehicle collision. Check that the wellhead stuffing box has, where necessary, a built-in BOP capability. Confirm that wellhead piping is regularly checked for corrosion. Verify that the fluid is properly inhibited on wells with packers and annulus fluid to protect the well casing from corrosion.

4 PIPELINES Conduct an on-site evaluation of pipeline and surrounding area to ascertain spill prevention preparedness measures in place. Check that pipeline warning signs are in place on all road and watercourse crossings. Confirm that adequate brushing is conducted on pipeline right-of-ways. Verify that all ground disturbances on and around the pipeline right-of-way have been reported to the field office. Determine whether the company is a member of Alberta One Call (or similar systems in other provinces). Confirm that high volume NGL and oil pipeline right-of-ways are patrolled regularly (i.e. aircraft or ground surveillance). Check that above-ground structures have been adequately protected against vandalism or collision by vehicles. Verify that the downstream pipeline pressure on pipelines that cross large watercourses is monitored daily. Confirm that periodic underwater inspections of pipeline river and creek crossings are conducted. Verify that annual visual inspections of pipeline river and creek crossings are conducted. Determine whether visual monitoring has been conducted where pipeline right-ofways may be subjected to erosion (i.e. hill sloughing). Confirm that all pipelines have been ranked as to their risk if a leak occurs. Check that there is a plan to monitor high-risk pipelines. Determine the pipeline field operator s knowledge of the maximum operating pressure for each pipeline system. Verify whether the maximum operating pressure has ever been exceeded during pigging operations. Check that annual pressure tests are conducted on pipelines that cross rivers. Ensure that meter or pressure gauges have been installed to monitor daily line inlet and outlet volumes and pressures. Determine whether all inlet line headers are protected by check valves.

5 Confirm that tests are routinely conducted on ESD piping systems. Check that the pipeline operating pressure has been reduced where possible. Verify whether spools have been installed or considered to monitor internal corrosion. Determine whether a chemical inhibition program to prevent internal pipeline corrosion is in place. Where corrosion has caused a failure, confirm that the section of the pipe has been removed and analyzed. Check whether the pipeline has been internally coated with polyethylene liners in areas of high environmental sensitivity. Verify whether de-scaling programs are considered in the planning of internal pipeline chemical treatment. Confirm that a rectifier has been used in the monthly readings recorded from a cathodic protection system. Confirm that the lines on pipelines which have persistent pro-ration factor problems have been checked for integrity. Verify that chemical pumps are monitored and adequately maintained. PRODUCTION FACILITIES Conduct an on-site inspection of the production facilities and surrounding vicinity to determine the spill prevention / preparedness measures implemented. Ensure that tanks and dikes are of regulation size to hold the production volumes during unattended hours of operation. Check that pop tanks are of adequate size and kept empty at all times. Confirm that the integrity of the dike has been adequately maintained. If the facility is located in an environmentally-sensitive area, determine whether more diking was considered. Check whether dikes have been constructed around chemical storage tanks. Verify whether the chemical consumption on the site is high enough to replace drums with bulk storage. Ensure that chemical pumps are checked daily. Determine whether no flow controls have been installed on recycle pumps.

6 Check whether recycle pumps could be mounted on top of a volume tank to contain any packing drips. Confirm that bull plugs or blank flanges have been installed on all open-ended pipes or dead-end valves. Ensure that all lines indicate flow direction. Ensure that all lines indicate the contents. Check whether valves are tagged to prevent erroneous operation. Ensure that drip barrels have been placed under the end of loading lines. Determine whether the end on truck loading lines terminates within the tank dike. Determine whether the line goes into the top of the tank for truck unloading. Verify whether the proper pump packing is used with the type of service. Check for a guideline on what type of packing should be used for what service. Ensure that, where possible, 24-hour alarms have been installed. Confirm that sight-glass valves are closed when not in use. Determine whether they are adequately protected from breakage. Check whether the scrubber drains are tied into a common drain system or tank. Determine whether there is a by-pass on the discharge side of all high-pressure positive displacement pumps. Verify whether fired equipment is inspected regularly (i.e. burner gaskets in good shape, bolts tight). Ensure that internal inspection programs are conducted on vessels during processing plant and facility turnarounds. Ensure that steps are taken to eliminate problem within the operation when internal corrosion is found in a vessel. Check whether there is a procedure in place to conduct daily mass balances on produced products and waste liquids. Determine whether there are adequate vandalism prevention methods in place. Determine whether there is an adequate training program in place for new and existing personnel. Verify that a facility walk-around is conducted prior to leaving a facility.

