OM H. SHRESTHA 1 AND DAVID R. EDDS 2. EMPORIA STATE RESEARCH STUDIES Vol. 48, no. 2, p (2012)

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1 EMPORIA STATE RESEARCH STUDIES Vol. 48, no. 2, p (2012) Fishes of Nepal: Mapping distributions based on voucher specimens Appendix I. Species in the orders Osteoglossiformes, Anguilliformes, Clupeiformes, and Cypriniformes OM H. SHRESTHA 1 AND DAVID R. EDDS 2 1. Department of Biological Sciences, Emporia State University, Emporia, KS Present address: Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK <oms@okstate.edu> 2. Department of Biological Sciences, Emporia State University, Emporia, KS Corresponding author <dedds@emporia.edu> Table of contents Order Osteoglossiformes Family Notopteridae (p. 23) Notopterus notopterus (Pallas 1769) Order Anguilliformes Family Anguillidae (p. 23) Anguilla bengalensis (Gray 1831) Order Clupeiformes Family Clupeidae (p. 24) Gudusia chapra (Hamilton 1822) Order Cypriniformes Family Cyprinidae Subfamily Barbinae (p. 24) Oreichthys cosuatis (Hamilton 1822) Puntius chola (Hamilton 1822) Puntius conchonius (Hamilton 1822) Puntius gelius (Hamilton 1822) Puntius guganio (Hamilton 1822) Puntius sarana (Hamilton 1822) Puntius sophore (Hamilton 1822) Puntius terio (Hamilton 1822) Puntius ticto (Hamilton 1822) Schizothorax macrophthalmus Terashima 1984 Schizothorax nepalensis Terashima 1984 Schizothorax progastus (McClelland 1839) Schizothorax raraensis Terashima 1984 Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray 1832) Subfamily Labeoninae (p. 29) Bangana dero (Hamilton 1822) Cirrhinus reba (Hamilton 1822) Crossocheilus latius (Hamilton 1822) Garra annandalei Hora 1921 Garra gotyla (Gray 1830) Garra lamta (Hamilton 1822) Labeo angra (Hamilton 1822) Labeo boga (Hamilton 1822) Labeo calbasu (Hamilton 1822) Labeo dyocheilus (McClelland 1839) Labeo gonius (Hamilton 1822) Labeo pangusia (Hamilton 1822) Labeo rohita (Hamilton 1822) Subfamily Danioninae (p. 34) Amblypharyngodon mola (Hamilton 1822) Aspidoparia jaya (Hamilton 1822) Aspidoparia morar (Hamilton 1822) Barilius barila (Hamilton 1822) Barilius bendelisis (Hamilton 1807) Barilius shacra (Hamilton 1822) Barilius tileo (Hamilton 1822) Barilius vagra (Hamilton 1822) Chela cachius (Hamilton 1822) Danio rerio (Hamilton 1822) Devario aequipinnatus (McClelland 1839) Devario devario (Hamilton 1822) Esomus danricus (Hamilton 1822) Laubuca laubuca (Hamilton 1822) Opsarius barna (Hamilton 1822) Raiamas bola (Hamilton 1822) Rasbora daniconius (Hamilton 1822) Salmophasia bacaila (Hamilton 1822) Salmophasia phulo (Hamilton 1822) Subfamily (none) (p. 41) Chagunius chagunio (Hamilton 1822) Cyprinion semiplotum (McClelland 1839) Naziritor chelynoides (McClelland 1839) Neolissochilus hexagonolepis (McClelland 1839) Osteobrama cotio (Hamilton 1822) Semiplotus modestus Day 1870 Tor putitora (Hamilton 1822) Family Psilorhynchidae (p. 43) Psilorhynchus balitora (Hamilton 1822) Psilorhynchus gracilis Rainboth 1983

2 Emporia State Research Studies 48(2), Psilorhynchus nepalensis Conway & Mayden 2008 Psilorhynchus pseudecheneis Menon & Datta 1964 Psilorhynchus sucatio (Hamilton 1822) Family Cobitidae Subfamily Botiinae (p. 45) Botia lohachata Chaudhuri 1912 Subfamily Cobitinae (p. 45) Canthophrys gongota (Hamilton 1822) Lepidocephalichthys annandalei Chaudhuri 1912 Lepidocephalichthys goalparensis Pillai & Yazdani 1976 Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Hamilton 1822) Neoeucirrhichthys maydelli Banarescu & Nalbant 1968 Family Balitoridae (p. 47) Balitora brucei Gray 1830 Balitora eddsi Conway & Mayden 2010 Family Nemacheilidae (p. 48) Acanthocobitis botia (Hamilton 1822) Nemacheilus corica (Hamilton 1822) Schistura beavani (Günther 1868) Schistura devdevi (Hora 1935) Schistura multifasciata (Day 1878) Schistura rupecula McClelland 1838 Schistura savona (Hamilton 1822) Schistura scaturigina McClelland 1839 Schistura zonata McClelland 1839 Turcinoemacheilus himalaya Conway, Edds, Shrestha & Mayden 2011 Habitat use: Rivers and streams of the plains (Khan 1934); clear streams of the lowlands (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); lowland rivers (Edds 1986a, b); rivers, lakes (Molur and Walker 1998); rivers and swamps (Menon 1999). Feeding habits: Piscivorous (Edds 1987); carnivorous (Molur and Walker 1998). Reproduction: Breeds from May to July (Hossain and Haque 2005). Anguilla bengalensis (Gray 1831) Freshwater Eel Order Anguilliformes Family Anguillidae Species accounts Notopterus notopterus (Pallas 1769) Bronze Featherback Order Osteoglossiformes Family Notopteridae Anguilla bengalensis, KU 29627, mm SL Nepal distribution: Bardiya, Kailali, Tanahun Notopterus notopterus, KU 28622, mm SL Nepal distribution: Saptari, Sunsari

3 Shrestha and Edds 24 Habitat use: Lowland rivers (Edds 1986a, b); rivers, rocky pools in streams and rivers (Menon 1999); muddy streams, rice fields, rainwater pools (Daniels 2002). Feeding habits: Omnivorous (Molur and Walker 1998). Reproduction: Catadromous (Molur and Walker 1998; Daniels 2002). Gudusia chapra (Hamilton 1822) Indian River Shad Order Clupeiformes Family Clupeidae Oreichthys cosuatis, KU 28593, 30.9 mm SL Nepal distribution: Morang, Sunsari Gudusia chapra, KU 12161, 85.0 mm SL Nepal distribution: Bardiya, Kailali Habitat use: Small streams and ponds (Menon 1999). Feeding habits: No available primary literature. Puntius chola (Hamilton 1822) Swamp Barb Subfamily Barbinae Habitat use: Ponds (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937; Menon 1999); rivers (Menon 1999; Molur and Walker 1998; Daniels 2002); lakes (Molur and Walker 1998). Feeding habits: Surface feeder (Das and Moitra 1955); omnivorous (Molur and Walker 1998); phytoplankton and rotifers (Shendge 2008). Reproduction: Breeds from January to March and July to October (Hossain and Haque 2005). Oreichthys cosuatis (Hamilton 1822) Cosuatis Barb Puntius chola, KU 28580, 37.3 mm SL Nepal distribution: Jhapa, Saptari, Sunsari Subfamily Barbinae

