SARA 006:2012 Edition 1

Transcription

1 SARA 006:2012 Sheet 9.6 W361-electrical-shock warning sign Minimum Speed V (km/h) H (mm) W (mm) V d > V > V e V = Overhead sign Class 2A: Yield R2 and W Check Is this sign being used? [Y/N] 450 Continue? Respond to the check statement Distance D2 Norm (m) Control item Road operating speed km/h 120 Item Source Information required Response Comments Approaches 1 and 2 are as defined in the scene sketch of sheet 3 What is the distance from the outer rail to the road marking, in metres (m)? What is the distance from the edge of the road to the sign, in metres (m)? What is the size of the sign, width, w in millimetres (mm)? What is the size of the sign, length, L in millimetres (mm)? What is the size of the sign, height, H in millimetres (mm)? Retro-reflectivity at night Are signs orientated correctly? [Y/N] Type of sign supports Condition of sign supports General condition of the sign Manufacturing date of the sign [yy/mm/dd] Installation date of the sign [yy/mm/dd] Is the message correct? [Y/N] Are the signs clearly visible? [Y/N] Approach 1 Approach 2 1

2 Sheet 9.7 W403/W404 railway crossing SARA 006:2012 Minimum Speed V (km/h) H (mm) W (mm) V d > V > V e V = Overhead sign Class 2A: Yield R2 and W Check Is this sign being used? [Y/N] 450 Continue? Respond to the check statement Distance D2 Norm (m) Control item Road operating speed km/h 120 Item Source Information required Response Comments Approaches 1 and 2 are as defined in the scene sketch of sheet 3 What is the distance from the outer rail to the road marking, in metres (m)? What is the distance from the edge of the road to the sign, in metres (m)? What is the size of the sign, width, w in millimetres (mm)? What is the size of the sign, length, L in millimetres (mm)? What is the size of the sign, height, H in millimetres (mm)? Retro-reflectivity at night Are signs orientated correctly? [Y/N] Type of sign supports Condition of sign supports General condition of the sign Manufacturing date of the sign [yy/mm/dd] Installation date of the sign [yy/mm/dd] Is the message correct? [Y/N] Are the signs clearly visible? [Y/N] Approach 1 Approach 2

3 Sheet 9.8 IN11 supplementary plates SARA 006:2012 Minimum Speed V (km/h) H (mm) W (mm) V d > V > V e V = Overhead sign Class 2A: Yield R2 and W Check Are any of these signs being used? [Y/N] 450 Continue? Respond to the check statement Distance D2 Norm (m) Control item Road operating speed km/h 120 Source Information required Response Comments Item Approaches 1 and 2 are as defined in the scene sketch of sheet 3 What is the distance from the outer rail to the road marking, in metres (m)? What is the distance from the edge of the road to the sign, in metres (m)? What is the size of the sign, width, w in millimetres (mm)? What is the size of the sign, length, L in millimetres (mm) What is the size of the sign, height, H in (mm)? Retro-reflectivity at night Are signs orientated correctly? [Y/N] Type of sign supports Condition of sign supports General condition of the sign Manufacturing date of the sign [yy/mm/dd] Installation date of the sign [yy/mm/dd] Is the message correct? [Y/N] Approach 1 Approach 2

4 Sheet 9.9 GS901 diagrammatic sign SARA 006:2012 Minimum Speed V (km/h) H (mm) W (mm) V d > V > V e V = Overhead sign Class 2A: Yield R2 and W Check Is this sign being used? [Y / N] 450 Continue? Respond to the check statement Distance D2 Norm (m) Control item Road operating speed km/h 120 Item Source Information required Response Approaches 1 and 2 are as defined in the scene sketch of sheet 3 What is the distance from the outer rail to the road marking, in metres (m)? What is the distance from the edge of the road to the sign, in metres (m)? Approach 1 Approach What is the size of the sign, width, w in millimetres (mm)? 0 0 What is the size of the sign, length, L in (mm)? 0 0 What is the size of the sign, height, H in millimetres (mm)? 0 0 Comments Retro-reflectivity at night Are signs orientated correctly? [Y/N] Type of sign supports Condition of sign supports General condition of the sign Manufacturing date of the sign [yy/mm/dd] Installation date of the sign [yy/mm/dd] Is the message correct? [Y/N]

5 Sheet 9.10 Other warning and regulatory signs SARA 006:2012 Minimum Speed V (km/h) H (mm) W (mm) V d > V > V e V = Overhead sign Class 2A: Yield R2 and W Check Is this sign being used? [Y/N] 450 Continue? Respond to the check statement Distance D2 Norm (m) Control item Road operating speed km/h 120 Item Source Information required Response Approaches 1 and 2 are as defined in the scene sketch of sheet 3 What is the distance from the outer rail to the road marking, in metres (m)? What is the distance from the edge of the road to the sign, in metres (m)? Approach 1 Approach What is the size of the sign, width, w in millimetres (mm)? 0 0 What is the size of the sign, length, L in millimetres (mm)? 0 0 What is the size of the sign, height, H in millimetres (mm)? 0 0 Insert photograph of sign Retro-reflectivity at night Are signs orientated correctly? [Y/N] Type of sign supports Condition of sign supports General condition of the sign Manufacturing date of the sign [yy/mm/dd] Installation date of the sign [yy/mm/dd]

6 Sheet 10 WM1 road surface sign SARA 006:2012 Speed V (km/h) C1 C Class 2A: Yield R2 and W Check Is this sign being used? [Y/N] 450 Continue? Respond to the check statement C1 90 Control item Road operating speed km/h 60 C2 150 Item Source Information required Response Approaches 1 and 2 are as defined in the scene sketch of sheet 3 Approach 1 Approach 2 What is the distance from the outer rail to the road marking, C1, in metres (m)? What is the distance from the outer rail to the road marking, C2, in metres (m)? Comments What is the size of the marking, width, W in above sketch in millimetres (mm)? What is the size of the marking, length, H in above sketch in millimetres (mm)? General condition of the markings Are the centre lines/lane markings present? [Y/N] Is the sign in the middle of the road lane? [Y/N] Retro-reflectivity at night

7 Sheet 10.1 WM5/GM7-road-surface-stop-ahead warning SARA 006:2012 Urban /Rural C1 (mm) C2 (mm) Area (m 2 ) 4,95 6,88 Class 2A: Yield R2 and W Check Is this sign being used? [Y/N] 450 Continue? Respond to the check statement Distance D2 Norm (m) Control item Road operating speed km/h 120 Item Source Information required Response Approaches 1 and 2 are as defined in the scene sketch of sheet 3 Approach 1 Approach 2 What colour is used for the stop sign? What is the size of the marking, width, C 1 in above sketch in millimetres (mm)? 0 0 What is the size of the marking, length, C 2 in above sketch in millimetres (mm)? 0 0 General condition of the markings Are the centre lines/lane markings present? [Y/N] Retro-reflectivity at night Comments

8 Sheet 11 Flashing red disk signals SARA 006:2012 Minimum Speed V (km/h) H (mm) W (mm) V d > V > V e V = Overhead sign Class 2A: Yield R2 and W Check Is this sign being used? [Y/N] 450 Continue? Respond to the check statement Distance D2 Norm (m) Control item Road operating speed km/h 120 Item Source Information required Response Comments Approaches 1 and 2 are as defined in the scene sketch of sheet 3 What is the distance from the outer rail to the road marking, in metres (m)? What is the distance from the edge of the road to the sign, in metres (m)? What is the size of the sign, width, w in millimetres (mm)?] What is the size of the sign, length, L in millimetres (mm)? What is the size of the sign, height, H in millimetres (mm)? Retro-reflectivity at night Advance warning, in seconds (s). for approaching trains Approach 1 alignment of signal correct [Y/N] Type of signal support Condition of the signal supports Is the system working effectively? [Y/N] Manufacturing date of the sign [yy/mm/dd] Installation date of the sign [yy/mm/dd] Clearance time of rail traffic before light stops, in seconds (s) Approach 1 Approach 2