7 INITIAL ACTIONS UPON RECEIPT OF INITIAL REPORT Analyse the situation. Identify problem Identify variables that have an impact on the problem Identify possible consequences of the variables Consider using the following tools to analyze the situation: Emergency response plans Spill report form information Spill responders; filed reconnaissance Internal resources (i.e. headquarters specialists, area operators) Helicopter surveillance Use of boats Material Safety Data Sheets Shipping documents Safety markings Air monitoring equipment Sampling equipment Laboratories Maps

8 Emergency response guidebooks Emergency response information call centres (i.e. CANUTEC (613) ) Land standings from provincial regulators, emergency response community, land owners, community leaders, disposition holders, subject matter experts Weather networks Define critical issues. Identify the most important issues Ensure that the critical issues align with the response priorities; safety, property and the environment Forecast issues; identify what issues are ahead Identify preventative and corrective strategies. Identify what can be done to prevent losses and correct the problems Identify short term and longer term strategies

9 Develop an incident action plan (ICS) or company specific response plan. Identify response objectives; overall objective will be to manage a coordinated response that ensures safety of the public and spill responders, protects property and minimizes impacts to the environment. Consider the following typical specific objectives during the initial spill response: Activate the ER Plan Ensure the safety of the public and spill responders Shut in the source of the spill Dispatch spill response team Conduct a hazard assessment Identify staging areas Dispatch equipment Conduct an aerial surveillance Identify control points Contain and recover spilled product Identify critical issues Ensure that the public and stakeholders are well informed Protect property Keep wildlife from entering heavily oiled areas (i.e. hazing) Minimize economical Prepare incident briefing form and/or an incident status summary (ICS 201)

10 Conduct a planning meeting Finalize, approve and implement the incident action plan Ensure documentation is completed Start process from the beginning of each operational period PRIORITY Protect lives, losses to private, and public / company property, and minimize adverse environmental impact. Utilize ICS forms as a supplement to the incident action plan Following are some of the typical forms that are utilized during the initial response for inland spills: ICS 202 Response Objectives ICS 209 Incident Status Summary ICS 201 Incident Briefing ICS 214a Individual Log ICS 206 Medical Plan ICS 305 Safety Plan ICS 207 Organizational Chart ICS 205 Communications Plan ICS 306 Press Release ICS 204 Team Assignment Sheet ICS 215 Operational Planning Sheet ICS 231 Meeting Summary ICS General Plan ICS 211p Check-In List (Personal) ICS 211e Check-In List (Equipment) NOTE Only attempt what you are capable of doing; otherwise, request additional resources and wait for assistance.

11 SAFETY & HAZARD - ASSESSMENT 3.3 Assess potential hazards to responders, residents, public. IMPORTANT RE-ASSESS HAZARDS CONTINUALLY THROUGHOUT THE SPILL. Determine the type of spilled product, volume spilled and concerns related to its location. Identify product characteristics and concerns. Utilize Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) and/or other informational sources as required. Identify areas where flammable and/or toxic vapours may be a concern (i.e. downwind, under snow, low areas, confined spaces, etc.). Identify areas that may be oxygen deficient. Identify potential consequences of an uncontrolled ignition. Continuously monitor weather conditions (i.e. wind speed / direction, temperature, lightning, forecasts). Ensure that an appropriate number of wind socks are installed and forecasts available. Identify confined spaces. Identify slippery and/or unstable surfaces. Identify overhead/underground power lines, pipelines and utilities. Identify other physical hazards (i.e. thin ice, water hazards, traffic, wild animals, dangerous trees, etc.). Install warning markers as necessary.

12 Determine the level of emergency. Emergency Level Criteria Alert: Minimal Level 1: Low Level 2: Medium Level 3: High Risk Control Containment Impact Public/worker safety Environment Immediate control of hazard, with progressive resolution of the situation Control and relief systems functioning correctly On site only On site only Immediate control of hazard is becoming progressively more complex because of deteriorating conditions Control and relief systems functioning correctly On site, with possible impact off site Imminent and/or intermittent control of the hazard is possible Some control and/or relief systems not operational On site, with possible impact off site On site, with On site, with some potential off some off site. site. Minor or Minor or short short term. term. Imminent control of the hazard is not possible Key control and relief systems not operational Potential for public safety to be jeopardized On site, with significant off site. Long term.