4 Emporia State Research Studies 48(2), Habitat use: Lowland rivers (Edds 1986a, b); ponds, ditches, lakes, rivers (Molur and Walker 1998); rivers and streams in the plains (Menon 1999); streams, rivers, ponds, lakes, inundated fields (Salam, Naeem and Kauser 2005). Feeding habits: Omnivorous, column feeder (Molur and Walker 1998); insects, algae, macrophytes, zooplankton, mollusks (Guruge 2002); worms, crustaceans, insects, plant matter (Salam, Naeem and Kauser 2005). Reproduction: Breeds from April to August (Hossain and Haque 2005). in the hills (Molur and Walker 1998); fast-flowing hill streams (Menon 1999); irrigation canals, shallow streams, lakes (Daniels 2002); lowland rivers with sand and mud substrate (Edds 2007). Feeding habits: Detritus, aquatic insects including chironomid larvae, vegetation (Edds 1987); omnivorous (Molur and Walker 1998); submerged plants (Daniels 2002). Reproduction: Breeds in April and May, eggs are glassy and sticky (Daniels 2002); April to July (Hossain and Haque 2005). Puntius gelius (Hamilton 1822) Golden Barb Subfamily Barbinae Puntius conchonius (Hamilton 1822) Rosy Barb Subfamily Barbinae Puntius gelius, KU 29498, 20.5 mm SL Nepal distribution: Jhapa, Nawalparasi Puntius conchonius, KU 29487, 34.7 mm SL Nepal distribution: Bardiya, Chitwan, Dang Deokhuri, Dhanusa, Ilam, Jhapa, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Morang, Nawalparasi, Saptari, Siraha, Sunsari, Udayapur Habitat use: Lowland rivers (Edds 1986a, b); rivers over silt and mud (Menon 1999). Feeding habits: Herbivorous (Nazneen and Bari 1982). Reproduction: Breeds during monsoon (Hossain and Haque 2005). Puntius guganio (Hamilton 1822) Glass-Barb Habitat use: Clear streams (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); rivers of the hills and lowlands (Edds 1993); lakes and streams Subfamily Barbinae

5 Shrestha and Edds 26 Puntius guganio, KU 29396, 37.3 mm SL Nepal distribution: Bardiya, Chitwan, Jhapa, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Nawalparasi, Saptari, Sunsari, Udayapur Habitat use: Rivers and ponds (Rahman 1989); rivers of the hills and lowlands (Edds 1993); cold waters (Molur and Walker 1998); lowland rivers with sand and mud substrate (Edds 2007). Feeding habits: Omnivorous, feeding on detritus, vegetation, and associated aquatic insects (Edds 1987); herbivorous (Molur and Walker 1998). Reproduction: Breeds in December (Spence and Prater 1932). Habitat use: Rivers and streams of the plains and submontane regions (Khan 1934); streams of the foothills and lowlands, ponds, borrow-pits (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); lowland rivers (Edds 1986a, b); rivers, lakes, ditches (Molur and Walker 1998); streams, rivers, reservoirs (Menon 1999); rivers and backwaters (Daniels 2002); lakes, reservoirs (Hossain, Ohtomi and Ahmed 2009). Feeding habits: Bottom feeder (Das and Moitra 1955); omnivorous column feeder (Molur and Walker 1998); molluscivorous and insectivorous, feeding on insects, mollusks, zooplankton (Guruge 2002). Reproduction: Breeds in July and August; lays eggs in shallow water (Khan 1934); April to July (Hossain and Haque 2005). Puntius sophore (Hamilton 1822) Pool Barb Subfamily Barbinae Puntius sarana (Hamilton 1822) Olive Barb Subfamily Barbinae Puntius sophore, KU 29499, 56.1 mm SL Nepal distribution: Bardiya, Chitwan, Dang Deokhuri, Dhanusa, Jhapa, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Nawalparasi, Saptari, Siraha, Sunsari, Udayapur Puntius sarana, KU 28549, mm SL Nepal distribution: Nawalparasi, Saptari, Sunsari

6 Emporia State Research Studies 48(2), Feeding habits: Herbivorous (Nazneen and Bari 1982); omnivorous (Molur and Walker 1998). Reproduction: Breeds as young as five months of age (Jones 1946). Puntius ticto (Hamilton 1822) Ticto Barb Habitat use: Rivers of the hills and lowlands (Edds 1993); ponds, reservoirs, rivers (Molur and Walker 1998); rivers, streams, ponds in the plains (Menon 1999); rivers, ponds, floodwater plains (Daniels 2002); lowland rivers with sand and mud substrate (Edds 2007). Feeding habits: Mosquito larvae, diatoms, filamentous algae (Sen 1937); bottom feeder (Das and Moitra 1955); herbivorous, planktophagous (Molur and Walker 1998); omnivorous, feeding on plants and animals (Rasool and Sulemam 1999). Reproduction: Breeds during monsoon (Daniels 2002); April to July (Hossain and Haque 2005). Puntius terio (Hamilton 1822) One-Spot Barb Subfamily Barbinae Subfamily Barbinae Puntius ticto, KU 28790, 38.1 mm SL Nepal distribution: Bardiya, Chitwan, Dang Deokhuri, Jhapa, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Nawalparasi, Saptari, Sunsari, Udayapur Puntius terio, KU 28540, 27.1 mm SL Nepal distribution: Kailali, Kanchanpur, Saptari, Sunsari Habitat use: Rivers, ponds, inundated fields (Rahman 1989); ponds, ditches, column dweller (Molur and Walker 1998); rivers over silt and mud (Menon 1999); quiet waters of the lowlands (Edds and Ng 2007). Habitat use: Rivers in the lowlands (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); rivers of the hills and lowlands (Edds 1993); rivers, lakes, wetlands (Molur and Walker 1998); rivers, streams, ponds with mud substrate (Menon 1999); hill streams, margins of still and shallow waters (Daniels 2002); lowland rivers with sand and mud substrate (Edds 2007). Feeding habits: Mosquito larvae (Sen 1937); omnivorous (Singh, Bahuguna and Bhatt 1993; Molur and Walker 1998; Rasool and Suleman 1999), feeding on detritus, vegetation, and associated aquatic insects, including chironomid larvae (Edds 1987). Reproduction: Breeds throught the year (Molur and Walker 1998); April to July (Hossain and Haque 2005).

