10/20/2015. UV For Swimming Pools Energy Savings, Crypto, and Chloramines

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1 UV For Swimming Pools Energy Savings, Crypto, and Chloramines 2015 Midwest Facility Masters Kalahari Resort November 3,

2 Industries which rely on UV Technology Commercial Pools & Spas Municipal wastewater Municipal drinking water Pulp & Paper Printing Advanced Oxidation (w/h 2 O 2 and/or ozone) Semiconductor Pharmaceutical Food & Beverage Bottled Water Brewing Petrochemical Aquaculture Maritime 100% UV Bypass post-filter UV Chamber UV Power Control Cabinet UV Technology Treats 100% of the filtered water point-of-use, no residual, still need chlorine we recommend running at lower chlorine levels after adding UV Illumination, not irradiation Photolysis, not chemical 2

3 Pool Problems Chloramines The by-product of chlorine disinfection, known as combined chlorine. Regulated by health codes and a problem at indoor pools Responsible for the odor, corrosion, athletic asthma Made up of three classes: mono, di, and trichloramines Chlorine tolerant Cryptosporidium Responsible for 75% of Recreational Water Illnesses (RWI s) Increasingly addressed with UV in aquatic health codes 2013 ½ of all Iowa counties patients tested positive UV Benefits in Aquatics Naturally controls chloramines Indoor Pools, no longer need to chemically shock Less odor, corrosion, athletic asthma Targets di and trichloramines High level disinfectant Chlorine resistant pathogens like Crypto The best reason for UV on outdoor pools USA Swimming website Water Quality The Facilities Department of USA Swimming strongly recommends that all pools, both new and existing, have UV systems installed When compared to chlorine feeder systems, Ultra Violet systems involve a higher initial capital cost. However, over the life of the pool Ultraviolet technologies reduce the on-going operating and maintenance costs. This can be significant. Mick Nelson, USA Swimming Facilities Department 3

4 Testimonials We all agree these systems were the best investment we have ever made in our pool facility. Duane Proell, University of Minnesota It has comprehensively reduced pitting on all the metal surfaces. Phil Annas, Friends Central School Skin irritations completely stopped after the installation of the ultra violet system Beverly Kannengieszer, Medford Leas Way Members of my swim team who have chronic breathing problems, asthma etc. have had absolutely no problems. Bob Rueppel, Franklin & Marshall College UV for Aquatics Consultants standard specification for indoor pools & recirculated splash pads Approximately 10,000 medium pressure UV s installed in North America Self-cleaning & self-monitoring (important options) Limited annual maintenance (2-3 hours every six months) Long service life (15-20 years) Best practice method to reduce the risk of a RWI outbreak. Highly disinfects chlorine tolerant Cryptosporidium 58% 16% (Gage & Bidwell) 5% 2% 1% 0.5%.08%.02%.01% Turnovers Vertical scale represents water not yet filtered It takes four turnovers to effectively disinfect almost all of the pool water with UV. AFO 4

5 UV Science The Electromagnetic Spectrum Wavelength (m) g Rays X-Rays Ultraviolet Visible Infrared Radio Frequencies UV LIGHT Sub-Ranges UV-A (Long Wave UV): nm UV-B (Middle Wave UV): nm UV-C (Short Wave UV): nm Vacuum UV: nm Note: 1 nm = 10-9 m = (one billionth of a meter) 5

6 Microbial Response to UV UV photons are absorbed by the DNA of a microorganism, damaging the DNA by causing thymine base units to bond with each other rather than across the ladder with adenine. The damaged DNA can not function properly (it is prevented from replicating, rendering the microbe harmless) How is UV Light Generated? ELECTRODE + ELEKTRODE + ELEKTRODE - ELECTRODE - Voltage is applied across the electrodes, exciting the gas mixture (mercury) resulting in a discharge of photons. The photon discharge emits specific wavelengths of light (dependent upon gas mixture and power level of the lamps). Mercury gas is used because it emits light in the germicidal range. Types of UV Lamps ClorKing (Sentry), Delta, Emperor (Pentair) Low Pressure Lamps - Highest electrical efficiency, low UV-C output per unit length, Monochromatic 254nm Amalgam Low Pressure - Good electrical efficiency medium UV-C output per unit length, Monochromatic 254nm ETS, Prominent, Aquionics/Hanovia, Triogen, Delta Medium Pressure - Low electrical efficiency, very high UV-C output per unit length, Polychromatic 200nm - 300nm 6

