Weightlifting for Improved Swimming Performance University of Michigan Strength and Conditioning - Olympic Sports

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1 Weightlifting for Improved Swimming Performance University of Michigan Strength and Conditioning - Olympic Sports Katlyn Haycock MS, CSCS, SCCC, USAW-1 Strength and Conditioning Coach, Olympic Sports

2 Outline Purpose Kinetics and Kinematics Movements Investigated The Clean The Snatch The Track Start from the Blocks The Flip Turn The Dolphin Kick How Will Weightlifting Help? Areas for Further Research References

3 Purpose To examine the benefits of incorporating weightlifting movements and their derivatives into a training program designed for swimmers. Specifically, this review analyzed biomechanical characteristics of the track-style start from the blocks, the flip turn and the dolphin kick, along with the biomechanical characteristics of the two weightlifting movements, to determine whether adaptations made through training of the weightlifting movements would theoretically satisfy the physical requirements and potentially improve performance of the listed swimming elements.

4 Kinetics and Kinematics Kinetics- the study of the forces associated with motion, including forces causing motion and forces resulting from motion (Encyclopædia Britannica, 2013). Kinematics- the study of the motion of bodies with respect to time, displacement, velocity, and speed of movement either in a straight line or rotary direction (Encyclopædia Britannica, 2013).

5 Kinetics and Kinematics Kinetics Vertical Ground Reaction Force (Fz) Power (P) = F x V Rate of Force Development (RFD) Impulse (J) = F T Kinematics Displacement (flight, glide) Velocity (angular) Time (block, flight, glide) Amplitude Frequency

6 The Clean Kinetics & Kinematics Power Impulse Rate of Force Development Ground Reaction Force Derivatives Floor, Hang (knee, mid-thigh, power) Clean Pull (floor, hang)

7 The Clean Physical Requirements Rapid generation of force (Power), strength Contraction of latissimus dorsi and teres major (Garhammer, 1984). Joint kinetics- proper organization of power production and absorption (Kipp, Redden, Sabick & Harris, 2012). 1 horse power = 746 W Second pull is most explosive, generates greatest force (Comfort, Udall & Jones, 2012). Up to 3,700 W (almost 5HP)

8 The Snatch Kinetics and Kinematics Work Power Impulse Ground Reaction Force Peak Force Peak Velocity Derivatives Floor, Hang (knee, mid-thigh, power) Snatch Pull (floor, hang)

9 The Snatch Physical Requirements Great generation of muscular power (Gourgoulis, Aggelousis, Mavromatis & Garas, 2000). Quick turnover following second pull (Hadi, Akkuş & Harbili, 2012). Mobility Propulsion of BB ~ 1s Female World Champion Lifters (Akkuş, 2012) P (1 st Pull) = 643 W P (2 nd Pull) = 1,848 W (almost 2.5HP)

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11 (Track) Start from the Blocks Kinetics and Kinematics Block Time Flight Time Flight Distance Glide Time Glide Distance Velocity Impulse Contributes up to 30% of total time in 50m sprint (Lyttle & Benjanuvatra, 2004). Maximize take-off velocity and minimize block time (Lyttle & Benjanuvatra, 2004).

12 (Track) Start from the Blocks Physical Requirements Arms (strength) aid pretensing leg extensors and increasing loading of leg muscles (Breed & Young, 2002). Muscular leg power for quick generation of force at push-off (Miller, Hay & Wilson, 2007).

13 Men s 50m Freestyle (2012 Olympic Trials - Nathan Adrian & Anthony Ervin)

14 The Flip Turn Kinetics and Kinematics Time Into the Wall Time Out of the Wall Contact Time Rotation Time Streamline Time Speed In Speed Out Importance of walls in swimming, especially in the collegiate setting with the 25- yd SC

15 The Flip Turn Physical Requirements Great force production when pushing off the wall (Bahadon, Mosavi, Hasannejad & Moradlo, 2012). Rapid extension of lower limbs with short wall contact time (Puel, Morlier, Avalos, Mesnard, Cid & Hellard, 2012).

16 Men s 200 Freestyle (2012 Olympic Trials - Michael Phelps & Ryan Lochte)

17 The Dolphin Kick Kinetics and Kinematics Average Velocity Kick Frequency Kick Amplitude Strouhal Number

18 The Dolphin Kick Physical Requirements Produce great propulsion and reverse directions quickly (Cohen, Cleary & Mason, 2012). Accelerate large mass of water with leg extension to generate thrust (von Loebbecke, Mittal, Fish & Mark, 2009). Focus on creating maximum thrust, which will de-prioritize efficiency (Hochstein & Blickhan, 2011).