7 Shrestha and Edds 28 Schizothorax macrophthalmus Terashima 1984 Nepalese Snowtrout Subfamily Barbinae Schizothorax macrophthalmus, KU 27812, 99.3 mm SL Nepal distribution: Mugu Habitat use: Endemic to Rara Lake, in littoral zone (Terashima 1984); over gravel, sand and mud substrate with some vegetation (Edds 2007). Feeding habits: Herbivorous, feeding on sessile algae (Terashima 1984). Reproduction: Terashima (1984) noted immature gonads in April and May. Reproductively isolated from S. macrophthalmus and S. raraensis (Dimmick and Edds 2002). Schizothorax progastus (McClelland 1839) Point-Snouted Snowtrout Subfamily Barbinae Habitat use: Endemic to Rara Lake, pelagic (Terashima 1984); over gravel substrate with some vegetation (Edds 2007). Feeding habits: Diaptomid copepods taken from the pelagic zone (Terashima 1984). Reproduction: Breeds in spawning schools in shallow water along beach and in small streams from middle of May to end of September (Terashima 1984). Schizothorax nepalensis Terashima 1984 Tikhe Asla Subfamily Barbinae Schizothorax progastus, KU 27884, 96.9 mm SL Nepal distribution: Achham, Baglung, Bajura, Bardiya, Bhojpur, Dhankuta, Gulmi, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Mugu, Myagdi, Palpa, Parbat, Sankhuwasabha, Surkhet, Syangja, Tanahun Schizothorax nepalensis, KU 27811, 66.1 mm SL Nepal distribution: Mugu Habitat use: Headwaters and downstream portion of mountain streams (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); deep run backwaters in small and large rivers (Shrestha 1990); rivers in

8 Emporia State Research Studies 48(2), mountains, streams, lowlands (Edds 1993); foothills of Himalayas (Molur and Walker 1998); rivers and streams in mountains (Menon 1999). Feeding habits: Aquatic insects (Edds 1987); omnivorous (Molur and Walker 1998). Schizothorax raraensis Terashima 1984 Rara Snowtrout Subfamily Barbinae Schizothorax richardsonii, KU 27887, 87.3 mm SL Nepal distribution: Bajura, Bhojpur, Chitwan, Gulmi, Kanchanpur, Mugu, Mustang, Myagdi, Nawalparasi, Palpa, Parbat, Sankhuwasabha, Syangja, Tanahun Schizothorax raraensis, KU 27814, mm SL Nepal distribution: Mugu Habitat use: Endemic to Rara Lake, in littoral zone (Terashima 1984); over gravel substrate with some vegetation (Edds 2007). Feeding habits: Chironomid larvae and amphipods sucked from bottom sand and mud (Terashima 1984). Reproduction: Breeds in middle of May on sand bottom in 5-6 m of water, 4-5 m from shore, in spawning groups of many males accompanying some large females (Terashima 1984). Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray 1832) Snowtrout Habitat use: Rivers of trans-himalaya, mountains, hills (Edds 1993); upland hills and streams with rocks (Molur and Walker 1998); rivers and streams in mountains (Menon 1999); hill and occasionally lowland streams with moderate current over rocky substrate (Edds 2007). Feeding habits: Omnivorous, scraping periphyton and feeding on associated aquatic insects, including larvae of beetles, caddisflies, chironomids (Edds 1987); herbivorous, feeding on algae, diatoms (Singh, Bahuguna and Bhatt 1993); bottom feeder (Molur and Walker 1998). Reproduction: Spawn following migration to upstream areas after monsoon waters recede, with timing varying by local thermal regime and flood conditions (Joshi 2004). Bangana dero (Hamilton 1822) Kalabans Subfamily Labeoninae Subfamily Barbinae Bangana dero, KU 29618, mm SL

9 Shrestha and Edds 30 Nepal distribution: Bardiya, Kailali, Palpa, Saptari, Sunsari, Surkhet, Syangja Crossocheilus latius (Hamilton 1822) Gangetic Latia Subfamily Labeoninae Habitat use: Rivers of the hills and lowlands (Edds 1993); rivers and streams in the mountains (Menon 1999); lowland rivers with sand and mud substrate (Edds 2007). Feeding habits: No available primary literature. Reproduction: Breeds during monsoon (Hossain and Haque 2005). Crossocheilus latius, KU 29462, 91.3 mm SL Nepal distribution: Bardiya, Chitwan, Gulmi, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Nawalparasi, Rautahat, Sankhuwasabha, Saptari, Sarlahi, Sunsari, Syangja Cirrhinus reba (Hamilton 1822) Reba Carp Subfamily Labeoninae Cirrhinus reba, KU 29591, mm SL Nepal distribution: Saptari, Sunsari Habitat use: Hill streams (Khan 1934); rivers of the hills and lowlands (Edds 1993) over sand, mud, and rocky substrate (Edds 2007); coldwater streams, lakes (Molur and Walker 1998); rivers and streams in mountains (Menon 1999). Feeding habits: Attached algae (Hora and Mukerji 1936); ingesting aquatic insects in vegetation (Edds 1987); herbivorous (Singh, Bahuguna and Bhatt 1993; Rasool and Suleman 1999); omnivorous (Molur and Walker 1998). Garra annandalei Hora 1921 Stone Roller Habitat use: Rivers and streams (Khan 1934; Shaw and Shebbeare 1937; Menon 1999); lowland rivers (Edds 1986a, b); clear rivers, large streams (Daniels 2002). Feeding habits: Bottom feeders, detritivorous (Molur and Walker 1998); vegetarian, detritus (Daniels 2002). Reproduction: Breeds during monsoon, prolific breeder (Khan 1934); floodwaters in June to September (Daniels 2002); April to July (Hossain and Haque 2005). Subfamily Labeoninae Garra annandalei, KU 29604, 58.3 mm SL

10 Emporia State Research Studies 48(2), Nepal distribution: Dhankuta, Ilam, Jhapa, Parbat, Sankhuwasabha, Sunsari, Tanahun, Udayapur Feeding habits: Herbivorous, scraping algae from rocks (Hora and Mukerji 1936) and ingesting some aquatic insects (Edds 1987); bottom feeder (Molur and Walker 1998). Garra lamta (Hamilton 1822) Lamta Garra Subfamily Labeoninae Habitat use: Clear streams in the plains (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); hill streams (Edds 1986a, b); pools and runs in swift rivers (Shrestha 1990). Feeding habits: Herbivorous (Rasool and Suleman 1999). Garra gotyla (Gray 1830) Sucker Head Garra lamta, KU 29465; 38.1 mm SL Nepal distribution: Bardiya Subfamily Labeoninae Garra gotyla, KU 29075, 58.2 mm SL Nepal distribution: Achham, Banke, Bardiya, Bhojpur, Chitwan, Dhankuta, Ilam, Jhapa, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Morang, Nawalparasi, Rautahat, Sankhuwasabha, Saptari, Sarlahi, Sunsari, Surkhet, Tanahun, Udayapur Habitat use: Mountain streams (Menon 1999); rocky riffles of lowland rivers (Edds 2007). Feeding habits: Herbivorous, feeding on algae and diatoms (Singh, Bahuguna and Bhatt 1993; Singh and Subbaraj 2000). Labeo angra (Hamilton 1822) Angra Labeo Subfamily Labeoninae Habitat use: Hill streams (Khan 1934); clear streams of the plains (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); rivers of the hills and lowlands (Edds 1993) over sand and rocky substrate (Edds 2007); hill streams and lakes (Molur and Walker 1998). Labeo angra, KU 28675, 93.1 mm SL