9 Sheet 11.1 Booms (gates) SARA 006:2012 W411 railway crossing boom barricade Class 2A: Yield R2 and W Check Is a boom being used? [Y/N] 450 Continue? Respond to the check statement Distance D2 Norm (m) Control item Road operating speed km/h Item Source Information required Response General condition Advance warning, in seconds (s), for approaching trains Is the warning system at least 5 m from the travelled way? [Y/N] Is the warning system at least 5 m from the nearest rail? [Y/N] Type of construction of boom and supports Condition of the boom and supports Is the system working effectively? [Y/N] Rail Repair/replace requirements per year Deduct Gate arm clearance times, in seconds (s) Deduct Effect of grade Lookup Specified gate arm delay time, in seconds (s) Actual gate arm delay time, in seconds (s) Do gates comply with standards? Gate ascent, in seconds (s) (6 s to 12 s) Gate descent, in seconds (s) (10 s to 15 s) Comments

10 Sheet 11.2 Flashing yellow warning lights SARA 006:2012 Speed V (km/h) H (mm) Minimum W (mm) V d > V > V e V = Overhead sign Class 2A: Yield R2 and W Check Is this sign being used? [Y/N] 450 Continue? Respond to the check statement Distance D2 Norm (m) Control item Road operating speed km/h 120 Item Source Information required Approach 1 Comments What is the distance from the outer rail to the road marking, in metres (m)? What is the distance from the edge of the road to the sign, in metres (m)? What is the size of the sign, width, w in millimetres (mm)? What is the size of the sign, length, L in millimetres (mm)? What is the size of the sign, height, H in millimetres (mm) Retro-reflectivity at night Condition of sign support Is the system (lights) working effectively? [Y/N] Approach 1 are the lights aligned correctly? [Y/N] Approach 2 are the lights aligned correctly? [Y/N] Type of sign support Condition of sign support With which warning sign is the lights installed? Approach 2

11 Sheet 11.3 Bells SARA 006:2012 Item Source Information required Response General condition Advance warning, in seconds (s), for approaching trains Is the warning system at least 8 m from the travelled way? [Y/N] Is the warning system at least 8 m from the nearest rail? [Y/N] Type of construction housing the system Condition of the construction Is the system working effectively? [Y/N] Comments

12 Sheet 11.4 Traffic signal SARA 006:2012 Speed V (km/h) H (mm) Minimum W (mm) V d > V > V e V = Overhead sign Class 600 Check Is this sign being used? [Y/N] 450 Continue? Respond to the check statement Distance D2 Norm (m) Control item Road operating speed km/h 120 Item Source Information required Approach 1 Comments What is the distance from the outer rail to the road marking, in metres (m)? What is the distance from the edge of the road to the sign, in metres (m)? What is the size of the sign, width, w in millimetres (mm)? What is the size of the sign, length, L in millimetres (mm)? What is the size of the sign, height, H in millimetres (mm)? Retro-reflectivity at night Condition of sign support Is the system (lights) working effectively? [Y/N] Approach 1 are the lights aligned correctly? [Y/N] Approach 2 are the lights aligned correctly? [Y/N] Type of sign support Condition of sign support With which warning sign is the lights installed? Approach 2

13 Sheet 12 Whistle board SARA 006:2012 Dimensions in millimetres Comment [NdJ1]: Finalize 17/08/ = Reflective white border 75 mm 5 = Dove grey chromadex reverse side 6 = Pigmented white Class 2A: Yield R2 and W H Check Is this sign being used? [Y/N] 600 W Continue? Respond to the check statement A 375 Control item Whistle board placement in millimetres (minimum) B C Source Information required Response Item Approaches 1 and 2 are as defined in the scene sketch of sheet 3 What is the distance, in metres (m), from the geometric centre of the level crossing surface to the 125 m sign along the rail approach? What is the distance, in metres (m), from the geometric centre of the level crossing surface to the 375 m sign along the rail approach? Are the signs visible? [Y/N] Sign height above ground, in millimetres (mm) 125 m Sign height above ground in millimetres (mm) 375 m Are the signs orientated correctly? [Y/N] 125 m Are the signs orientated correctly? [Y/N] 375m Reflectivity of the signs 125m Comments Reflectivity of the signs 375m Type of sign support Condition of sign support Condition of sign Approach 1 Approach 2

14 Sheet 13 Overhead lines and protection SARA 006:2012 R204 Applicable signs W401 Danger plates W361 Danger plates Electrical hazard WW7 Height limit W320 Class Check Continue? Control item 2A: Yield R2 and W318 Are any of the signs being used? [Y/N] Respond to the check statement Condition of signs Source Information required Response Rail Comments Item Approaches 1 and 2 are as defined in the scene sketch of sheet 3 The height of the contact wire above the railway lines, in millimetres (mm) What voltage is applicable for the contact wires? The height of the gauge wire above the highest point of the road surface under the gauge wire, in millimetres (mm) Are all signs installed on the gauge wires, wire supports and advance warning signs applicable to the power lines? Are the correct signs installed in accordance with sketch including WW7 and W320 or R204 Type of sign supports? Condition of sign supports? Oldest manufacturing date of signs? Condition of signs? Approach 1 Approach 2

15 Sheet 14 Train illumination SARA 006:2012 Item Source Information required Response Sheet 7 Unrestricted level crossing [Y/N] Sheet 4.2 Road speed limit, in kilometres per hour (km/h) Rail equipment stops at night [Y/N] Are train headlights on (day and night)? [Y/N] Is illumination required? [Y/N] Is illumination present? [Y/N] State of illumination Visible at night? [Y/N] State of illumination Appropriately orientated? [Y/N] Is there adjacent commercial lighting? [Y/N] Comments

16 Annex B (normative) SARA 006:2012 Risk assessment methodology B.1 General B.1.1 Processes and procedures shall be established, developed or adopted, documented and maintained to identify, estimate, evaluate and prioritize risks by means of a formal risk assessment method to reduce the hazards and risks at level crossings. B.1.2 A risk assessment shall be conducted after any physical assessment of level crossings. B.1.3 Processes and procedures shall be established, developed or adopted, documented and maintained to compile and implement formal risk control strategies for risks classified as unacceptable or tolerable with mitigation. B.1.4 This methodology applies throughout the life-cycle phases as described in and SARA 002. B.1.5 Particular focus shall be placed on hazards that impact on safe operations at level crossings as identified during the assessment. Particular focus shall also be placed on issues related to human factors and the management of the interfaces between network operators (RAs) and road authorities. B.1.6 Existing risk controls are based on historically developed and reviewed standards, specifications, guidelines, procedures, rules and regulations. A complete risk assessment of existing controls is required after a physical assessment has been conducted as described in 5.1 and 5.2. B.1.7 Risk assessments shall be conducted jointly by the network operator (RA) and the relevant road authority at least once every five years, unless a) the parties agree at the time of the risk assessment to extend the deadline for the next assessment from five years to a maximum of 10 years, and b) the parties provide reasons for concluding that the safety conditions will remain stable for the extended period. B.2 Risk assessment process B.2.1 The objective of this risk assessment process is the successful management of identified hazards. It is aimed at protecting the level crossing user, network operator (RA) or road authority (or both), or persons close to the level crossing, against adverse consequences of exposure to risk, by reducing the probability and severity of undesired events (i.e. loss-producing events). B.2.2 The focus when managing risk shall be on preventive/proactive measures. B.2.3 Formal operational risk assessments shall be conducted by network operators and road authorities in accordance with this procedure. B.3 Hazard identification B.3.1 The first and most critical step in the management of risk is hazard identification. The presence of a hazard brings forth a risk associated with that particular hazard.

