Seismic Waves. Overview: Targeted Alaska Grade Level Expectations: Whole Picture: Grades 5 8
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1 Seismic Waves Grades 5 8 Overview: Earthquakes are a potential tsunami generator. Scientists learn more about earthquakes by studying seismic waves. In this lesson, students explore the different types of seismic waves by modeling using various media. TSUNAMI Targeted Alaska Grade Level Expectations: Science [5 8] SA1.1 The student demonstrates an understanding of the processes of science by asking questions, predicting, observing, describing, measuring, classifying, making generalizations, inferring, and communicating. [6] SB4.3 The student demonstrates an understanding of motions, forces, their characteristics, relationships, and effects by making waves move through a variety of media. [7] SD2.2 The student demonstrates an understanding of the forces that shape Earth by describing how the movement of the tectonic plates results in both slow changes (e.g., formation of!"#$%&'$()*"+,&$*-"".()*&$/*0&('$(1*&$/*(2".%3%,.!*,4,$%(*5,676)*4"8+&$'+*,.#9%'"$()*(,'(!'+*:&4,()*&$/*,&.%2;#&<,(1*"$*%2,*(#.=&+,6 [5] SG4.1 The student demonstrates an understanding that advancements in science depend on curiosity, creativity, imagination, and a broad knowledge base by investigating that scientists curiosity led to advancements in science. Math [5] G 9 The student demonstrates a conceptual understanding of geometric drawings or construc %'"$(*0>*'/,$%'=>'$7*".*/.&:'$7*9,.9,$/'+#8&.*8'$,*(,7!,$%(*".*!'/9"'$%(*5?1*5@A6B6C1 Objectives: The student will: D*!"/,8*(,'(!'+*:&4,(E*&$/ D* D* G8'$<>H* D* I"9,*".*J#!9."9,*5"9%'"$&81 D* K,8&%'$ D* LMNOP*9&$( D* GQRSTUQ*VWIXGYTTQF*ZG,'(!'+*V&4,(P D* [\GR]?*]\SF*Z^"/>*V&4,(P D* [\GR]?*]\SF*ZG#.=&+,*V&4,(P Whole Picture: G,'(!'+*:&4,(*&.,*:&4,(*%2&%*9."9&7&%,*%2."#72*T&.%2_(*'$%,.'".6*@#+2*"=*:2&%*:,*<$":*&0"#%*T&.%2* comes from study of seismic waves and how they travel through different materials. Studying these waves helps us understand earthquakes and how to build things to withstand the different types of waves associated with earthquakes. G,'(!'+*:&4,(*+&$*0,*+8&(('`,/*'$%"*%:"*!&J".*7."#9(F*0"/>*:&4,(*&$/*(#.=&+,*:&4,(6*^"/>*:&4,(*!&>*0,*+8&(('`,/*&(*+"!9.,(('"$&8*:&4,(*5a*:&4,(1*".*(2,&.*:&4,(*5G*:&4,(16*^"/>*:&4,(*!&>* also be used in identifying the epicenter of an earthquake. ATEP UAF Geophysical Institute B 1 Seismic Waves
2 P Waves a*:&4,(*&.,*%2,*=&(%,.*"=*%2,*%:"*:&4,(e*%2,>*+&$*%.&4,8*%2."#72*("8'/*."+<*&$/*8';#'/)*&(*:,88*&(*&'.6* ](*&*a*:&4,*%.&4,8(*%2."#72*&*!,/'#!*5!&%,.'&81)*'%*+&#(,(*9&.%'+8,(*%"*!"4,*'$*%2,*(&!,*/'.,+%'"$*&(* the wave energy is traveling. As the waves pass through the medium, they cause compressions 5(2".%,$'$71*&$/*/'8&%'"$(*5,M9&$('"$(16*G8'$<',(*!&>*0,*#(,/*%"*!"/,8*%2'(*%>9,*"=*:&4,6 P Wave Compressions Dilations Undisturbed medium wave propagation P Wave in a Slinky particle motion wave propagation Compression Dilation Compression ATEP UAF Geophysical Institute B 2 Seismic Waves