11 Shrestha and Edds 32 Nepal distribution: Bardiya, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Saptari, Sunsari Labeo calbasu (Hamilton 1822) Orangefin Labeo Subfamily Labeoninae Habitat use: Hill and lowland rivers (Edds 1986b) with sand and mud substrate (Edds 2007); rivers, lakes, ponds (Menon 1999; Daniels 2002); rivers, reservoirs, lakes, ponds (Molur and Walker 1998). Feeding habits: Herbivorous (Molur and Walker 1998). Reproduction: Breeds from July to August (Daniels 2002); April to July (Hossain and Haque 2005). Labeo calbasu, KU 12174, mm SL Nepal distribution: Saptari, Sunsari Labeo boga (Hamilton 1822) Boga Labeo Subfamily Labeoninae Labeo boga, KU 29035, 79.3 mm SL Nepal distribution: Banke, Bardiya, Gulmi, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Nawalparasi, Rautahat, Saptari, Sarlahi, Sunsari, Syangja Habitat use: Deep pools in slow-moving streams (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); lowland rivers (Edds 1986a, b); rivers and ponds (Menon 1999); rivers, ponds (Daniels 2002). Feeding habits: Bottom feeder (Das and Moitra 1955; Molur and Walker 1998; Daniels 2002); herbivorous (Tamot and Awasthi 2010). Reproduction: Breeds in July and August, prolific breeder (Khan 1934); in flowing waters (Daniels 2002); April to July (Hossain and Haque 2005); June (Mastoni et al. 2008). Labeo dyocheilus (McClelland 1839) Brahmaputra Labeo Subfamily Labeoninae Habitat use: Rivers (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937; Molur and Walker 1998; Menon 1999); lowland rivers (Edds 1986a, b) with sand, mud and rocky substrate (Edds 2007). Feeding habits: Column feeder on plankton (Molur and Walker 1998); herbivorous (Tamot and Awasthi 2010). Reproduction: Breeds from May to July (Hossain and Haque 2005). Labeo dyocheilus, KU 29449, 65.1 mm SL

12 Emporia State Research Studies 48(2), Nepal distribution: Kailali Labeo pangusia (Hamilton 1822) Pangusia Labeo Subfamily Labeoninae Habitat use: Submontane streams (Khan 1934); streams (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); upland streams (Molur and Walker 1998); lowland rivers (Edds 1986a, b). Feeding habits: Herbivorous (Malhotra 1985; Singh, Bahuguna and Bhatt 1993); bottom feeder (Molur and Walker 1998). Reproduction: Breeds during monsoon in July and August (Khan 1934); March to June (Badola and Singh 1984). Labeo gonius (Hamilton 1822) Kuria Labeo Labeo pangusia, KU 29416, mm SL Nepal distribution: Bardiya, Kailali, Saptari, Sunsari Subfamily Labeoninae Labeo gonius, KU 28550, mm SL Nepal distribution: Saptari, Sunsari Habitat use: Streams (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); rivers, lakes, ponds, reservoirs (Molur and Walker 1998); large rivers and streams (Menon 1999). Feeding habits: Planktophagous, column feeder (Molur and Walker 1998). Reproduction: Breeds from May to July (Hossain and Haque 2005). Labeo rohita (Hamilton 1822) Roho Labeo Subfamily Labeoninae Habitat use: Lowland rivers (Edds 1986a, b); rivers, lakes (Molur and Walker 1998); rivers, ponds (Menon 1999). Feeding habits: Herbivorous (Nazneen and Bari 1982; Tamot and Awasthi 2010); planktophagous, column feeder (Molur and Walker 1998). Reproduction: Breeds in July and August, prolific breeder, eggs non-floating (Khan 1934); June to August (Hossain and Haque 2005). Labeo rohita, KU 29134, 48.5 mm SL

13 Shrestha and Edds 34 Nepal distribution: Jhapa Habitat use: Rivers, streams (Khan 1934); deep pools in slowmoving, clear streams (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); rivers, reservoirs, lakes (Molur and Walker 1998); rivers and ponds (Menon 1999). Local fishers report drastic upstream population decline following construction of Gandaki drainage Tribeni Barrage in Feeding habits: Mid-water feeder (Das and Moitra 1955); planktophagous, column feeder (Molur and Walker 1998); bottom dweller, feeding on submerged aquatic plants (Daniels 2002); herbivorous, eating unicellular and multicellular algae plus insects and crustaceans (Chaudhary and Singh 2006). Reproduction: Breeds in July and August, prolific breeder, eggs non-floating (Khan 1934); monsoon, flooded rivers (Daniels 2002); April to July (Hossain and Haque 2005); June to August (Alam and Pathak 2010). Amblypharyngodon mola (Hamilton 1822) Mola Carplet Habitat use: Lowland rivers (Edds 1986a, b); rivers, lakes, ponds, reservoirs (Molur and Walker 1998); ponds, canals, streams, paddy fields (Menon 1999); rivers, streams, ponds, inundated fields (Saha et al. 2009). Feeding habits: Mid-water feeder (Das and Moitra 1955); omnivorous (Molur and Walker 1998); herbivorous, feeding on algae, rotifers, crustaceans (Mamun, Tareq and Azadi 2004). Reproduction: Breeds from April to November (Hossain and Haque 2005); March until August, with a peak in May (Saha et al. 2009). Aspidoparia jaya (Hamilton 1822) Jaya Aspidoparia jaya, KU 29351, 47.6 mm SL Nepal distribution: Bardiya, Chitwan, Jhapa, Kailali, Nawalparasi, Sunsari, Udayapur Amblypharyngodon mola, KU 29580, 58.4 mm SL Nepal distribution: Saptari, Sunsari Habitat use: Rivers (Rahman 1989; Molur and Walker 1998); rivers of the hills and lowlands (Edds 1993); streams and ponds of the plains and mountains (Menon 1999); lowland rivers with sand and mud substrate (Edds 2007). Feeding habits: Detritivorous (Edds 1987); omnivorous, column feeder (Molur and Walker 1998). Reproduction: Breeds during monsoon and winter (Hossain and Haque 2005).