13 Determine the possible response for specified incidents. Communications Alert: Emergency Level Level 1: Low Level 2: Medium Level 3: High Internal Discretionary, depending on company policy Discretionary, depending on company policy Immediate notification of off site management Immediate notification of off-site management External public Media Courtesy at company discretion Mandatory for individuals within the EPZ requiring notification Reactive, as required Reactive, as required Planned and instructive as per the specific ERP Proactive media management to local or regional interest Immediate multi-agency (operator, municipal, provincial, or federal) response Proactive media management to national interest Government s Internal External Resources Notify AER if public contacted On site, as required by company On site, as required by company Notify AER and local authority, if required for initial response On site, as required by company. Initial response undertaken in accordance with the specific or corporate-level ERP On site, as required by company Notify AER and local authority Predetermined public safety actions are under way. Corporate management team alerted and may be appropriately engaged to support on-scene responders. Potential for multiagency (operator, municipal, provincial, or federal) response Notify AER and local authority Full implementation of emergency management system Immediate multi-agency (operator, municipal, provincial, or federal) response Internal Immediate and local. No additional personnel required. Establish what resources would be required Limited supplemental resources or personnel required Significant incremental resources required External None Begin to establish resources that may be required Possible assistance from government agencies and external support services, as required Assistance from government agencies and external support services, as required

14 Develop a site safety plan. Implement measures to identify and eliminate or mitigate hazards. Control access to authorized personnel only. Recognize that zone boundaries can change as the incident evolves. Identify the area impacted by the spill and implement zones of control. Hot Zone (Hazard Area) this area is outlined and restricted to authorized personnel only Warm Zone (Limited Access) this is a buffer area around the Hot Zone, and is off-limits to unauthorized personnel and equipment Cold Zone (Support Zone) area used for on-site command post (OSCP) equipment and staging and support functions. It may be necessary to obtain a closure order to restrict access to unauthorized personnel. The closure order is that area within the boundaries described in an order issued by the Alberta Energy Regulator under Section 89 of the Oil and Gas Conservation Act. A NOTAM (Notice to AirMen) is issued to close a specific airspace to unauthorized commercial aviation. The dimensions of the airspace described are issued by Transport Canada.

15 Ensure all personnel on site understand the safety concerns and their responsibilities. Conduct regular safety meetings (tail-gate safety meetings); document attendees. Maintain complete documentation at safety meetings and ensure follow-up items are recorded and managed. Have spill response team identify personal health problems that could be compounded by their involvement (i.e. respiratory ailments, heart conditions, allergies to hydrocarbons, etc.) Each member of the response team must use common sense and, when in doubt, check with the supervisor prior to carrying out a task. The worker should also: understand the hazards associated with the spill and identify escape routes for each worker station be familiar with locations and operations of all safety equipment and wear appropriate personal protective equipment be trained to recognize that a signal such as sirens, air horn blast or whistle means that they must stop work, evacuate the worksite and meet at predetermined locations (Muster Points) follow outlined procedures communicate concerns to the supervisors and report near-misses work in a responsible manner at all times and follow good housekeeping practices not assume that a safety person or other individuals are solely responsible for safety Reduce risk to emergency responders, public property and the environment. Identify manpower and equipment requirements to ensure site safety: safety personnel flammable / toxic / O2 deficiency monitors

16 respiratory equipment personal protective equipment fire-fighting equipment sanitation equipment Evacuate the public if necessary. Pre-plan for evacuation, document carefully and take into consideration change of wind direction and weather conditions arrangements for a hosting area (to receive and care for evacuees) special needs (i.e. hospital patients, elderly, handicap, etc.) ensure all persons within the area at risk receive emergency instructions (deaf, non- English speaking, etc.) identify evacuation routes resident concerns should be identified and recorded (i.e. pets, livestock, etc.) determine security requirements notification of transients (i.e. campers, hunters, trappers, etc.) establish a communication network for advising evacuees of status, etc. Ensure required hazard remediation equipment and information is available on site and workers understand and are competent in its use (i.e. monitors, working around helicopters, etc.) Utilize appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE). Required PPE is based on hazards associated with the incident, company policy and legislative requirements. Typical equipment includes: hard hats gloves fire retardant clothing rain suits, steel-toed rubber boots, rubber gloves, and duct tape to seal openings eye protection hearing protection respiratory protective equipment (air purifying respirator, self-contained breathing apparatus / air line system) traffic vests personal floatation devices harness and life-lines safety-toed footwear foul-weather clothing Maintain a head-count for all personnel on site. Predetermine a meeting location (muster station) where personnel meet if a signal is given (i.e. siren, air horn blast). Place marking / flagging at areas of concern (i.e. pipelines, unstable banks, etc.). Erect appropriate warning signs, barricades and barriers. Ensure that there is adequate first aid and emergency personnel on site. Identify access / egress in the event of a vapour plume shift or uncontrolled ignition. Monitor conditions on a continuous basis.