3 S Waves S waves are slower than P waves. S waves only move through solid rock. As this type of wave passes through a medium, particles move perpendicular to the direction of the wave s energy path. Slinkies and rope may also be used to model this type of wave. S Wave Wavelength wave propagation S Wave in a Slinky particle motion wave propagation ATEP UAF Geophysical Institute B 3 Seismic Waves
4 Surface Waves P and S waves arriving at the free surface generate waves that propagate parallel to the surface. Q2,(,*.,(#8%'$7*(#.=&+,*:&4,(*!&>*0,*+8&(('`,/*&(*?"4,*".*I&>8,'72*V&4,(6* Love Waves?"4,*:&4,(*&.,*$&!,/*&=%,.*%2,*!&%2,!&%'+'&$)*]6T6Y6*?"4,)*:2"*/,4'(,/*%2,*!"/,8*"=*%2'(*:&4,*'$* Love waves are the faster waves of the two types of surface waves. As Love waves propagate across the surface of Earth, the particles move from side to side, perpendicular to the path of the wave s energy. Love wave Rayleigh waves I&>8,'72*:&4,(*&.,*%2,*"%2,.*%>9,*"=*(#.=&+,*:&4,6*Q2,(,*&.,*&8("*+&88,/*Z7."#$/*."88(P*'$*,&.%2 ;#&<,(*&$/*&.,*('!'8&.*%"*:&%,.*:&4,(6*Q2,*/'==,.,$+,*0,%:,,$*:&%,.*:&4,(*&$/*I&>8,'72*:&4,(*'(* that the particle oscillations in water waves move in a clockwise direction and the particles in the I&>8,'72*:&4,(*5("8'/(1*!"4,*'$*&*+"#$%,.3+8"+<:'(,*/'.,+%'"$6*](*%2'(*:&4,*!"4,(*%2."#72*%2,*("8'/* surface of the Earth, the land moves up and down in the direction of the wave s energy path. These :&4,(*&.,*$&!,/*&=%,.*?"./*I&>8,'72*:2"*#(,/*!&%2*%"*9.,/'+%*%2,*,M'(%,$+,*"=*%2'(*:&4,6 Rayleigh wave Activity Preparation: Prepare enough gelatin in 9x13 pans so that each pair of students can have their own strip (approxi!&%,8>*lp*m*b3op1*"=*7,8&%'$6*r(,*&*.,+'9,*('!'8&.*%"*b,883"*b'778,.(c6 ATEP UAF Geophysical Institute B 4 Seismic Waves
5 Activity Procedure: 1. Explain students will study seismic waves. Seismic waves are waves that propagate through Earth s '$%,.'".6*@#+2*"=*:2&%*:,*<$":*&0"#%*T&.%2*+"!,(*=."!*(%#/>*"=*(,'(!'+*:&4,(*&$/*2":*%2,>*%.&4,8* through different materials. Studying these waves helps us understand earthquakes and how to build things to minimize damage from earthquakes. Explain the terms perpendicular and parallel and their relationship to the propagation of energy and motion of particles. 2. Explain students will observe models of seismic waves. To guide students through the various waves, make a graphic organizer on the board similar to the one below. Fill in the information in italics as you progress through the demonstrations. You may require that students record their own notes. Seismic Waves Body Surface Type of Wave: Compressional (P) Compressions and dilations in the direction of the wave s energy path. Slinky or sending a wave down a row of people standing tall. Type of Wave: Love Particles move perpendicular to the direction of the wave s energy path across Earth s surface. Gelatin shaken from side to side. Type of Wave: Shear (S) Particles move perpendicular to the direction of the wave s energy path. Rope, slinky, or sending a wave down a row of people as they bend at the waist. Type of Wave: Rayleigh Particle motion is elliptical, similar to water waves. Gelatin O6* ^,7'$*:'%2*0"/>*:&4,(6*G2&.,*%2,*'$=".!&%'"$*=."!*%2,*V2"8,*a'+%#.,*(,+%'"$*&$/*/'(98&>*[\GR]?