14 Emporia State Research Studies 48(2), Aspidoparia morar (Hamilton 1822) Aspidoparia Aspidoparia morar, KU 28598, 93.1 mm SL Nepal distribution: Banke, Bardiya, Chitwan, Jhapa, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Nawalparasi, Saptari, Sunsari, Udayapur Habitat use: Rivers of the hills and lowlands (Edds 1993); hilly rivers (Molur and Walker 1998); large hill streams (Menon 1999); lowland rivers with sand and mud substrate (Edds 2007). Feeding habits: Insectivorous, including caddisfly larvae, chironomid larvae, terrestrial insects (Edds 1987); omnivorous (Molur and Walker 1998). Reproduction: Breeds from April to June (Daniels 2002). Barilius bendelisis (Hamilton 1807) Hamilton s Barila Habitat use: Borrow-pits along roadsides in the lowlands (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); rivers of the hills and lowlands (Edds 1993); streams and ponds of the plains and mountains (Menon 1999); lowland rivers with sand and mud substrate (Edds 2007). Feeding habits: Herbivorous (Molur and Walker 1998; Rasool and Suleman 1999); column feeder (Molur and Walker 1998). Reproduction: Breeds in April and May (Khan 1934); winter and monsoon (Hossain and Haque 2005). Barilius barila (Hamilton 1822) Barred Baril Barilius bendelisis, KU 29531, 61.0 mm SL Nepal distribution: Banke, Bardiya, Bhojpur, Chitwan, Dhankuta, Gulmi, Ilam, Jhapa, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Nawalparasi, Parbat, Sankhuwasabha, Udayapur Barilius barila, KU 29507, 60.7 mm SL Nepal distribution: Banke, Bardiya, Chitwan, Jhapa, Kailali, Nawalparasi, Saptari, Sunsari Habitat use: Clear gravel streams of the lowlands (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); rivers of the hills and lowlands (Edds 1993); hill streams (Molur and Walker 1998; Menon 1999; Daniels 2002); rivers with pebbly and rocky bed (Menon 1999); lowland rivers with sand and mud substrate (Edds 2007).

15 Shrestha and Edds 36 Feeding habits: Omnivorous, feeding on algae and associated insects (Hora and Mukerji 1936); dragonfly nymphs, chironomid larvae, vegetation (Edds 1987); bottom feeder (Molur and Walker 1998). Reproduction: Breeds from April to June (Badola and Singh 1984); lays eggs between algae and rocks in shallow waters (Daniels 2002); monsoon (Hossain and Haque 2005). Barilius tileo (Hamilton 1822) Tileo Baril Barilius shacra (Hamilton 1822) Shacra Baril Barilius tileo, KU 29389, 88.0 mm SL Nepal distribution: Bardiya, Chitwan, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Nawalparasi Barilius shacra, KU 29481, 66.7 mm SL Nepal distribution: Bardiya, Chitwan, Gulmi, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Nawalparasi, Palpa, Sunsari, Syangja, Udayapur Habitat use: Lowland rivers (Edds 1986a, b); Himalyan streams and rivers with stony bottom (Molur and Walker 1998); streams and rivers over sand and pebbles (Menon 1999). Feeding habits: Insectivorous, feeding on aquatic insects in vegetation (Edds 1987); omnivorous (Molur and Walker 1998). Habitat use: Clear streams of the lowlands (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); rivers of the hills and lowlands (Edds 1993); hill streams (Molur and Walker 1998); clear streams with gravel substrate (Menon 1999); lowland rivers with sand and mud substrate (Edds 2007). Feeding habits: Omnivorous (Molur and Walker 1998), feeding on nymphs of mayflies, dragonflies, and stoneflies, larvae of beetles, caddisflies, and chironomids, vegetation, fish eggs, amphipods, terrestrial insects (Edds 1987). Barilius vagra (Hamilton 1822) Vagra Baril Barilius vagra, KU 29608, 80.4 mm SL Nepal distribution: Banke, Bardiya, Bhojpur, Chitwan, Dhankuta, Gulmi, Ilam, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Myagdi, Nawalparasi, Sankhuwasabha, Sunsari, Syangja, Tanahun

16 Emporia State Research Studies 48(2), Feeding habits: Insectivorous, feeding on aquatic insects including mayfly nymphs and chironomid larvae plus terrestrial dipterans (Edds 1987). Reproduction: Breeds during monsoon (Hossain and Haque 2005). Danio rerio (Hamilton 1822) Zebra Danio Habitat use: Rivers of the hills, plains (Khan 1934); clear streams of the lowlands (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); rivers of the hills and lowlands (Edds 1993); hill streams over gravel and rocks (Menon 1999); lowland rivers with sand and mud substrate (Edds 2007). Feeding habits: Insectivorous, feeding on aquatic beetle larvae, chironomid larvae (Edds 1987); omnivorous (Molur and Walker 1998); mollusks and arthropods (Rasool and Suleman 1999). Reproduction: Breeds from April to June (Badola and Singh 1984). Chela cachius (Hamilton 1822) Silver Hatchet Chela Danio rerio, KU 29144, 28.0 mm SL (dorsal lobe of caudal fin damaged) Nepal distribution: Chitwan, Jhapa, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Morang, Nawalparasi, Saptari, Sunsari, Udayapur Chela cachius, KU 29494, 51.3 mm SL Nepal distribution: Bardiya, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Nawalparasi Habitat use: Lowland rivers (Edds 1986a, b); ponds, streams, rivers (Molur and Walker 1998); rivers and streams (Daniels 2002); floodplains (Spence et al. 2006); slow-moving streams, ponds (Menon 1999; Chandra et al. 2008). Feeding habits: Planktophagous (Molur and Walker 1998); omnivorous, feeding on phytoplankton, filamentous algae, insects, fish scales, invertebrate eggs (Spence et al. 2008). Reproduction: Breeds throughout the year (Molur and Walker 1998); during summer in shallow pools along streams filled with algae (Daniels 2002). Devario aequipinnatus (McClelland 1839) Giant Danio Habitat use: Lowland rivers (Edds 1993) over mud and sand near submergent vegetation (Edds 2007); ponds, ditches, rivers (Menon 1999).

17 Shrestha and Edds 38 Devario aequipinnatus, KU 29529, 58.5 mm SL Nepal distribution: Bhojpur, Sankhuwasabha Habitat use: Hill streams (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); lowland rivers (Edds 1986a, b); hill streams, rivers, ponds (Molur and Walker 1998); rivers, streams, lakes; prefers cool, wellaerated waters (Daniels 2002). Feeding habits: Omnivorous (Molur and Walker 1998). Reproduction: Breeds during summer (Daniels 2002); monsoon (Hossain and Haque 2005). Devario devario (Hamilton 1822) Sind Danio Habitat use: Clear streams of the lowlands (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); lowland rivers (Edds 1993) over sand and mud substrate (Edds 2007); ponds, rivers, ditches (Molur and Walker 1998); rivers and ponds of the plains and mountains (Menon 1999). Feeding habits: Insectivorous, feeding on aquatic insects including mayfly nymphs and chironomid larvae, plus terrestrial insects including beetles (Edds 1987); omnivorous, column feeder (Molur and Walker 1998); carnivorous (Rasool and Suleman 1999). Reproduction: Breeds from April to July (Hossain and Haque 2005). Esomus danricus (Hamilton 1822) Flying Barb Esomus danricus, KU 29501, 36.8 mm SL Nepal distribution: Bardiya, Jhapa, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Morang, Nawalparasi, Saptari, Sunsari, Udayapur Devario devario, KU 28959, 49.2 mm SL Nepal distribution: Bardiya, Chitwan, Kanchanpur, Nawalparasi, Saptari, Sunsari