17 B.3.2 The following shall be used as input to identify hazards in existing RAs: SARA 006:2012 a) assessments of level crossings; b) occurrence investigations; c) collection and analysis of safety performance data; d) inspections; and e) safety audits. B.3.3 The following shall be used as input to identify hazards in proposed new level crossings: a) exclusion criteria; b) the application; c) assessments of level crossings; and d) SADCRTSM B.3.4 A hazard is any event that can cause damage, injury, death (i.e. a loss-producing event). Alternatively, it is any condition or action with the potential to cause harm. B.3.5 Risk is the presence of uncertainty in a situation and has dimensions relating to exposure, probability and severity. Example: A hazard might exist, but it is not certain whether it will result in a loss-producing event or not. The associated risk is a measure of this uncertainty and is determined by a risk matrix, which considers the exposure to the hazard, probability of a loss-producing event and the severity of the consequences when a loss-producing event takes place. B.3.6 Hazard identification is a systematic process of establishing what can go wrong (cause) and what loss could be caused (consequence). B.3.7 There are various hazard identification methodologies and a combination of the following techniques is most useful: a) brainstorming; and b) the structured what-if technique (SWIFT). B.3.8 Brainstorming relies on the knowledge and experience of employees within the organization. It is also useful in that anyone can be involved in the process based on their expertise in the particular area. B.3.9 The SWIFT method relies on asking the question What if? to establish what could go wrong and what the consequence would be. This process proactively results in a set of hazards that has to be managed. B.3.10 Hazards shall be identified in the railway and road operating environment at level crossings, specifically the potential impact they might have on railway safety and level crossing users or persons close to the level crossing. Identifying hazards is most easily done by answering the question: What possibly can go wrong in the operations that could cause harm (injury/death/damage) to railway or road users or persons within the operational area at level crossings? B.4 Risk analysis

18 SARA 006:2012 NOTE A risk analysis is a process where hazards are quantified and ranked relative to one another. Hazards are ranked to determine management priorities and resource allocation. B.4.1 Risk estimation and quantification B Having identified all hazards, they have to be put into perspective in terms of knowing the extent of each. In order to deal with hazards in priority, the risk associated with each hazard shall be quantitatively estimated. B Risk consists of exposure, probability (likelihood) and severity (consequence). Only once these three elements have been established, the risk can be estimated. The following formula can be used: Risk estimation = exposure probability severity B Exposure is the frequency of the occurrence of the hazard (or hazardous event). Example: If the ignorance of a train driver to sound the train's whistle is the identified hazard, then what is the frequency with which trains are running without train drivers blowing the whistle at level crossings? A continuous rating (10) would mean that at any time of operation there is at least one train that runs without the train driver sounding the train's whistle. B Probability is the frequency of a loss-producing event when the hazard (or hazardous event) occurs. Example: If there is a train running without the train driver blowing the train's whistle at level crossings or when the train driver saw people next to or near the railway lines (hazard), what is the frequency in which an occurrence vehicle had been struck (occurrence) or in which people had been injured/run over (loss-producing event) resulting from the train driver failing to sound the whistle. An alternative term for probability that is used often is likelihood. B Severity is the loss that results from a loss-producing event (for example an accident, occurrence or death). Example: When a train driver does not blow the train's whistle (hazard), an occurrence might happen (vehicle might be struck or people might be injured/run over) (lossproducing event) from the train resulting in fatal injuries (loss). An alternative term for severity that is used often is consequences. B In practically applying the above definitions the following serve as guidelines to a team of functional experts to quantify the risk: a) Exposure is that portion of time (out of the total time of operation) where the hazard is present. It is simple when the exposure is at most once a week. However, it is somewhat difficult to decide between daily and continuous exposure. It is again simple when the operation consists of only one activity at a time. For example, if there is only one train running at any given time of operations (albeit that it might be different trains), then a continuous rating would mean that the particular hazard exists all the time. If not, the rating is daily. Now, consider that there might be multiple trains running at any given time, the chances that one of those trains has the hazard present is greater than when only a single train runs at that given time. Taken over the total time of operations in the day, it might well be expected that at least one of the trains at any moment has the hazard present, which would then imply that the exposure is continuous. Perhaps the easiest way to determine if a rating is continuous is to divide the day into time frames (say hours) and to determine in each time frame what is the frequency of occurrence of the hazard. If the frequency of occurrence is one or more in all the time frames, then the rating is continuous, otherwise it is daily. This need not be an intense data driven process but rather one that is guided by the experience of the team supported by some operational data. If there is doubt or the process tends to be laborious, the higher rating should be chosen. b) The probability is determined by looking at the history of loss-producing events. Should no history be available on a newly identified hazard, discretion shall be used by the team, siding with the higher rating should there be doubt. Occurrence recording from there onwards will

19 SARA 006:2012 indicate if the probability score was reasonable. In the case where history was not available, occurrence recording over the next three months has to inform a review of the probability score. c) The severity is determined by the team using past consequences or discretion. In all cases the worst-case scenario (whilst still remaining realistic) shall be chosen. B.4.2 Risk evaluation B Once the risk has been quantified, the decision has to be made whether the risk is acceptable or not. B All risks shall be classified into one of the following three categories: a) Tolerable the level of risk is acceptable and no special or additional strategy is required to mitigate the risk. b) Tolerable with mitigation the as-low-as-reasonably-practical principle (ALARP) will guide the strategies to reduce the risk to an acceptable level. c) Unacceptable the level of risk is unacceptably high and strategies to reduce the risk shall be applied. B Reducing the exposure, probability or severity or any combination of the three can reduce the risk. The objective is to implement control measures in order to mitigate all risks into the tolerable segment of the matrix. B.4.3 Risk ranking B Risks are ranked from the highest to the lowest according to the overall risk as determined above. This ranking will guide the network operator and road authority in decisions regarding priorities and resource allocation. It is important to note that the ranking is dynamic and dependent on progress made in addressing the identified risk control strategies or regressions detected during audits or performance analyses. B The procedures for risk assessments and resultant risk profiles shall be reviewed a) periodically (at least every five years), b) after a major occurrence, c) when the safety performance does not improve, and d) in accordance with any directive issued by the relevant national railway safety regulator (see foreword). B Risks are quantified and prioritized using the hazard identification and risk assessment schedule as given in table B.1. B.5 Risk control B.5.1 Risk control measures shall be developed and documented once hazards have been identified and the associated risks quantified. B.5.2 These measures shall focus on and include the following: a) eliminating the situation, object, condition or activity that generates the risk, thereby reducing the exposure; b) reducing the probability of an occurrence; and

20 SARA 006:2012 c) reducing the severity of the occurrence (consequences). B.5.3 As outlined in the sections on risk estimation and evaluation, each hazard is plotted on the risk matrix. Based on this, risks are categorized in terms of unacceptable (red) or tolerable with mitigation (orange/yellow), and control measures shall be developed until the risks fall within the tolerable (green) area. B.5.4 In cases where the residual risk at a level crossing is unacceptably high after applying the maximum level of protection described in clause 17 and annex C, the level crossing shall be listed for decommissioning by means of a structure, or, where possible, shall be closed. B.5.5 Risk control measures shall be developed and documented for each hazard and shall also form part of the annual safety improvement plan. B.5.6 Risk control measures shall be communicated to relevant parties including employees and members of the public and shall be implemented to address risk exposure.