17 Utilize wind socks and have personnel work up-wind of hydrocarbon vapours. Ensure that there are no sources of ignition in areas of concern. Designate a safety supervisor to: participate in the preparation and implementation of a site safety plan assess situation for additional hazards establish monitoring requirements and intervals for flammable / toxic / O2 deficient atmospheres work with emergency response groups (i.e. local authority) in the event that resident evacuation is required oversee proper provision / usage and maintenance of personal protective equipment monitor positioning and usage of equipment o potential ignition sources o hazard to workers / equipment operators o site hazards (i.e. buried lines, overhead power lines) ensure access to site is controlled implement the site emergency response plan with egress routes / muster stations monitor changing site hazards and conditions (i.e. previous / new hazards, weather, wind and site conditions) monitor workers for signs of stress, fatigue, exposure to elements (heat, cold, rain) and critically observe work practices ensure adequate first aid and emergency equipment is available on site coordinate off-site emergency medical aid if required ensure adequate method of communication required for minor injuries or to summon help provide assistance for major injuries or other emergencies coordinate emergency medical aid ensure compliance with applicable government regulations prepare shift arrangements for workers coordinate safety meetings and maintain documentation

18 LAND - ASSESSMENT 3.4 Following the initial hazard assessment and development of a site safety plan, gather detailed information on the location and effects of the spill on the land base. Identify and document the spill boundary with the appropriate equipment including: personal protective equipment (PPE) gas detection monitors compass measuring device (i.e. topofil, tape, chain) shovel quantabs or conductivity meter for produced water or emulsion spills clipboard and pens ribbon to mark spill perimeter hoe, drill or sampling equipment if sub-surface contamination is suspected camera Produce a sketch of the spill and take appropriate photographs (ensure no flammable vapours are in area). Identify land uses in the areas affected by the spill.

19 Determine if any of the following groups are affected by the spill: private land owners (i.e. farm, acreage, residential, etc.) public land (i.e. green area, public lands) dispositions (i.e. pipelines, utilities, roads, facilities, trapper, etc.) sensitive areas (i.e. key wildlife habitat, recreational, protected areas, archeological resources, etc.) Resources available to assist you with the identification of land users affected by the spill include: local companies in the area interview local area residents interview local regulatory agency contacts Land Titles Offices Alberta One Call 1 (800) / NOTE When contacting Alberta One Call, be prepared to provide the following information: telephone number where the caller can be reached caller s name, company affiliation and address site location (legal land description) type of work being done or planned approximate depth of ground disturbance type of property public or private who the work is being done for date and time ground disturbance is to begin For information regarding Crown Land activities and dispositions, contact: Crown Land Data Support Energy 10 th Floor, Petroleum Plaza NT th Street Edmonton, AB T5K 2G6 Phone: (780) (call toll free: )

20 In Alberta you can obtain aerial photography of the land base that is affected by a spill from the following: Air Photo Distribution Environment and Sustainable Resource Development Main Floor, Great West Life Building th Street Edmonton, AB T5K 2M4 Phone: (780) Assess the potential impacts on stakeholders affected by the spill. Determine the area residents directly impacted (evacuation, notification). Identify risk of public inadvertently entering the area of concern at the site. Evaluate the site for access to livestock, wildlife. Identify sensitive environmental areas (i.e. proximity to surface water, ground water, crops, special areas). Determine effect on the land use dispositions in the area (i.e. pipelines, utilities). Determine the approval requirements that are necessary to access the spill site. Identify terrain characteristics in the area of the spill. Note any available natural features that can be used advantageously for containment and recovery operations (i.e. slope, approaches, ditches, low areas). Identify access routes into the spill area and equipment requirements to improve access. Evaluate the area for stability and erosion potential. Identify surface run-off patterns in the area and requirements to divert and control the flows from having a negative impact on the spill site. Select an equipment staging area and location for the On-Site Command Post (if required).