18 Emporia State Research Studies 48(2), Habitat use: Warm streams (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); lowland rivers (Edds 1993) over sand and mud substrate (Edds 2007); ponds, ditches, canals (Menon 1999; Daniels 2002; Bhattacharya and Subba 2006). Feeding habits: Mosquito larvae (Sen 1937); detritus, vegetation, aquatic insects (Edds 1987); insectivorous (Molur and Walker 1998); surface feeder (Daniels 2002). Reproduction: Breeds during monsoon (Daniels 2002); August to October (Hossain and Haque 2005). Laubuca laubuca (Hamilton 1822) Indian Glass Barb Opsarius barna, KU 28765, 65.2 mm SL Nepal distribution: Bardiya, Chitwan, Jhapa, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Nawalparasi, Saptari, Sunsari, Udayapur Laubuca laubuca, KU 28919, 50.0 mm SL Nepal distribution: Chitwan, Nawalparasi, Saptari, Sunsari Habitat use: Streams and large rivers of the lowlands (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); rivers of the hills and lowlands (Edds 1993); hill streams (Molur and Walker 1998; Menon 1999); lowland rivers with sand and mud substrate (Edds 2007). Feeding habits: Insectivorous, feeding on aquatic insect larvae, including caddisflies and chironomids (Edds 1987); bottom feeder (Molur and Walker 1998). Reproduction: Breeds from April to June (Badola and Singh 1984). Raiamas bola (Hamilton 1822) Trout Barb Habitat use: Ponds (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); lowland rivers (Edds 1986a, b); ponds, streams, rivers (Molur and Walker 1998); streams, ponds, ditches, canals (Menon 1999); ponds, streams, rivers, prefers clear waters (Daniels 2002). Feeding habits: Planktophagous (Molur and Walker 1998); feeds on mosquito larvae (Daniels 2002). Reproduction: Breeds during monsoon (Hossain and Haque 2005). Opsarius barna (Hamilton 1822) Barna Baril Raiamas bola, KU 29185, mm SL Nepal distribution: Bardiya, Chitwan, Dhanusa, Jhapa, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Nawalparasi, Saptari, Siraha, Sunsari, Udayapur

19 Shrestha and Edds 40 Feeding habits: Insectivorous (Edds 1987); feeds on adult and larval insects plus zooplankton and macrophytes (Piet and Guruge 1997); larvivorous, surface feeder (Molur and Walker 1998); omnivorous (Tamot and Awasthi 2010). Reproduction: Breeds from July to August (Nagendran et al. 1981); before monsoon (Daniels 2002); April to July (Hossain and Haque 2005). Habitat use: Clear streams and rivers of the lowlands (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); lowland rivers (Edds 1993, 2007); rivers and lakes (Molur and Walker 1998); rivers and streams of the mountains (Menon 1999). Feeding habits: Carnivorous (Hora and Mukerji 1936; Singh, Bahuguna and Bhatt 1993; Molur and Walker 1998); piscivorous (Edds 1987; Kulkarni 1992). Reproduction: Breeds during monsoon (Kulkarni 1992; Hossain and Haque 2005). Rasbora daniconius (Hamilton 1822) Slender Rasbora Salmophasia bacaila (Hamilton 1822) Large Razorbelly Minnow Salmophasia bacaila, KU 28599, 79.8 mm SL Nepal distribution: Kanchanpur, Nawalparasi, Saptari, Sunari Rasbora daniconius, KU 28737, 38.2 mm SL Nepal distribution: Chitwan, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Nawalparasi, Saptari, Sunsari Habitat use: Streams of the lowlands (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); lowland rivers (Edds 1993); rivers, lakes (Molur and Walker 1998); rivers, streams, canals (Menon 1999). Feeding habits: No available primary literature. Reproduction: Breeds in stagnant ponds (Molur and Walker 1998); April to August (Hossain and Haque 2005). Salmophasia phulo (Hamilton 1822) Finescale Razorbelly Minnow Habitat use: Clear, slow streams in the lowlands (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); lowland rivers (Edds 1993) over sand and mud substrate (Edds 2007); ponds, ditches, streams (Molur and Walker 1998); streams, ponds, lakes, ditches (Daniels 2002). Salmophasia phulo, KU 28749, 72.7 mm SL

20 Emporia State Research Studies 48(2), Nepal distribution: Bardiya, Chitwan, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Nawalparsi, Saptari, Sunsari Feeding habits: No available primary literature. Cyprinion semiplotum (McClelland 1839) Assamese Kingfish Subfamily none Habitat use: Streams, ponds, inundated fields (Rahman 1989); rivers, ponds, canals, ditches (Menon 1999); lowland rivers with sand, mud, and rocky substrates (Edds 2007). Feeding habits: Zooplankton, filamentous algae, insects (Alikunhi and Chaudhuri 1954). Reproduction: Breeds in May and June (Alikunhi and Chaudhuri 1954); during monsoon (Hossain and Haque 2005). Chagunius chagunio (Hamilton 1822) Medium Carp Cyprinion semiplotum, KU 29071, 96.0 mm SL Nepal distribution: Chitwan, Nawalparasi, Tanahun Subfamily none Chagunius chagunio, KU 29469, mm SL Nepal distribution: Bardiya, Chitwan, Kailali, Nawalparasi, Rautahat, Sarlahi, Udayapur Habitat use: Slow-moving, clear streams in hills and lowlands (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); rivers of the hills and lowlands (Edds 1993); rivers and streams in mountains (Menon 1999). Feeding habits: Omnivorous (Molur and Walker 1998). Naziritor chelynoides (McClelland 1839) Dark Mahseer Subfamily none Habitat use: Rivers and streams (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); rivers of the hills and lowlands (Edds 1993); clear and fast streams with rocky bottom (Menon 1999); lowland rivers with sand and mud substrate (Edds 2007). Naziritor chelynoides, KU 29555, 59.4 mm SL