21 SARA 006:2012 Table B.1 Risk assessment of level crossings Control reference Hazard log Numerical risk ratings Rating Control measures to minimize risks at level crossing Numerical risk ratings E P S Sc Rating Risk reduction % E P S Sc Low Low #DIV/0! Low Low #DIV/0! Low Low #DIV/0! Low Low #DIV/0! Low Low #DIV/0! Low Low #DIV/0! Low Low #DIV/0! Low Low #DIV/0! Low Low #DIV/0! Low Low #DIV/0! Low Low #DIV/0! Low Low #DIV/0! Low Low #DIV/0! Low Low #DIV/0! Low Low #DIV/0! Target date SANS :

22 SANS :2012 Figure B.1 Risk matrix 22

23 Annex C (normative) SARA 006:2012 Signage for level crossings C.1 General C.1.1 Processes and procedures shall be established, developed or adopted, implemented and maintained by road authorities and network operators (RAs) to ensure that road traffic signs, i.e. road signs, road markings and traffic signals, are used collectively at level crossings. C.1.2 A range of circumstances might affect the level of signage at level crossings. The most relevant factor is the level of the prevailing risk at the level crossing and how it is addressed. Additional factors are listed in 5.1 and 5.2. C.1.3 Owing to the extremely high risk of fatalities and serious injuries in an occurrence between a road vehicle and a train, the objective of road authorities and network operators (RAs) shall be to achieve the highest measure of conformity with standard signage practices at level crossings, as well as their maintenance standards. C.1.4 The following figures are given in this annex: a) Figure C.1: Signs, markings and signals most commonly used at level crossings. b) Figure C.2: Additional signs and sign combinations Option 1. c) Figure C.3: Additional signs and sign combinations Option 2. d) Figure C.4: Level crossing protection levels. e) Figure C.5: Class E or farm road level crossing. f) Figure C.6: Class C or D rural surfaced road level crossing. g) Figure C.7: Class C or D rural road level crossing on gravel road. h) Figure C.8: Class B rural road level crossing. i) Figure C.9: Overhead electrical power lines. j) Figure C.10: Low level overhead electrical power lines. k) Figure C.11: High risk level crossings. l) Figure C.12: Industrial siding level crossing. m) Figure C.13: Class B urban street level crossing Multi-lane street. n) Figure C.14: Urban crossing of parallel railway lines. o) Figure C.15: Railway siding environments. p) Figure C.16: Local detail at a gravel road level crossing. q) Figure C.17: Local detail at a rural road surfaced level crossing. r) Figure C.18: Local detail at a boom protected road level crossing. 23

24 SARA 006:2012 s) Figure C.19: Pedestrian level crossing. t) Figure C.20: Local detail at traffic signal and boom protected level crossing. u) Figure C.21: Height gauge and display details. C.2 Protection of level crossings C.2.1 Road traffic signs provided at level crossings for the protection of road users fall in the following two categories: a) regulatory control signs, markings and signals for the control of road vehicles at level crossings, b) advance warning signs, warning signs or markings (or any combination of these) that comprise a range of signs, which will vary according to the specific site circumstances, together with various hazard marker warning signs, for the provision of advance warning to road users approaching the level crossing. C.2.2 Figures C.1 to C.3 show a range of appropriate signs, markings and signals that are used in various combinations according to the relative level of risk at a crossing. Classifications of the protection of and the mode of control at level crossings are defined in figure C.4. C.2.3 Train drivers shall give sufficient warning to road users when approaching a level crossing. This warning is normally given by a whistle, hooter or other sounding device. C.3 Classification of level crossings C.3.1 The following descriptions give a broad classification of the types of level crossing: a) a station/shunting yard environment; b) low speed rail traffic: 1) industrial sidings; and 2) private lines; c) normal rail traffic single or multiple low speed lines; and d) high speed rail traffic single or multiple high speed lines. C.3.2 These classifications are developed into a formal classification of level crossings for purposes of establishing the required level of signage, protection and mode of control. This formal level crossing classification is detailed in table C.1. C.3.3 Modes of control and particularly the level of advance warning signage shall be upgraded to a higher level of protection (see figure C.4) according to the presence of one or more of the factors listed in 5.1 and 5.2. (See table C.2 for levels of protection.) Examples of typical level crossing situations illustrating combinations of warning signs and modes of control are given in tables C.4 and C.5. Table C.1 Classification of level crossings Class a b Minimum level of Description Line of sight protection SSH Single shunt line < 10 km/h Recommended level of protection N/A 1 Risk assessment outcome dependent

25 MSH SLS MLS SHS MHS Multiple shunt lines < 10 km/h Single low speed line < 60 km/h Multiple low speed lines < 60 km/h Single high speed line > 60 km/h Multiple high speed lines > 60 km/h N/A 1 Excellent Adequate Restricted Excellent Adequate Restricted Excellent Adequate Restricted Excellent Adequate Restricted 2A 2A/3 4A 2A 2A/3 4A 2A 2A/3 4A 2A 2A/3 4A SARA 006:2012 The risk assessment outcome will determine if a level crossing shall retain its current level of protection, be upgraded to a higher level of protection, or decommissioned. NOTE See table C.2 for details of the different levels of protection. a b SSH = single shunt line MSH = multiple shunt lines SLS = single low speed line MLS = multiple low speed lines SHS = single high speed line MHS = multiple high speed lines Line of sight gradings are defined as follows: Excellent = visibility distance for vehicle drivers along rail line exceeds that given for yield control in tables C.3 and C.4 with no likelihood of occasional reduction due to vegetation growth, or as determined by the level of risk at the level crossing. Adequate = visibility distance for vehicle drivers along rail line complies with that given in tables C.3 and C.4 as dictated by the choice of crossing control with no likelihood of occasional reduction of vegetation growth, or as determined by the level of risk at the level crossing. Restricted = visibility distance for vehicle drivers along rail line cannot be made to comply with the requirements of tables C.3 or C.4, level of protection 4,5 or 6 as appropriate, or as determined by the level of risk at the level crossing. C.4 Modes of control C.4.1 Control options C The signage for road vehicles at a level crossing shall consist of regulatory signs, or a combination of regulatory and warning signs. All level crossings shall be provided with a regulatory mode of control for road vehicles. The basic options are: a) a flagman; b) locked gates; c) a yield sign R2; d) a stop sign R1; e) traffic signals S1. NOTE Surveillance cameras can be used as additional monitoring devices. C The flagman and traffic signal will prohibit road movements over the level crossing when a train is approaching. Control by signs R1 or R2 is a permanent form of control that requires drivers of road vehicles to either stop or yield. C All level crossings shall be marked by a level crossing hazard marker sign W403 or W404, except in the case of locked gates, railway stations and yards. 25

26 SARA 006:2012 C.4.2 Flag control Control of road vehicles at level crossings that require level 1 protection, shall be exercised using flag signals SS2 and shall be used a) as a temporary form of control during construction or during equipment failure, or b) during shunting operations. C.4.3 Sign control C Control of road vehicles at a level crossing that require levels 2 to 5 protection shall be exercised by the use of a) a stop sign R1, or b) a yield sign R2. C Signs R1 and R2 shall always be displayed in conjunction with the appropriate level crossing hazard marker warning sign W403 or W404. The signs shall be mounted on the same support with the regulatory sign above the warning sign. C Stop sign R1 shall be used, with adequate advance warning signs, to control road vehicles at a level crossing under the conditions as described in 5.1, 5.2 and table C.3. C Yield sign R2 should only be used at a level crossing under the conditions as described in 5.1, 5.2 and table C.4. C Whether a level crossing is controlled by a stop sign R1 or a yield sign R2, the line of sight available at the stop sign or yield sign to either side of the crossing shall comply with the requirements given in table.c.4. This will enable drivers of road vehicles who stopped at the crossing to make an informed decision as to whether they may proceed or not. C The requirements given in table C.3 assume that drivers of road vehicles on the approach to a level crossing controlled by a yield sign R2 will reduce speed, at the distance "X" from the crossing, as follows: a) on a rural road with a speed limit of 80 km/h or higher to approximately 60 km/h; or b) on an urban street with a speed limit of 80 km/h or less to approximately 25 km/h. These assumptions and the values given for "X" allow for drivers to stop their vehicles should they decide to stop. C If it is required to design a mode of control and level of protection for higher road vehicle approach speeds, significantly larger sight triangles (see figures C.5 and C.16) shall be available. Such a design should be the subject of a detailed engineering analysis of the specific site under consideration. C Under certain circumstances it is necessary for a road vehicle to cross a road before or after a level crossing that is running parallel with the railway line. Drivers of road vehicles shall take these factors in consideration before crossing the railway line and road. Additional warning signs (GS 901/2) or regulatory control signs shall be displayed to warn road vehicle drivers of the danger of stopping foul of oncoming traffic. (See figure C.14.) C.4.4 Traffic signal control