* ]\SF*Z^"/>*V&4,(6P*@"/,8*%2,*:&4,(*#('$7*%2,*="88":'$7*!,/'&6*a"'$%*"#%*%2,*/'.,+%'"$*"=*:&4,*!"4, ment and the direction of particle motion for each wave. D* G8'$<',(F*](<*(%#/,$%(*%"*9&'.*#9*:'%2*,&+2*9,.("$*2"8/'$7*"$,*,$/*"=*%2,*(8'$<>6*Q"*!"/,8*&*a* wave, one person holds the end of the slinky with one hand then hits that hand with their other hand. To model a S wave, one person moves his or her hand up and down to generate a wave. This is the same motion used to generate an S wave through a rope. D* G%#/,$%(*98&>*%2,*."8,*"=*9&.%'+8,(6*Q2,>*8'$,*#9)*(2"#8/,.*%"*(2"#8/,.)*:'%2*&.!(*&+."((*,&+2* other s shoulders. To model a P wave, the teacher pushes the person at the end of the line. The wave should propagate through the line. To model an S wave, the teacher has the person at the end of the line bend forward at the waist. d6* e".*%2,*(#.=&+,*:&4,()*(2&.,*%2,*'$=".!&%'"$*=."!*%2,*v2"8,*a'+%#.,*(,+%'"$*&$/*/'(98&>*[\gr]?*]\sf* ZG#.=&+,*V&4,(6P*S'(%.'0#%,*&*(%.'9*"=*7,8&%'$*%"*,&+2*9&'.*"=*(%#/,$%(6*Q"*!"/,8*?"4,*:&4,()*(%#/,$%(*!#(%*!"4,*"$,*,$/*=."!*('/,*%"*('/,6*Q"*!"/,8*I&>8,'72*:&4,()*(%#/,$%(*(2"#8/*%&9*%2,*%"9*"=*"$,*,$/6* A6* S'(%.'0#%,*GQRSTUQ*VWIXGYTTQF*ZG,'(!'+*V&4,(P*=".*(%#/,$%*+"!98,%'"$6* ATEP UAF Geophysical Institute B 5 Seismic Waves
6 Extension Idea: Use a stopwatch to compare the velocity of P wave and S wave propagation through a slinky and a line of students. Students should discover that the P wave propagates faster than an S wave. Answers: 1. Seismic waves are waves that propagate through Earth s interior. through different materials. Studying these waves helps us understand earthquakes and how to build things to withstand the different types of waves associated with earthquakes. 3. P 4. S 5. L 6. P 7. S f6* I L6*?*&$/*I 10. P and S 11. L 12. P 13. P and S 14. P 15. S and L Ng6* I 17. L 18. P Lesson Information Sources: ^.&'8,)*?6*5Bhhg16*Seismic Waves and the Slinky: A Guide for Teachers6*Q2,*\I\G*i"$(".%'#!6* ]++,((,/*b&$#&.>*c)*bhhf*&%*2%%9fjj:,06'+(69#./#,6,/#jk0.&'8,j,/#!"/j(8'$<>j(8'$<>62%!6?'88',)*i6b6*5nlll16*whole Earth Geophysics: An Introductory Textbook for Geologists and Geophysicists6*R99,.*G&//8,*I'4,.)*U6b6F*a.,$%'+,*Y&886 ATEP UAF Geophysical Institute B 6 Seismic Waves
7 U&!,F Seismic Waves Student Worksheet TSUNAMI Grades What are seismic waves? 2. Why study seismic waves? V.'%,*a*5a*:&4,1)*G*5G*:&4,1)*?*5?"4,*V&4,1*&$/j".*I*5I&>8,'72*V&4,1*&(*%2,>*&998>*%"*,&+2*9'+%#.,*".* statement below. [graphics: please remove the name on the wave pictures] Compressions Undisturbed medium Dilatations and are surface waves. 10. and are body waves. 11. is the fastest surface wave. 12. is the fastest body wave. 13. and are used to determine the epicenter of an earthquake. 15. and Particle motion is perpindicular to the direction of wave energy. 17. In an earthquake, this type of wave causes the land to move side to side. 14. Particle motion and direction of wave energy are parallel. Ng6*llll*]8("*+&88,/*&*Z7."#$/*."886P*a&.%'+8,(*!"4,*'$* a circular motion as a wave passes through. 18. This type of wave has compressions and dilations as energy passes through a medium. ATEP UAF Geophysical Institute B 7 Seismic Waves
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