21 Shrestha and Edds 42 Nepal distribution: Bajura, Mugu Habitat use: Rivers and lakes (Molur and Walker 1998); fastflowing mountain streams (Menon 1999). Feeding habits: Planktophagous (Molur and Walker 1998); omnivorous, feeding on insect larvae, algae, plant fragments (Shrestha and Shrestha 2008). Reproduction: Breeds twice a year, May to July and December to January (Badola and Singh 1984). Habitat use: Hill and lowland rivers (Edds 1986a, b); fast-flowing streams, rivers with rocky bottom (Menon 1999; Daniels 2002); hill streams with moderate current over rocky substrate (Edds 2007). Feeding habits: Algae, aquatic insects, crustaceans (Ferro and Badagami 1980); omnivorous (Daniels 2002). Reproduction: Breeds in spring to summer (Breder and Rosen 1966); over stones and gravel (Rai and Swar 1989); August to September in pools fed by running water (Daniels 2002); May to September (Swar and Craig 2002). Osteobrama cotio (Hamilton 1822) Cotio Subfamily none Neolissochilus hexagonolepis (McClelland 1839) Copper Mahseer Subfamily none Osteobrama cotio, KU 28596, 46.5 mm SL Nepal distribution: Kanchanpur, Nawalparasi, Saptari, Sunsari Neolissochilus hexagonolepis, KU 29534, mm SL Nepal distribution: Achham, Baglung, Bardiya, Bhojpur, Dhankuta, Gulmi, Ilam, Kailali, Palpa, Parbat, Sankhuwasabha, Surkhet, Syangja, Tanahun, Udayapur Habitat use: Lowland rivers (Edds 1986a, b); rivers, lakes (Molur and Walker 1998); rivers, ponds, lakes, ditches (Menon 1999). Feeding habits: Omnivorous (Molur and Walker 1998). Reproduction: Breeds from April to July (Hossain and Haque 2005). Semiplotus modestus Day 1870 Burmese Kingfish Subfamily none

22 Emporia State Research Studies 48(2), Semiplotus modestus, KU 28991, 50.2 mm SL Nepal distribution: Palpa, Syangja Habitat use: Rivers (Molur and Walker 1998); rivers and streams in mountains (Menon 1999). Feeding habits: Omnivorous (Molur and Walker 1998). Tor putitora (Hamilton 1822) Putitor Mahseer Habitat use: Clear, gravel streams (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); pools and runs in swift gorges (Shrestha 1990); rivers of hills and lowlands (Edds 1993); rapid streams with rocky bottom (Menon 1999); montane and submontane streams, rivers (Daniels 2002). Feeding habits: Omnivorous, feeding on fishes and aquatic insects, including chironomids (Hora 1936; Edds 1987; Molur and Walker 1998); switches from insectivory as juvenile to piscivory as adult (Edds 1987). Reproduction: Breeds from May to September (Pathani 1982); July to October at 18.5 to 33 C (Gurung et al. 2002); April to July, lays eggs under rocks (Daniels 2002). Psilorhynchus balitora (Hamilton 1822) Balitora Minnow Family Psilorhynchidae Subfamily none Psilorhynchus balitora, KU 29191, 45.6 mm SL Nepal distribution: Jhapa, Morang Tor putitora, KU 29625, 97.9 mm SL Nepal distribution: Bardiya, Bhojpur, Chitwan, Dhankuta, Gulmi, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Nawalparasi, Palpa, Sankhuwasabha, Saptari, Sunsari, Surkhet, Syangja, Tanahun, Udayapur Habitat use: Hill streams, rapids, streams in lowlands (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); over hard clay outcrops in shallow, flowing waters (Rainboth 1983; Conway and Mayden 2008); lowland rivers (Edds 1986a, b); bottom dweller (Molur and Walker 1998); streams with rocky beds (Menon

23 Shrestha and Edds ); in moderate flow over rocky/sandy substrate (Conway and Mayden 2008). Feeding habits: Omnivorous (Molur and Walker 1998). Psilorhynchus gracilis Rainboth 1983 Rainbow Minnow Family Psilorhynchidae Psilorhynchus gracilis, KU 40662, 46.9 mm SL Nepal distribution: Banke, Bardiya, Jhapa, Nawalparasi Habitat use: Endemic to Nepal; hill stream tributaries of the Kali Gandaki (Conway and Mayden 2008). Feeding habits: No available primary literature. Psilorhynchus pseudecheneis Menon & Datta 1964 Stone Carp Family Psilorhynchidae Psilorhynchus pseudecheneis, KU 29517, 78.3 mm SL Nepal distribution: Bhojpur, Sankhuwasabha Habitat use: Over pebbles in sandy-bottomed streams having shallow, flowing water (Rainboth 1983); rivers (Rahman 1989); sand and gravel riffles of lowland rivers (Edds and Ng 2007). Feeding habits: No available primary literature. Psilorhynchus nepalensis Conway & Mayden 2008 Titae Family Psilorhynchidae Psilorhynchus nepalensis, KU 40254, 47.2 mm SL Nepal distribution: Tanahun Habitat use: Endemic to Nepal, adheres to surfaces of rocks in rapid waters (Menon and Datta 1964); pools and runs (Shrestha 1990); high-gradient streams with sandy bottom (Menon 1999); hill streams with moderate current over rocky substrate (Edds 2007). Feeding habits: No available primary literature. Psilorhynchus sucatio (Hamilton 1822) River Stone Carp Family Psilorhynchidae

24 Emporia State Research Studies 48(2), Psilorhynchus sucatio, KU 28616, 56.8 mm SL Nepal distribution: Jhapa, Morang, Sunsari, Udayapur Habitat use: Clear, rapid streams in the lowlands (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); edges of sandy streams near vegetation (Rainboth 1983); lowland rivers (Edds 1986a, b); slowmoving submontane streams (Molur and Walker 1998). Feeding habits: Insectivorous, omnivorous, bottom dweller (Molur and Walker 1998). Habitat use: Gravel and rock substrate creeks (Shrestha 1990); rivers of the hills and lowlands (Edds 1993); submontane (Molur and Walker 1998); mountain streams (Menon 1999); fast-flowing streams (Daniels 2002). Feeding habits: Omnivorous (Edds 1987; Molur and Walker 1998), feeding on detritus, vegetation, and benthic aquatic insects, including mayfly nymphs, dragonfly nymphs, caddisfly larvae, chironomid larvae (Edds 1987). Canthophrys gongota (Hamilton 1822) Gongota Loach Family Cobitidae Subfamily Cobitinae Botia lohachata Chaudhuri 1912 Painted Loach Family Cobitidae Subfamily Botiinae Canthophrys gongota, KU 29113, mm SL Nepal distribution: Saptari, Sunsari, Udayapur Botia lohachata, KU 28867, 46.9 mm SL Nepal distribution: Baglung, Bardiya, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Parbat, Rautahat, Saptari, Sarlahi, Sunsari, Tanahun Habitat use: Gravel and mud streams in the lowlands (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); rivers (Molur and Walker 1998); slow-moving streams with sandy, muddy, gravelly bottom (Menon 1999). Feeding habits: Omnivorous (Molur and Walker 1998).