27 SARA 006:2012 C Control of road vehicles at level crossings that require levels 6A and 6B protection shall be exercised using traffic signals S1. C The use of traffic signals S1 shall be in conjunction with adequate advance warning signage and shall be used to control road vehicles at a level crossing when warranted by one or more of the conditions as described in 5.1 and 5.2. C If the traffic signal S1 fails, the traffic signal control reverts to that of flashing red or displaying no light. This will require all road vehicle drivers to stop. This is a fail-safe condition. The driver can then decide whether it is safe to proceed or not, as he/she would do at a stop sign R1. C The installation and maintenance of traffic signals S1 shall be done in accordance with the requirements of the SADC-SARTSM. C.4.5 Boom operation C Safety boom operation, either in a half-road width form or a full-road width form, shall be regarded as a high visibility hazard marker warning device and not as a form of level crossing control. Safety booms once lowered, however, also function to warn against the early release of road traffic. For additional safety, boom operation may be combined with the sounding of a loud bell or additional red lights (or both). C Booms shall be lowered either manually or automatically, therefore their use is only recommended as a supplement to traffic signals S1. In exceptional circumstances booms may be used at a level crossing controlled by a stop sign R1. C Steps shall be taken to ensure that road vehicle drivers do not circumvent booms and that booms do not entrap vehicles in level crossings. C.4.6 Levels of protection C The various options for road traffic warning and control at level crossings are arranged in a hierarchal level of protection in table C.2 and illustrated in figure C.4. The different levels of control are linked to a level of protection in table C.1. C Although levels of protection are prescribed in table C.1, the level of protection should be determined by the level of risk and in certain circumstances shall require a higher level of protection as prescribed in table C.1. This may require the decommissioning of the level crossing. C The road authority responsible for providing warning signs shall take note of local conditions and shall be prepared to adjust signage or road marking positions. Some of the typical factors that might require adjustment are illustrated in figures C.6 and C.13 (see also section 1.6 of chapter 1 in vol. 1 of the SADCRTSM:1997), and are as follows: a) horizontal or vertical curvature in the approach road within the viewing distance to the warning sign; b) obstruction by trees or other street furniture including other road traffic signs; and c) regular obscuration by other (heavy) vehicles. C Figures C.5 and C.12 that show various typical level crossing situations include examples of additional measures that can be taken to enhance the effectiveness of advance warning of the crossings. The decision whether or not to use such measures should result from a detailed level crossing assessment and a risk assessment of a specific site which presumably has a worse than average accident history. Some of the signs that may be used in such circumstances are illustrated in figures C.1 to C.3. 27

28 SARA 006:2012 Table C.2 Levels of protection Level of protection Sub-level of protection Mode of control a Advance warning Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 1 Flagman (SS2) 2 A B C Locked gates Yield R2 Yield R2 Yield R2 W314 W318 W318 + WM1 W318 + WM1 WM5 3 Gravel road Stop R1 W318 W302 4 A B C D Stop R1 Stop R1 Stop R1 Stop R1 W318 + WM1 W318 + WM1 W318 + WM1 W318 + WM1 - GM7 W302 + GM7 b W302 + GM7 b 5 Stop R1 W318 + WM1 W302 + GM7 b IN A B S1 + W403 S1 + W403 Plus boom W318 + WM1 W318 + WM1 W301 + GM7 b W301 + GM7 b IN11.4 Flashing light SS3 c Flashing light SS3 c Flashing light SS3 c Flashing light SS3 c At all high risk level crossings additional measures such as site specific advance warning signs, high visibility signs, speed humps (in advance of the level crossing), kerb island/kerb strips or rumble strips (or any combination of these) may be warranted. a All modes of control shall be supported by the appropriate level crossing hazard marker sign W403 or W404. b c GM7 word message Stop ahead. Flashing warning light signal SS3 is a yellow flashing warning light (or several) used in conjunction with an advance warning sign (see figures C.1 to C.3). Table C.3 Line of sight along railway line for yield control Train peed km/h Road vehicle speed X(m) a km/h rural urban rural urban S(m) b NOTE In terms of yield sign warrants given in C only train speeds of 60 km/h or less are relevant. a Distance X (m) is the distance from the near side of the crossing from which drivers should be able to see distance S (m) along the rail line (see figures C.5 and C.16). b S (m) is the line of sight for drivers of single unit trucks plus trailers (SU+T). Table C.4 Line of sight along railway line for stop control Train speed Stopping distance, X(m) a Line of sight, S(m) b km/h Crossing width 7,5 m Crossing width 15 m These conditions also apply for drivers who have stopped at a yield sign R2.

29 a b SARA 006:2012 Distance X (m) is the distance from the near side of the crossing from which drivers should be able to see distance S (m) along the rail line (see figures C.5, C.16 and C.17). Distance S(m) is the line of sight for the drivers of single unit trucks and trailers for 7,5 m and 15 m crossing widths. Table C.5 Positions and sizes of advance warning signs Road traffic operating speed a km/h Size Mm c c c The distances given in the table refer as follows: a) D2: recommended minimum distance from hazard to advance warning sign (see figure 3.1 in chapter 3 of vol. 1 of the SADCRTSM:2001). b) D3: minimum separation between consecutive regulatory or warning signs (see chapter 1 of vol. 1 of the SADCRTSM). c) D4: minimum clear visibility distance to an advance warning sign. a Operating speed refers to the 85 th percentile (or estimated 85 th percentile) speed on the road approach to the crossing and to the road design speed. b Distance D1 in figure C.6 indicates a site specific distance between the near end of a curve and a crossing. If D1 is less than the appropriate value of D2 above, the sign should be located before the curve. c A road authority may elect to use the maximum mm size at all road crossings. D2 b m D3 m D4 m Table C.6 Positions for level crossing marking WM Road traffic operating speed a km/h C1 b m C2 b, optional m A further WM1 marking may be provided 60 m (rural) or 45 m (urban) from a yield or stop line. a Operating speed refers to the 85 th percentile (or estimated 85 th percentile) speed on the road approach to the crossing and not to the road design speed. b Distances C1 and C2 are from the hazard to the centre of marking WM1. When the control is a stop control the WM1 marking at position C1 may be replaced by a stop-ahead word marking. In such instances the WM1 marking at position C2 shall become obligatory. 29