7 Spectral Output, Absorption (relative) Relative UV Output 10/20/ UV LAMP OUTPUT Medium-pressure nm Low-pressure 254nm ONLY Germicidal UVC Peaks at nm Wavelength (nm) Low Pressure (LP) monochromatic emitting UV energy at only the 254nm wavelength. Medium-Pressure (MP) lamps are polychromatic and emit energy at every wavelength throughout the UV spectrum. UV LAMPS 500 gpm Fluid Temperature and UV Lamps UV (%) Medium Pressure Lamp Low Pressure Lamp Low High Lamp Temperature of Water ( F) ( C) 7

8 Lamp Comparison Low Pressure Low Pressure High Output/Amalgam Medium Pressure Number of lamps (mercury) 6,8, 10, 12, 18, 30 Approx. ½ of LP 1, 2, 4 Service space and chamber length 50 to to to 20 Potential for fouling Low to high Low to high Medium to high UVC monitor / accuracy low low Yes / high Automatic internal wiper no no yes Performance affected by water temperature yes some no Effects of UV-Based Treatment on Water and Air Chemistry in Chlorinated, Indoor Pools Mehrnaz Zare Afifi and Ernest R. Blatchley III Lyles School of Civil Engineering Division of Environmental & Ecological Engineering Purdue University Funded by: National Swimming Pool Foundation Three year study looking at chlorine alone, Low Pressure UV, then Medium Pressure UV. Analyzed ten different chlorine Disinfection By Products (DBP s) Analyzed corrosion to aluminum, carbon steel, 304 SS steel, galvanized steel 23 Combined Chlorine Combined chlorine concentration fell below the: NSPF max (0.2 mg/l) MAHC guideline (0.4 mg/l) Chlorination only 22 times (10%) 97 times (47%) MP UV/chlorine 90 times (39%) 164 times (72%) LP UV/chlorine 55 times (36%) 111 times (73%) Cyanogen chloride increased 32% with low pressure UV Trichloramine increased 21% with low pressure UV Corrosion rate of all metal alloys increased substantially with LP UV Dichloroacetonitrile increased 27% with MP UV 24 8

9 Mehrnaz Zare Afifi and Ernest R. Blatchley III Lyles School of Civil Engineering Division of Environmental & Ecological Engineering Purdue University Funded by: National Swimming Pool Foundation Conclusions Corrosion increased for all four metals tested with LP UV Medium Pressure UV better in 7 out of 10 DBP s LP won 2 out of 10 MP 19% reduction, LP 30% reduction one DBP MP UV increased one DBP, LP increased two 26 US EPA Municipal Drinking Water Milwaukee ,000 people became ill and 100 died from Crypto in the drinking water. US EPA requires cities to test for chlorine tolerant pathogens. UV is often used to disinfect when present New York City treats 2.2 billion gallons a day with UV 9

10 UV VALIDATION TESTING UV Disinfection Performance Certification for Crypto Independent, third-party, bio-assay testing to prove the effectiveness of a specific UV systems ability to disinfect Crypto. Defined in U.S. EPA s Ultraviolet Disinfection Guidance Manual Validation Gives Owners & Regulators proof the system performs as promised. Apples to apples comparison. Included in MAHC and state codes for: NY, CA, TX, FL, OH, IN, & ON 10

11 Chlorine Tolerant Cryptosporidium Cryptosporidium Common, naturally occurring parasite Extremely common in the livestock industry, especially with young calves. Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis most common in humans At least 150 types of animals infected with over 39 genus classes. Prevalent in mammals, but also afflicts fish, birds, reptiles and amphibians Points to consider Some outbreaks coincided with heavy rainfall. Municipalities often have trouble handling Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) during these events. Farmers often spread liquefied and solid manure onto fields 11

12 Recreational Water Illnesses (RWI s) 75% of all RWI s reported to the CDC are from Cryptosporidium or Crypto Every aspect of chemical treatment and pool operation can be correct and a outbreak can occur Lawyers have websites tracking outbreaks Key Facts on Crypto Potentially fatal to young, old, or immune compromised. CT = 15,300 (1ppm of chlorine for 10.7 days = 99.9% kill) Symptoms generally appear in 2-10 days Infected people shed 10,000,000 to 10,000,000,000 oocytes, multiple times a day, for weeks The infectivity dose is low (> 30 oocytes, ID50 132) Crypto Outbreaks 2005 New York 3,100 confirmed at a splashpad 2007 Utah - 20,0000 estimated cases 2008 Dallas and Phoenix metro area shut down all their pools 2011 Cincinnati/N. Kentucky 250 Crypto, 180 Shigella cases 2011 Kansas City metro pools area closed 2013 ½ of all Iowa counties patients test positive 12