21 Evaluate soil types, characteristics and conditions. Identify the types of soils that are affected by the spill. Determine how prone to fluid penetration the soil is. Evaluate erosion potential. Identify moisture levels, and location and movement of the water table. Assess the potential of clean soils becoming contaminated during containment and recovery operations and determine soil salvaging requirements. Determine if there is a need to add a calcium amendment to a produced water spill to prevent soil dispersion (refer to page 4.4-5). Determine the vegetation types on site and their general condition. List the types of vegetation that are affected by the spill (i.e. crops, tree species, etc.). Evaluate the extent that the vegetation is covered with contaminants (totally saturated vs. fine spray). Estimate the value of vegetation damaged (i.e. crops, shelter belts, merchantable timber). Assess the erosion potential if vegetation is removed. Consider the potential and effects of an uncontrolled wildland fire if ignition occurs at the spill site. Photograph the vegetation during the initial assessment and at intervals following containment and recovery operations to reassess and document the damage.

22 Determine equipment resources that are required to control the spill. Identify equipment requirements based on the initial site assessment: containment and recovery equipment equipment to transport containment and recovery equipment to the site equipment to improve or create access safety equipment (i.e. personal protective equipment, monitors, warning signs, barricades, fire-fighting, First Aid, etc.) worker support equipment (i.e. shelter, washroom / wash up facilities, food / drink, etc.)

23 WATERCOURSES - ASSESSMENT 3.5 Assess characteristics of affected watercourse. Hydrology characteristics, width, depth, current velocity. Determine shoreline characteristics and sensitivities. degree of sensitivity (ecological, cultural, human use, etc.) degree of oil impact physical limitations (i.e. ice, debris) access natural features (dams, culverts, bridges, etc.) Assess and take action to prevent potential impacts on stakeholders. Identify downstream water users and advise of the time that contaminated water may pass their intakes. Their reserve water supplies (if any) may permit them to close the intakes until the product passes by. Users could include: water users area residents water intakes (city, private, irrigation) recreational users Others impacted by the spill include: livestock fishery, waterfowl, wildlife

24 Determine the location of the appropriate control point. Assess the amount, location and degree of oil impact. Utilize Oil Spill Contingency Manual or natural control point (i.e. road crossing). Conduct visual assessment (normally air surveillance is most effective). Calculate distance to control point: current velocity (km/hr) times total hours of time to deliver equipment to the site plus total hours to deploy equipment = control point distance in kilometres downstream of spill to control lead end of spill current velocity (km/hr) times (delivery time [hr] plus setup time [hr]) = required distance to control point (km) NOTE Example River current velocity 4 km/hr 3 hours to deliver equipment 2 hours to deploy equipment Distance from leading edge of spill to control point = 4X(3+2)=20 km Expect portions of oil migrating downstream to evaporate, become stranded on the shoreline, collect in backwaters and emulsify. (This could be a significant quantity 25-50%) Select additional control points where containment and recovery operations are feasible. DETERMINING CURRENT SPEED STEP 1 STEP 2 Measure 30 metres (100 feet) along the shoreline. Throw a stick upstream of the 0 metre line and record the number of seconds that it takes for the stick to travel from 0 to 30 metres (100 feet) STEP 3 Use the following chart to determine the approximate current speed.

25 DETERMINING CURRENT SPEED Time in seconds stick travels 30 m (100 ft) Current km/hr Current Mph Current (metres per second) Current (feet per second) Determine access considerations. Specialized equipment requirements. Equipment required to improve access / worksite at edge of water. Permission requirements from landowner, occupant (if applicable) and/or government. Improvements at water edge. determine regulatory approval requirements Note available natural features that may assist in containment and recovery.

26 Determine presence of: Dams (man-made, beaver). Flat work areas. Natural backwaters. Oxbows Determine manpower / equipment resources that will be required. Identify initial manpower required to manage the containment and recovery operations (i.e. in-house, cooperative, contractors, etc.). Identify technical specialist (i.e. biologist, river hydrologist, containment and recovery specialist, laboratory technician, etc.) as required. Identify appropriate containment and recovery equipment (i.e. company, cooperative, WCSS, contractor). Arrange for equipment to transport recovery equipment to site. Arrange for equipment to improve / create access, if required. Ensure appropriate safety equipment is on-site: monitors, PPE warning signs firefighting / first aid Work support services required. Shelter and food / drink. Washroom / wash-up facilities.