30 Table C.7 Minimum sizes of regulatory signs SARA 006: Road operating speed km/h 100 or more 60 to Stopping/ parking When a regulatory sign is used on a high visibility or diagrammatic overhead sign, it may be used with or without a distance or arrow. If the regulatory sign is a permanent command sign an additional contrasting semi-matt border shall be placed outside the normal white border of such signs. (See chapter 2 in vol. 4 of the SADCRTSM). 2 If a temporary command sign is located overhead the inset black border shall become the same width as the normal white border on a permanent command sign. (See chapter 2 in vol. 4 of the SADCRTSM). 3 Special reduced sizes are recommended for a) cyclist and pedestrian control (300 mm diameter and 300 mm 225 mm), b) keep-left signs R103 on traffic bollards (300 mm diameter), and c) special application stop signs R1. C.5 Signage applications for rural situations C.5.1 The signage applications illustrated in figures C.5 to C.10 are generally appropriate in rural situations. The principle factors pertaining in rural situations, which are less likely to occur in urban situations, are train or vehicle (or both) approaches on low speed lines. These higher approach speeds will have an effect on the choice of control to be used at the level crossing and on the size and number of advance warning signs to be provided. Typical urban situations are dealt with in C.12 whilst the enhanced standard details are given in C.17. C.5.2 The examples in this section cover applications ranging from a minor private farm road (class E in figure C.5) to a major numbered route (class B) (see C.5.5). In addition, the effects of situations such as the presence of overhead electrical power cables (specific signage is used to warn the drivers of road vehicles of overhead cables and wires such as a height gauge, height restriction warning signs and electrical shock warning signs) or a poor accident history are illustrated in figures C.10 and C.11. These situations might, in principle, occur on any of the road categories and do not specifically relate to the class of road illustrated. C.5.3 Most figures show minimum signage requirements and optional additional signs. An indication is given, where appropriate, of the level of protection at a level crossing (see tables C.1 and C.2 and figure C.4). The use of optional additional signs is dependent on the outcome of the level crossing assessment and associated risk assessment. C.5.4 Signs W401 and W402 shall also be used to mark other hazards such as height gauge supports. The recommended size for signs W401 and W402 is 200 mm 800 mm (see figures C.17 and C.18). C.5.5 The classification of rural roads is as follows: a) Class B: Non-freeway numbered national, provincial and regional roads or surfaced unnumbered roads that carry over 300 vehicles per day. b) Class C: Surfaced unnumbered routes that carry less than 300 vehicles per day or gravel unnumbered roads with public destinations. c) Class D: Local access no public destinations.

31 SARA 006:2012 d) Class E: Access road private, farm road. C.6 Class E or farm road level crossings C.6.1 Figure C.5 shows the typical level of protection for a private Class E or farm road level crossing. Such a class is typically a gravel road. The owner/occupier of the property served by the road shall ensure that gates are locked when not in use and that they are only unlocked for individual road vehicle movements across the railway line. These gates are required on both sides of the railway line in terms of level of protection 2 (see figure C.4). C.6.2 If the private Class E or farm road crosses the railway line below overhead electrical power lines, electrical shock warning signs W361 and W314 shall be provided on each approach, in addition to the locked gates. C.7 Class C or D rural road crossing C.7.1 Figures C.6 and C.7 show a typical signage arrangement for a surfaced rural road and a rural gravel road, respectively, which can range from a minor public road to well-used roads carrying up to approximately 300 vehicles per day. Table C.2 and figure C.4 show control measures that involve a yield sign R2, stop sign R1, or traffic signals S1 as preferred options for this class of road. These options represent level of protection 2A to 6B. The use of yield sign R2 represents the lowest level of control for this class of road. The decision on the use of sign R1 or sign R2 is likely to rest on the available line of sight as indicated in tables C.3 and C.4. Reasons warranting the use of traffic signals S1 are given in C.4.4. Figure C.7 shows typical signage for gravel roads. For further detail see figures C.16 and C.17. C.7.2 The minimum signage required per approach, determined by the outcome of the assessment and the associated risk assessment, shall include where applicable a) an R2 yield control sign, or b) an R1 stop control sign, or c) an S1 traffic signal, plus d) a W403 level crossing hazard marker warning sign (single line), or e) a W404 - level crossing hazard marker warning sign (two or more lines), plus f) an RTM1 stop line road marking, g) an RM1 no overtaking road marking, h) a WM1 level crossing warning marking, and i) a W318 level crossing advance warning sign. NOTE See figure C.4 and table C.2. C.7.3 Advance warning signs should be positioned in accordance with table C.5 if any of the conditions as described in 5.1 and 5.2 exists, and includes the following: a) W202 W211 road curve advance warning signs; b) W302 stop control ahead advance warning signs; 31

32 c) W314 gate advance warning signs; SARA 006:2012 d) W361 electrical shock advance warning signs; e) W401 danger plate hazard marker warning signs (left side); f) W402 danger plate hazard marker warning signs (right side); g) IN11 supplementary plate information signs; h) RM2 no crossing lines road markings; i) a WM5 yield road marking symbol; j) GM7 word road markings ("stop"); and k) W301 traffic signal ahead. C.8 Class B rural road crossing C.8.1 Crossings on this class of road are most likely to be on the regional numbered routes with higher traffic volumes. Dependent on the outcome of the assessment and the associated risk assessment, the use of a traffic signal S1 could be warranted on this class of road. (See figure C.8.) C.8.2 The minimum signage required per approach, determined by the outcome of the assessment and the associated risk assessment, shall include the following: a) an R2 yield control sign; or b) an R1 stop control sign; or c) an S1 traffic light; plus d) a W403 level crossing hazard marker warning sign (single line); or e) a W404 level crossing hazard marker warning sign (two or more lines); plus f) an RTM1 stop line road marking; g) an RM1 no overtaking road marking; h) a WM1 level crossing warning marking; and i) a W318 level crossing advance warning sign. C.8.3 Advance warning signs shall be considered for this level of protection based on the outcome of the assessment and the associated risk assessment. For details see figure C.8. C.8.4 Advance warning signs shall be positioned in accordance with the details given in table C.5 if any of the conditions as described in 5.1 and 5.2 exists, and include the following: a) W202 W211 road curve advance warning signs; b) W302 stop control ahead advance warning signs; c) W314 gate advance warning signs; d) W361 electrical shock advance warning signs;

33 e) W401 danger plate hazard marker warning signs (left side); SARA 006:2012 f) W402 danger plate hazard marker warning signs (right side); g) IN11 supplementary plate information signs; h) RM2 no crossing lines road markings; i) a (0) WM5 yield road marking symbol; j) GM2 word road markings ("stop"); and k) a W301 traffic signal ahead. NOTE See figure C.4 and table C.2. C.9 Overhead electrical power cables C.9.1 Figure C.9 provides warning signs for overhead electrical power cables (electrical shock advance warning sign W361) and the provision of height gauges for the overhead power cables for level crossings on electrified lines. Advance warning signs W318 and W361 shall be mounted on the same support. For further details see figures C.20 and C.21. C.9.2 Sign W361 is provided as a warning to road users including road vehicle drivers, their passengers and pedestrians, about the risk of raised objects that are in contact with the overhead electrical power cables. C.10 Height restricted overhead electrical power cables C.10.1 Full details on the provision of height gauges are given in C.18. C.10.2 When overhead electrical power cables are present the following signage shall be provided in relation to the power cable and the preceding height gauge: a) When the power cable is more than 5,1 m above the rail level, use sign WW7 on the height gauge. b) When the power cable is between 4,7 m and 5,1 m above the rail level, use sign WW7 and two W401 signs (pointing downwards) on the height gauge and sign W320 in advance of the crossing. c) When the power cable is below 4,7 m above the rail level, use signs R204 and WW7 plus two W401 signs on the height gauge and sign W320 in advance of the crossing. C.10.3 Figure C.10 illustrates the need to warn drivers of road vehicles well in advance of such a situation, so that they may choose an alternative route. Map-type direction sign GD9 may be designed to illustrate the specific detail of the alternative route when this is simple. If the alternative route is complex, supplementary guidance signs might be necessary. This signage treatment is recommended for any road carrying over 300 vehicles per day (Class B). Sign GD9 should carry a supplementary plate sign IN11.3 indicating the distance to the height restriction. C.10.4 For further details of the basic and optional signage for the actual rail crossing see C.5. C.10.5 Advance warning electrical shock sign W361 shall be specified in addition in all cases. It shall be noted that sign W362 is provided as a warning to road users, including drivers of motor vehicles, their passengers as well as pedestrians about the risk of raised objects that are in contact with the overhead electrical power cables. Sign WW7 gives the same message to service workers 33