13 Crypto UV Dose Crypto disinfected 99.9% (3-log or 10 3 ) with 12mJ/cm 2 (per U.S. EPA) 60mJ / 12mJ = x 10 3 (99.9%) = Applying 60mJ would provide a theoretical 15-log reduction or % Comparison: 1,000,000,000 Crypto 10 log UV: single pass, high level disinfection, less than one second Chlorine: 1ppm after ten days = 1,000,000 Crypto still viable Splashpads / Spray Features 13

14 600 gpm volume 216,000 gallons Swimming Pools 6 hr. turnover 600 gpm UV 100% filtered, UV d, chemically treated. Cannot prevent cross infection in the main pool volume. 200 gpm volume 4,000 gallons Splash Pads 20 min / 5 min turnover UV treatment, in the feature return loop, will treat all the water UV 800 gpm Chloramines 14

15 Types of Chloramines Mono-chloramine fairly common, 20% of U.S. cities manufacture monochloramines in drinking water, not considered unhealthy Di-chloramine high concentrations linked to bladder cancer, stays in the water, absorbed into the body Tri-chloramine: Off-gas as a vapor. Responsible for the odor and irritation associated with indoor pools. Corrosive higher incidences of asthma on swim teams, corrosion to the facility Chloramine levels are regulated in state health codes COMBINED APPLICATION OF UV RADIATION AND CHLORINE: IMPLICATIONS WITH RESPECT TO DBP FORMATION AND DESTRUCTION IN RECREATIONAL WATER APPLICATIONS Jing Li and Ernest R. Blatchley III School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Chloramines and UV study abstract : The results indicate that NCl 3 [trichloramine] and CH 3 NCl 2 [dichloramine] can be degraded up to 85% under the UV irradiation and free chlorine changes relatively slowly as a result of UV exposure. 15

16 Molar Absorptivity 10/20/2015 UV Technology 100 nm 200 nm nm VUV UVC UVB UVA Increasing Water Penetration Increasing Energy Most powerful UV area for chloramines trichlor dichlor =254 nm =282 Species =222 nm nm CH 3 NCl 2 (dichlor) NCl 3 (trichlor) NaOCl(HOCl) ph= Medium Pressure UV and Chloramines Provides the ideal energy in the range from 200nm to 240nm to breakdown di and tri chloramines 16

17 100% UV Bypass UV Chamber UV Power Control Cabinet Quartz Sleeves 17

18 Fouling occurs within days; a significant reduction of UVC energy emitted into the water occurs. Fouling increases in the presence of chlorine 1 Wait, I. W.; Johnston C. T.; Blatchley, E. R. (2007) The influence of oxidation reduction potential and water treatment processes on quartz lamp sleeve fouling in ultraviolet disinfection reactors. Water Research Quartz sleeve UV Chamber Wiper drive shaft 18

19 Treatment Chamber Components Treatment chamber - 316L stainless steel Temperature monitor protection for non-flow UV monitor Real time measurement Autowipe system Medium pressure lamp(s) & Quartz Sleeve Isolates lamp Non-Compliance issues low pressure UV NSF-50 requirement cleaning on systems without a wiper [5] NSF Certified models contain an in-place chemical cleaning system. All piping for in-place cleaning purposes shall be entirely independent of the water piping system both in and out of the unit, and a drain shall be provided. 19

20 Inspectors must confirm if the UV has an internal wiper. If not, a dedicated piping system for chemical cleaning is required or NSF-50 does not apply. NSF-50 logo Power/Control Cabinets Display Power/Control Cabinet 20

21 Installing UV Systems Installing UV Systems Installed after filtration, 100% of return water is treated Plumbed in a bypass, flooded chamber New construction, flush lines and balance water prior to opening UV bypass Commissioning and start-up provided by factory trained technician 15 of cable standard, 75 max at an additional cost Lamps always mounted parallel to the ground Ultraviolet Installation Detail FROM FILTERS TO CHEMICAL DOSING 21