19 Men s 100m Butterfly (2012 Olympic Trials- Davis Tarwater & Michael Phelps)

20 How Will Weightlifting Help? Improve RFD- starts, walls (Kipp, Harris & Sabick, 2011) Increase ability to generate power- starts, walls (Comfort, Allen & Graham-Smith, 2011) (Garhammer, 1985) Increase ability to generate a greater impulse- starts, walls (Seifert, Vantorre, Lemaitre, Chollet, Toussaint & Vilas-Boas, 2010) Increase explosive strength- starts, walls, dolphin kick (Akkuş, 2012) Increase overall strength to be more propulsive- dolphin kick (Miller, Hay & Wilson, 2007) Coordinated, organized power production- starts, dolphin kick (Kipp, Redden, Sabick & Harris, 2012)

21 Areas for Further Research Relationship between knee extension seen in weightlifting and the knee extension in dolphin kick (absence of ground force in water)? Studies that have training programs incorporating the lifts and tracking improvements in starts, wall times or underwater kicking times

22 References Encyclopædia Britannica. (2013). Kinetics. Retrieved from Encyclopædia Britannica. (2013). Kinematics. Retrieved from The CLEAN Comfort, P., Allen, M., & Graham-Smith, P. (2011). Kinetic comparisons during variations of the power clean. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(12), Comfort, P., Udall, R., & Jones, P. A. (2012). The effect of loading on kinematic and kinetic variables during the midthigh clean pull. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(5), Garhammer, J. (1985). Biomechanical profiles of olympic weightlifters. International Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 1, Garhammer, J. (1982). Energy flow during olympic weightlifting. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 14(5), Garhammer, J. (1984). Power: Kinesiological evaluation.nsca Journal, 40, Kipp, K., Harris, C., & Sabick, M. B. (2011). Lower extremity biomechanics during weightlifting exercise vary across joint and load. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(5), Kipp, K., Redden, J., Sabick, M., & Harris, C. (2012). Kinematic and kinetic synergies of the lower extremities during the pull in olympic weightlifting.journal of Applied Biomechanics, 28, Kipp, K., Redden, J., Sabick, M. B., & Harris, C. (2012). Weightlifting performance is related to kinematic ndn kinetic patterns of the hip and knee joints. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(7),

23 References The SNATCH Akkuş, H. (2012). Kinematic analysis of the snatch lift with elite female weightlifters during the 2010 world weightlifting championship. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(4), Gourgoulis, V., Aggelousis, N., Mavromatis, G., & Garas, A. (2000). Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of the snatch of elite greek weightlifters. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18, Hadi, G., Akkuş, H., & Harbili, E. (2012). Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of the snatch for lifting different barbell weights. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(6), Rossi, S. J., Buford, T. W., Smith, D. B., Kennel, R., Haff, E. E., & Haff, G. G. (2007). Bilateral comparison of barbell kinetics and kinematics during a weightlifting competition. International Journal of Sports Physiology nd Performance, 2, The START Breed, R. V. P., & Young, W. B. (2002). The effect of a resistance training program on the grab, track and swing starts in swimming. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21, Lyttle, A., & Benjanuvatra, N. (2004, October 19). Start right? a biomechanical review of dive start performance. Retrieved from Miller, J. A., Hay, J. G., & Wilson, B. D. (2007). Starting techniques of elite swimmers. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2(3), Ruschel, C., Gassenferth Araujo, L., Matheus Pereira, S., & Roesler, H. (2007). Kinematical analysis of the swimming start: Block, flight and underwater phases. Xxv isbs symposium, Ouro Preto, Brazil. Seifert, L., Vantorre, J., Lemaitre, F., Chollet, D., Toussaint, H. M., & Vilas-Boas, J. (2010). Different profiles of the aerial start phase in front crawl. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(2), Vantorre, J., Seifert, L., Fernandes, R. J., V. Boas, J. P., & Chollet, D. (2010). Kinematical profiling of the front crawl star. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 31,

24 References The DOLPHIN KICK Arellano, R., Pardillo, S., & Gavilán, A. (2002). Underwater undulatory swimming: Kinematic characteristics, vortex generation and application during the start, turn and swimming strokes. In Proceedings of the XXth International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, Universidad de Granada. Cohen, R. C. Z., Cleary, P. W., & Mason, B. R. (2012). Simulations of dolphin kick swimming using smoothed particle hydrodynamics. Human Movement Science, 31, Hochstein, S., & Blickhan, R. (2011). Vortex re-capturing and kinematics in human underwater undulatory swimming. Human Movement Science, 30( ). von Loebbecke, A., Mittal, R., Fish, F., & Mark, R. (2009). A comparison of the kinematics of the dolphin kick in humans and cetaceans. Human Movement Science, 28, The FLIP TURN Bahadon, M. R., Mosavi, S. H., Hasannejad, E., & Moradlo, H. (2012). Investigating kinematics of the flip turn technique in front crawl swimming. 30th annual conference of biomechanics in sports, Melbourne, Australia. Puel, F., Morlier, J., Avalos, M., Mesnard, M., Cid, M., & Hellard, P. (2012). 3d kinematic and dynamic analysis of the front crawl tumble turn in elite male swimmers. Journal of Biomechanics, 45, MISCELLANEOUS Barbosa, T. M., Bragada, J. A., Reis, V. M., Marinho, D. A., Carvalho, C., & Silva, A. J. (2010). Energetics and biomechanics as determining factors of swimming performance: Updating the state of the art. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13, Hellard, P., Dekerle, J., Avalos, M., Caudal, N., Knopp, M., & Hausswirth, C. (2008). Kinematic measures and stroke rate variability in elite female 200-m swimmers in the four swimming techniques: Athens 2004 Olympic semi-finalists and French National 2004 Championship semi-finalists. Journal of sports sciences, 26(1), Seifert, L., Boulesteix, L., Chollet, D., & Vilas-Boas, J. P. (2008). Differences in spatial-temporal parameters and arm-leg coordination in butterfly stroke as a function of race pace, skill and gender. Human Movement Science, 27,

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