34 SARA 006:2012 attending to the overhead electrical power cables and is a very small sign that is not clearly visible to road users on the ground. C.11 High-risk level crossings C.11.1 Figure C.11 shows examples of high visibility signs that shall be used at level crossings which are classified as above average hazardous as determined by the outcome of the assessment and the associated risk assessment. Such signage treatments represent cost-effective interim safety solutions until decommissioning of the level crossing is possible. C.11.2 The additional signs illustrated are most likely to be warranted at an SHS or MHS class of level crossing (see table C.1) or at crossings with a level of protection classification of 4A or higher (or both) (see table C.2 and figure C.4). For details of the actual crossing area see figures C.20 and C.21. C.12 Signage applications for urban situations C.12.1 The signs illustrated in figures C.12 to C.15 are specific to urban level crossing situations. Individual isolated crossings, particularly if they are located in the outskirts of an urban area on urban Class C, D or B streets, can be treated as covered by figures C.6 and C.7. The balances of the figures in C.5 are also appropriate in principle for situations such as the presence of overhead electrical power cables or high risk locations. C.12.2 The choice of the mode of control for an urban level crossing will be dictated by a combination of the following factors: a) the level of risk prevailing at the level crossing; b) road traffic volumes; c) road-to-rail visibility (which will commonly be limited by development around the road/railway crossing); and d) the frequency and speed of train movements. It is likely that urban level crossings will operate with significantly lower train and vehicle approach speeds than rural crossings, but are conversely likely to have higher road and rail traffic volumes. The net result of these operational characteristics is that a large percentage of mainline level crossings in urban areas will require the installation of traffic signals S1 or stop sign R1 control. C.12.3 Since the potential for train/vehicle conflict is somewhat greater at urban crossings than rural crossings, the level of signage at main line urban crossings should commonly include the signs classified as optional for rural crossings. C.12.4 As figures C.12 and C.15 illustrate, however, many level crossings in urban areas will only be provided with the minimum hazard marker signs and no permanent form of vehicle control. This situation is only acceptable when train movements such as industrial area shunting are supported by flagmen or when the operations are within a railway station or marshalling yard environment. Where appropriate, an indication is given of the likely road classification, railway crossing level of protection (see table C.1) and the level of protection or protection classification (see table C.2 and figure C.4). C.12.5 The generally visually 'busy' environment common in urban areas might make the position of a level crossing difficult for drivers to determine. It should therefore be a primary objective to ensure that all crossings are adequately visible. The use of sets of danger plate hazard marker warning signs W401 and W402 is a very economical and effective means of achieving higher visibility. In particularly hazardous locations, where there are numerous night-time train movements,

35 SARA 006:2012 it shall ultimately be necessary for the safe operation of a crossing to install street lighting. Lighting located at the crossing only shall not be provided on an isolated basis, without properly designed approach lighting. C.12.6 When preparing a specification for the signage of a new or upgraded level crossing, or when reviewing the signage of an existing level crossing, an assessment of the level crossing shall be conducted. C.12.7 Urban road classification shall be as follows: a) Class B: Non-freeway numbered metropolitan routes; b) Class C: Unnumbered urban streets of intermediate importance; and c) Class D: Local residential streets. C.13 Industrial siding level crossings C.13.1 All industrial sidings with cross roads shall be appropriately identified on each approach by a level crossing hazard marker warning sign W403 or W404. These signs may be provided with a rectangular backing board for greater resistance to damage. The backing board may be provided with a semi-matt grey finish. If it is evident that drivers misjudge the number of rail lines to be crossed, supplementary plate information sign IN11.4, with a message such as "4 lines" should be fixed below sign W404. Figures C.12 and C.15 illustrate these basic signage principles. This type of crossing will normally be classified as SSH or MSH (see table C.1) although it is also possible that such a crossing could include a mainline with shunting lines. The level of protection commonly appropriate at industrial crossings is level of protection 1 (see table C.2 and figure C.4). C.13.2 Traffic control should normally be achieved at this type of level crossing using flag signals SS2. This means that at all other times that a flag is not displayed vehicle drivers may cross the lines without stopping. All individual train shunting operations should be accompanied by a flagman capable of acting for both road approaches. If this is not practical then two flagmen should be used, one for each approach. All flags shall be clean and of a bright red or red-orange colour. A flag may be replaced by a portable RED light signal if night-time shunting is required and vehicular traffic volumes are low. C.13.3 If manual control of such crossings is not safely manageable, at night-time for instance, then traffic control shall be automated using stop sign R1 or traffic signals S1 in addition to signs W403 or W404 + IN11.4. C.13.4 The only additional signage that might be required is the use of danger plate hazard marker warning signs W401 and W402 to better define the width and position of the crossings, or standard advance warning signs appropriate to a particular roadway approach condition such as a sharp bend (see figure C.17). C.13.5 If individual sidings or shunting lines are provided with overhead electrical power cables height gauges and advance warning signs, W356 should be installed. C.14 Class B urban street crossings C.14.1 Level crossings that involve Class B numbered urban routes are not likely to occur frequently. However, in large towns or cities, crossings on such routes will almost certainly be subject to large volumes of vehicular traffic and in smaller towns the vehicular traffic will probably include significant percentages of long-distance travellers who will not be familiar with local conditions. Visibility of such crossings shall therefore be optimized and operational safety maximized by use of the most effective control facilities practicable. 35

36 SARA 006:2012 Urban Class B routes may commonly be multi-lane roadways. This will add to the complexity of crossing control measures. Figure C.13 shows a typical four lane urban road/rail crossing. C.14.2 Traffic control at a Class B urban street level crossing shall comply with the principles given in C.7 for similar rural crossings, subject to adjustment in the positions of signs to take into account different orders of vehicle approach speeds. The use of stop sign R1 or traffic signals S1 control will almost always be required for a Class B street crossing, particularly if the street is a multi-lane street. This represents a level of protection 4C to level of protection 6B (see table C.2 and figure C.4). Only if full visibility of approaching trains is available in accordance with the requirements of tables C.3 and C.4 and other factors influencing driver performance are favourable (see chapter 1 in vol. 1 of the SADCRTSM), a lower level of control shall be considered. C.14.3 A high volume urban level crossing shall warrant the installation of boom protection. Boom protection increases the visual impact of the crossing to the first drivers to approach it and also controls the release of vehicles when the lines are once more clear for crossing (level of protection 6B). In addition to traffic signals S1 and booms it might also be beneficial to install alarm bells, although the environmental impact of such a measure will have to be carefully assessed. The use of high visibility signs might also be warranted as indicated in figure C.13. A multi-lane approach will reduce the effectiveness of standard sized advance warning signs. The signs displayed should take into account the prevailing conditions, such as a) overhead electrical power cables (see figures C.18 and C.20), b) boom protection ("gates" see figure C.18), c) high speed trains, and d) low level power cables (see figure C.10). Additional road markings are also recommended. Multi-lane approaches should be treated as for a standard multi-lane signalized junction. Level crossing warning marking WM1 may be used several times, in each lane, to improve awareness of the approaching crossing. C.15 Urban crossing of parallel railway lines C.15.1 Figure C.14 shows an urban situation that is particularly difficult to sign with clarity. The railway lines are commonly very close to the parallel road so that very little warning can be given on one of the crossing road approaches if the presence of the lines is not obvious from the parallel road. Special attention shall therefore be given to the need for optional signing. C.15.2 The mode of traffic control shall comply with the normal requirements for the use of yield sign R2, stop sign R1, stop sign R1 or traffic signals S1. A crossing of this nature could occur on almost any Class B, C or D urban street although it is less likely on a Class B street. The classification of a level crossing could range from an SSH to an MLS (see table C.1) and the level of protection from a level of protection 3A, which is illustrated, to a level of protection 6B (see table C.2 and figure C.4). C.15.3 When parallel road and rail lines are close together it might be advisable to provide a specially designed diagrammatic sign to inform drivers of the junction/level crossing configuration. This sign might be warranted for a junction with a closely spaced railway line when otherwise the junction itself would not normally warrant an advance warning sign. If the distance between the intersection and the level crossing is more that 100 m, use advance warnings signs on the approach road to the level crossing rather than the GS901/GS902 signs. A distance less than 50 m between the stop line at the intersection and the railway line shall be avoided.