22 Strainer Basket EZ Strainer UV Transmittance High Transmittance Low Transmittance UV Water Quality Transmittance (T-10%) affected by: Suspended Solids Dissolved Iron and Manganese Lotions / body oils / cosmetics Colors, Sugars, air bubbles, tannins 22

23 UV Transmittance Measurement % of light that penetrates through 10mm (T-10) of sample water Spectrophotometer test in a quartz cuvette UV absorbed in fluid UV % Deuterium light source 10 mm wide UV sensor sample cell Typical UV Transmittance Values Water Source Transmittance (T10%) Ultrapure Water 100% Distilled Water 98% Drinking Water 85-95% Pool Water 90%-95% Secondary Filtered 65-70% Secondary Unfiltered 50-65% Meat Brine, Soft Drinks 0% MAHC UV Transmittance The performance difference between any equipment s validated performance at 98% UVT and actual field performance at 94% UVT can be 40% LOWER. When presented with validated performance data at 98% UVT operators should be aware that the equipment may only deliver half the performance when installed A design UV assumption of better than 94% T10 should not be used. MAHC Annex 23

24 UV Transmittance Do NOT use the T-10 98% value UV-Sizing 3-D CAD THEN CFD (Computer Fluid Dynamic Modeling) 24

25 UV Dose Intensity (lamp power) and Residence Time (contact time) UV DOSE = Intensity X Residence Time Disinfection (Indoor & Outdoor) 40mJ Chloramine Destruction (Indoor) 60mJ The specified dose level is what is provided at the end-of lamplife UV Systems Required Design Parameters Flow Rate (gpm) Water Quality, T-10 or Transmittance (T-10 94%) Required disinfection, Dose/Log Reduction, for target pathogen(s) (60mJ/cm 2 indoor chloramines or 40mJ/cm 2 outdoor) Sizing Chloramine Control & Disinfection vs. Validation Pipe 60mj/cm 2 Validated US EPA 3 Log Reduction and calculated (chloramines) 40mj/cm2 gpm gpm USEPA UVDGM Model 3" (V) ECP-113-5SPV 4" (V) ECP-113-5SPV 6" (V) ECF-215-6V (V) ECF-215-6V-480 8" (V) ECF-220-8V 10" (V) ECF V 12" (V) ECF V (V) ECF V Make sure unit sizing complies with both CFD and validation 25

26 Dose Pacing Dose Pacing = Lamp Energy Control Reduces Power Usage Extends the Life of the Lamps Extends Quartz Life 84mJ Lamps sized for end of life 72mJ 60mJ Hour #1 Standard Power stepping ETS energy control 1 year (8760 hours) Dose pacing extends lamp life and reduces energy costs 26

27 Budgets Purchase & Installation Costs Installed $15,000 - $60,000 ( GPM) Operation & Maintenance -200,000 gallon pool $3,400 annual operating expense Approximately 50% electricity, spares 20%, 30% labor Labor Costs 4-6 hours annually Assures performance Extended five year warranty option Discount on spares common with service contract Maintenance Considerations Task Six Months Twelve Months Clean Chamber Interior X X Check Voltages (Incoming & Lamps) X X Inspect Wiper Gear Assembly X X Replace Wiper Blade X X Replace Wiper Shaft Seal Replace Lamp Service by certified factory trained technician advised at 6 and 12 months. This will allow onsite technical staff to learn the process by an expert. X X 27

28 O&M Components Power consumption Labor costs manual disassembly and cleaning 4-6 hours annually for Medium pressure Significantly more for low pressure based on number and length of sleeves Replacement parts Lamps Quartz sleeves Seals Ballast (low pressure) months 36 months 6 months Five years ($200 - $500 per 2 lamps) CDC Model Aquatic Health Code (MAHC) A code, not a law. 1) The standard of care within the aquatics industry 2) Many states are preparing to adopt all or part of the code 3) May become the next VGB or ADA federal code MAHC 12 Modules Contamination Burden Disinfection & Water Quality Facility Design & Construction Monitoring & Testing Operator Training Recirculation & Filtration Facility Maintenance & Operation Regulatory Program Hygiene Facilities Administration Lifeguarding/Bather Supervision Risk Management/Safety Ventilation & Air Quality. 28