27 WATERCOURSES - ASSESSMENT 3.6 Utilize an ice evaluation team to conduct an assessment of ice-covered water. Ensure workers are protected against exposure to cold, have warm-up facilities, food, and designate a rest area off the ice. Conduct a safety briefing and review ice assessment procedure(s). Identify an ice rescue team, ready equipment and position rescue team slightly upstream of the assessment team. Anchor two-man ice assessment team with ropes and harnesses to shore. Ice Assessment team proceed from shore and drill one test hole in the ice to determine: ice thickness current velocity water depth below ice current direction (mark current direction at each hole on the ice surface with marker paint or ribbon) Cut a small block of ice at the first hole and remove. Evaluate the ice quality (clear ice and white ice, visible cracks, space between water and ice, etc.). See table on page If safe to continue, the ice assessment team can proceed across the watercourse to assess the parameters outlined in the steps above. (Data can be recorded on the table located on page ) NOTE As the assessment team moves away from the shore, it may be necessary to re-position anchors from shore to on-ice with the use of ice anchors.

28 Following initial assessment of the ice across the watercourse, the team may move downstream (approximately 9 metres [30 feet]) and drill test holes across the watercourse. At this point, be sure to stagger the holes from the first set in order to obtain a more accurate assessment. NOTE At this time, the on-site safety supervisor may declare the weight bearing capacity sufficient to continue work without the use of safety lines and anchors. It is recommended that workers who remain on the ice wear personal flotation devices (PFD) Determine manpower / equipment resources that will be required. Identify initial manpower resources: On-Scene Commander Safety Supervisor Ice Rescue Team Ice Assessment Team Identify initial equipment resources: personal floatation devices (PFD) harnesses rope shoreline anchors ice cleats chainsaws and appropriate safety gear ice auger current velocity meter marker paint or ribbon ice thickness measuring stick communications equipment clipboard and ice assessment form ice tongs and T-bar snow shoes rescue equipment (ladder, throw bags, sled, reach pole, etc.)

29 ICE-COVERED WATERCOURSE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET DATE: TIME: CONTROL POINT#: HOLE # Ice Thickness (in.) Water Depth (in.c) Current Velocity (km/hr) HOLE # Ice Thickness (in.) Water Depth (in.c) Current Velocity (km/hr) HOLE # Ice Thickness (in.) Water Depth (in.c) Current Velocity (km/hr) HOLE # Ice Thickness (in.) Water Depth (in.c) Current Velocity (km/hr) NOTE Indicate the direction of flow at each augured hole with an arrow on the surface. Once direction of flow and main current has been identified, mark out a pattern for slot location or deflection boards.

30 TABLE OF CURRENT VELOCITY CONVERSIONS Feet / Second X = metres / second X = kilometres / hour REFER TO THE FOLLOWING TABLE

31 Freshwater Ice Bearing Capacity Chart (Blue Ice)

32 ICE STRENGTH FOR STATIONARY LOADS AND WORKING ON ICE Permissible Load Effective Ice Thickness (clear, blue ice) Lake River Pounds Kgs Tons Inches mm Inches mm 2,200 1, ,400 2, ,800 4, ,600 8, ,000 25, , , ,000 45, , , ,000 70, , , , , , ,650.0 ICE STRENGTH FOR CONTINUOUS TRAVEL (i.e.: moving vehicle) Permissible Load Effective Ice Thickness (clear, blue ice) Lake River inches mm inches mm One person on foot Group, in single file Passenger car 2,000 kg Light truck 2,500 kg Medium truck 3,500 kg Heavy truck 7,000-8,000 kg ,000 kg ( 11.0 tons) ,000 kg ( 27.5 tons) ,000 kg ( 49.5 tons) ,000 kg ( 77.0 tons) , , ,000 kg (121.0 tons) , ,440.0 NOTE This table is for clear, blue ice on lakes and on rivers. This table does not apply for parked loads, or where ice faults are evident.

33 RECOMMENDED SPEEDS FOR CONTINUOUS TRAVEL Water Depth Critical Velocity (Speed) Metres (m) Feet (ft) Kilometre/hour Miles/hour WEIGHT OF ICE BLOCKS Thickness (Feet) Length (Feet) Width (Feet) Weight (Pounds) , ,260