37 SARA 006:2012 C.15.4 Special attention shall also be paid to warn pedestrians and other crossing users if overhead electrical power cables are present. Very specific supplementary text messages on supplementary plate signs IN11.3 such as "Beware antennae and fishing rods" shall be used in such cases. This circumstance might occur in a number of level crossing situations for both pedestrians and vehicles. The relevant road authorities shall adhere to a standard treatment so that users of such crossings can become familiar with a consistent message. C.16 Railway stations or siding environments C.16.1 Whilst not widely accessible to the public, railway stations or siding environments do commonly have internal roads used by vehicles that cross railway lines, often under sub-standard circumstances compared to those found at public level crossings. Personnel charged with the safety of such environments shall consider the principles covered in this clause and, if risks to vehicle drivers are particularly higher than normal, limited signage should be considered. Generally the lowest level of protection, namely protection level 1, is appropriate. The level of risk prevailing at these level crossings might require a higher level of protection. C.16.2 A specific hazard that might never be obvious to vehicle drivers is that some lines might carry fast or even relatively fast trains (compared to the rest of the general siding environment). The speed differential between different trains and normal shunting trains might be difficult to determine, making the provision of appropriate signs justifiable. Alternatively, when several lines are to be crossed the space to accommodate vehicles between sets of lines might be limited. For safety, vehicles shall be able to fully clear multiple line crossings. In such instances it shall be advisable to add specific text messages to the W403 or W404 hazard markers. Typical messages are illustrated in figure C.15. C.16.3 When overhead electrical power cables are present, even if not over all lines, the use of electrical shock advance warning signs W361 with supplementary plate signs IN11.4 carrying a message such as "Beware Electrified area" shall be installed. Height gauges should also be positioned at the beginning and end of an access road (see figures C.3 and C.14). C.16.4 When there are loading activities at railway stations or siding environments, height gauges shall be erected inside the railway stations or siding environments as an indication of height restriction requirements. C.16.5 At the entrance of controlled areas warning boards shall be displayed to warn against the danger of train movements and to reduce the number of warning signs to be used. C.17 Enhanced standard details C.17.1 The details in this clause apply to the examples given in C.5 and C.12. They provide details appropriate to the localized area of rural and urban level crossings. In effect this means approximately the area contained within the intersecting road and rail reservations. C.17.2 The functions of the road signs, road markings and traffic signals within this area are as follows: a) to identify clearly to vehicle drivers the potential hazard that the level crossing represents and to indicate accurately its position; and b) to provide a mode of vehicular control for use at the crossing. 37

38 SARA 006:2012 As indicated in the earlier figures all level crossings shall have sufficient signs to fulfil the first function. Signs for the second function may be omitted for low speed, low frequency crossings that are controlled by flagmen but that shall be provided in accordance with the crossing and protection classifications given in tables C.1 and C.2. C.17.3 Figures C.16 to C.20 show typical situations. Many variable factors might be involved that will call for detailed changes, but the basic principles illustrated shall be noted and adhered to. The classes of road, crossing, and protection illustrated shall be as follows: a) Figure C.16: Class C, D or E gravel road, Class SLS crossing, and level of protection 2, 2A and 3. b) Figure C.17: Class B or C road, Class MLS crossing and level of protection 4A to 4D or 5. c) Figures C.18 to C.20: Class B road, Class MHS crossing, and level of protection 5, 6A or 6B. C.17.4 The following road markings shall be introduced at all surfaced road approaches to level crossings: a) The dividing line between opposing traffic streams shall be marked as a no-overtaking line marking RM1 or a no-crossing line marking RM2 for a minimum of 96 m in rural environments and 48 m in urban areas. The lines shall start at the transverse stop line or yield line and shall not continue over the level crossing. Longer lengths of line may be used. b) Stop line marking RTM1 or yield line marking RTM2 shall be marked a minimum of 4,5 m from the outer rail. Lines RTM1 or RTM2 may be placed further from the outer rail but this will affect the line of sight to approaching trains. c) In the case of roads provided with shoulders edge line marking RM4.1 shall be continuous over the crossing to provide visual continuity of the road. d) "Stop" word marking GM7 shall be provided between 1 m and 5 m before the stop line marking. The marking shall be repeated in the form "Stop ahead" for emphasis, approximately at the appropriate slopping line of sight for the approach speed from the stop line. e) Level crossing warning marking WM1 shall be provided according to the distances given in table C.6 (distance C1). The marking shall be repeated for emphasis near the start of the RM1 or RM2 marking to further inhibit overtaking on the approach to the crossing. f) The use of the box junction marking RM10 shall be introduced at all level crossings where there is a possibility of vehicles queuing over the railway level crossing. C.17.5 Figure C.19 shows two typical situations in which signs shall be required to control or warn pedestrians. Figure C.19 also shows a typical pedestrian footpath level crossing with signs provided specifically for the attention of pedestrians. Signage at stations is used in the example of a pedestrian crossing in a station environment between platforms. C.17.6 Figure C.21 gives details of the construction and signage of a height gauge. C.18 Height gauges and sign display details C.18.1 Figure C.21 gives various criteria for the provision of a height gauge and the correct placing of retro-reflective signs. C.18.2 The relevant national legislation (see foreword) requires the provision of a height gauge in advance of any overhead electrical power cable over a level crossing. The principle purpose of this gauge is to make drivers aware that high aerial or similar devices might cause a flash-over from the power cable. The gauge should be positioned between stop line RTM1 and the railway line(s).

39 SARA 006:2012 C.18.3 The height gauge wires shall be positioned 300 mm below the level of the lowest point of the overhead electrical power cable for a 3 kv DC or a 25 kv AC power cable, and 500 mm below the lowest point of the overhead electrical power cable for a 50 kv AC power cable. C.18.4 When the power cable has a minimum clearance height in excess of 5,1 m only sign WW7 needs to be provided on the height gauge over each lane. C.18.5 When the clearance is between 5,1 m and 4,7 m two hazard marker signs W401 should be provided approximately 2 m either side of sign WW7. The height gauge should be preceded by advance warning sign W320. C.18.6 If the power cable is lower than 4,7 m an appropriate prohibition height limit sign R204 plus two W415 signs shall be displayed on the height gauge and the installation should be preceded by advance warning sign W320. In this case, wherever possible, an alternative route should be signed to divert high vehicles around such a crossing (see figure C.21). C.18.7 All measurements of H shall be made to the highest part of the road surface. C.18.8 In order to avoid specular reflection from fully retro-reflective regulatory and warning signs all such signs shall be rotated 3 away from an imaginary line taken at 90 from the road dividing line. C.18.9 It should be noted that sign W361 is provided as a warning to road users including drivers, their passengers, and pedestrians, about the risk of raised objects that are in contact with the overhead electrical power cables. Sign WW7 (see C.10 and figure C.21) gives the same message to service workers attending to the overhead electrical power cables and is a very small sign not clearly visible to road users on the ground. 39

40 SARA 006:2012 Figure C.1 Signs, markings and signals most commonly used at level crossings