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30 MAHC Annex High Risk Pools Facilities These facilities include THERAPY POOLS, and WADING POOLS, water ACTIVITY POOLS, INTERATIVE WATER PLAY AQUATIC VENUES (E.G. SPRAY PADS, and other AQUATIC VENUES with no standing water designed primarily for young children including DIAPER-AGED CHILDREN (defined in the Code as children < 5 years old). Secondary Disinfection REQUIRED at Increased Risk aquatic venues Pools with Interactive Spray Features full flow filtration Spray Pads Wading Pools Zero Entry (designed for diaper aged children) Therapy Pools Includes Hot & Cold Training/Rehab Spas Open wounds, immune compromised NOT hot tubs ETS encourages SUPPLEMENTAL DISINFECTION MAHC - UV as Secondary Disinfection Designed to achieve a 3-log (99.9%) Inactivation of Crypto 3 rd Party Validated to USEPA UVGM (U.S. EPA Ultraviolet Guidance Manual) NSF/ANSI 50 Listed Maximum Transmittance for design should not exceed 94% UVT 30

31 Accurate Monitoring A direct line of site from the lamp to the monitor is required, maximum two MP lamps per monitor. Low pressure systems with multiple lamps (<10) will typically have direct line of site with only the closest lamps. Accurate monitoring has a direct line of sight to every lamp. MAHC UV Requirement Calibrated UV Sensors The UV equipment shall be complete with calibrated UV sensors, which record the output of all the UV lamps installed in a system. Commercial low pressure UV systems do not comply. 31

32 Direct Line of Sight UV Monitor Medium Pressure Multi UV Lamp Shadowing units lamp Low Pressure monitor Multi Lamp units UV Shadowing UV Monitor Low Pressure 32

33 UV Compliance - Inspection Performance in the field can be verified on inspection by regulators who will compare actual sensor readings with those indicated on the performance charts, so these charts must be retained at the aquatic facility. MAHC Annex Inspection UV s Second Benefit UV equipment is utilized for its ability to reduce combined chlorines in the pool water. MAHC Annex UV is already commonly designed on indoor commercial pools to improve air and water quality. 33

34 Cost Savings Energy natural gas, water, & electrical (when adding VFD s) Corrosion HVAC, railing, deck equipment, light fixtures, swimsuits Chemicals no shocking required, pool open longer, lower TDS levels Reduced risk RWI outbreak, athletic asthma, respiratory issues Maintenance labor, service Energy Management Integrating UV, VFD s, and controllers with the HVAC By controlling chloramines in the water, we can reduce fresh make-up air Most indoor pools bring in many times more fresh air than what is required by ASHRAE 62.2 Presented at the 2013 World Aquatic Health conference 34

35 Three Year Case Study Due to chloramines, 50% fresh outside make-up air used. Purged multiple times during swim meets UV improved water and air quality, volume of fresh make up reduced by over 50%. Energy savings and incentive grant money based on fresh air used in excess of ASHRAE minimum standards $120, $100, $80, $60, $40, $20, $ Billing 35

36 Savings and Incentive Money Case Study Energy Savings - Aquatic Center 598,000 kw reduction, saving $38,900 annual bill 51,000 reduction in therm usage, saving $53,000 annual bill Savings and Incentive Money Whitewater Aquatic Center 598,000 kw reduction, saving $38,900 annual bill 51,000 reduction in therm usage, saving $53,000 annual bill Custom Incentive money possible $47,840 for electric savings $20,000 to $40,000 for natural gas savings 36

37 Alliant Savings Energy Custom and Incentive Incentive Money Program Must be pre-approved thru application process Grant money 1.5X energy savings* 50% funding, up to $7,500, available for feasibility study Post analysis possible for incentives >20,000 kw savings (at the discretion of the project manager) Minimum 2-year payback 2-3 week application review, check issued 2-3 weeks after completion of installation Savings Using and Incentive Incentive Money Money Allows your facility to upgrade equipment including UV, chemical controllers, VFD s Provide ongoing reduced energy costs = added annual funding Protects patrons and facility from enhanced corrosion Must be accomplished before UV is required by law UV RECOMMENDATIONS Validated to USEPA UVDGM at the design flowrate WiFi Ethernet for off-site monitoring Dose Pacing on lamps - energy savings and extended lamp life Specify: 1) gpm 2) dose 3) Sized assuming T-10 94% water quality 37

38 Thank You Questions? Tom Schaefer Region Manager Neptune Benson Cell Office Note: A copy of this presentation is available, please provide business card with address 38