25 Shrestha and Edds 46 Lepidocephalichthys annandalei Chaudhuri 1912 Annandale Loach Family Cobitidae Subfamily Cobitinae Lepidocephalichthys annandalei, KU 29146, 37.5 mm SL Nepal distribution: Jhapa, Morang, Udayapur Habitat use: Hill streams, bottom-dwelling (Molur and Walker 1998); sand and gravel riffles of lowland rivers, wetlands (Edds and Ng 2007). Feeding habits: Detritus feeder (Molur and Walker 1998). Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Hamilton 1822) Guntea Loach Family Cobitidae Subfamily Cobitinae Habitat use: Rivers (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); streams, bottom-dwelling (Molur and Walker 1998); swift streams with sandy bottom (Menon 1999). Feeding habits: Omnivorous (Molur and Walker 1998). Lepidocephalichthys goalparensis Pillai & Yazdani 1976 Pillai Loach Lepidocephalichthys guntea, KU 28971, 69.3 mm SL Nepal distribution: Bardiya, Chitwan, Dang Deokhuri, Jhapa, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Morang, Nawalparasi, Rautahat, Saptari, Sarlahi, Sunsari, Udayapur Family Cobitidae Subfamily Cobitinae Lepidocephalichthys goalparensis, KU 29192, 38.3 mm SL Nepal distribution: Jhapa, Kanchanpur, Morang, Saptari, Sunsari, Udayapur Habitat use: Gravel or mud streams and ponds in the lowlands (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); lowland rivers (Edds 1986a, b. 1993) with sand and mud substrate (Edds 2007); ponds, lakes, streams, inundated fields, paddy fields (Rahman et al. 1997); clear streams with sandy bottom (Menon 1999). Feeding habits: No available primary literature. Reproduction: Breeds from April to July (Rahman et al. 1997).

26 Emporia State Research Studies 48(2), Neoeucirrhichthys maydelli Banarescu & Nalbant 1968 Goalpara Loach Family Cobitidae Subfamily Cobitinae Neoeucirrhichthys maydelli, KU 29132, 35.1 mm SL Nepal distribution: Chitwan, Jhapa, Nawalparasi, Saptari, Sunsari, Udayapur Habitat use: Clear streams with sand and gravel (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); riffles in lowland rivers (Edds 1986a, b, 2007); bottom-dwelling (Molur and Walker 1998); hill streams (Molur and Walker 1998); torrential streams (Menon 1999; Sivakumar 2008). Feeding habits: Omnivorous (Molur and Walker 1998). Balitora eddsi Conway & Mayden 2010 Pathertata Family Balitoridae Habitat use: Streams with sandy, rocky bottom (Rahman 1989); gravel riffles of lowland rivers (Edds and Ng 2007); streams with gravel or sand bottom (Menon 1999). Feeding habits: Omnivorous, bottom feeder (Molur and Walker 1998). Balitora eddsi, KU 40276, 39.1 mm SL Nepal distribution: Bardiya Balitora brucei Gray 1830 Rock Carp Family Balitoridae Balitora brucei, KU 29622, 89.4 mm SL Nepal distribution: Bardiya, Chitwan, Kanchanpur, Nawalparasi, Rautahat, Sarlahi, Tanahun Habitat use: Known only from Gerwa River in Nepal; likely benthic in fast-flowing water (Conway and Mayden 2010). Feeding habits: No available primary literature. Reproduction: Nothing published for this species, but Breder and Rosen (1966) stated that all nemacheilids breed from April to May.

27 Shrestha and Edds 48 Acanthocobitis botia (Hamilton 1822) Mottled Loach Family Nemacheilidae Nepal distribution: Baglung, Banke, Bardiya, Chitwan, Dang Deokhuri, Dhankuta, Dhanusa, Gulmi, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Morang, Nawalparasi, Palpa, Parbat, Rautahat, Saptari, Sarlahi, Siraha, Sunsari, Syangja, Udayapur Acanthocobitis botia, KU 29180, 54.2 mm SL Nepal distribution: Banke, Bardiya, Chitwan, Dang Deokhuri, Ilam, Jhapa, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Morang, Nawalparasi, Rautahat, Saptari, Sarlahi, Sunsari, Tanahun Habitat use: Clear streams of the lowlands (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); rivers of the hills and lowlands (Edds 1993) with sand and mud substrate (Edds 2007); hill streams (Molur and Walker 1998). Feeding habits: Omnivorous, feeding on aquatic insects, including mayfly nymphs, caddisfly larvae, chironomid larvae, molluscs, detritus (Edds 1987); bottom feeder (Molur and Walker 1998); carnivorous (Rasool and Suleman 1999). Reproduction: Nothing published for this species, but Breder and Rosen (1966) stated that all nemacheilids breed from April to May. Nemacheilus corica (Hamilton 1822) Stone Loach Family Nemacheilidae Habitat use: Rivers of the hills and lowlands (Edds 1993); hill streams (Molur and Walker 1998) with sandy bottom (Rahman 1989); clear, swift streams over sand (Menon 1999); lowland rivers with sand and mud substrate (Edds 2007). Feeding habits: Omnivorous, feeding on aquatic insects including caddisfly larvae and chironomid larvae, plus annelids, terrestrial insects, detritus (Edds 1987); herbivorous (Molur and Walker 1998). Reproduction: Nothing published for this species, but Breder and Rosen (1966) stated that all nemacheilids breed from April to May. Schistura beavani (Günther 1868) Creek Loach Family Nemacheilidae Schistura beavani, KU 29073, 57.9 mm SL Nepal distribution: Achham, Banke, Bardiya, Chitwan, Dang Deokhuri, Dhankuta, Dhanusa, Gulmi, Ilam, Jhapa, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Morang, Mugu, Nawalparasi, Palpa, Parbat, Rautahat, Sarlahi, Siraha, Sunsari, Surkhet, Syangja, Tanahun Nemacheilus corica, KU 29599, 35.6 mm SL

28 Emporia State Research Studies 48(2), Schistura multifasciata (Day 1878) Gadelo Family Nemacheilidae Habitat use: Small streams (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); rivers of hills and lowlands (Edds 1993); clear, swift streams with pebbly bottom (Menon 1999). Feeding habits: Insectivorous, feeding on mayfly nymphs, stonefly nymphs, riffle beetles, caddisfly larvae, chironomid larvae (Edds 1987). Reproduction: Nothing published for this species, but Breder and Rosen (1966) stated that all nemacheilids breed from April to May. Schistura multifasciata, KU 28744, 36.9 mm SL (dorsal lobe of caudal fin damaged) Nepal distribution: Kailali Schistura devdevi (Hora 1935) Garela Family Nemacheilidae Schistura devdevi, KU 29158, 34.4 mm SL Nepal distribution: Ilam, Jhapa Habitat use: Streams of the foothills (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); hill streams, bottom dweller (Molur and Walker 1998); over gravel substrate in swift rivers and streams (Menon 1999). Feeding habits: Omnivorous (Molur and Walker 1998), feeding on insect larvae, crustaceans, algae (Singh and Subbaraj 2000). Reproduction: Breeds from July to August (Badola and Singh 1984). Schistura rupecula McClelland 1838 Stone Loach Family Nemacheilidae Habitat use: Small and large rivers of the lowlands in moderately fast, shallow riffles over rocky substrate (Edds 1985); hill streams (Molur and Walker 1998); clear, swift streams over pebbles (Menon 1999). Feeding habits: Omnivorous, bottom feeder (Molur and Walker 1998). Reproduction: Nothing published for this species, but Breder and Rosen (1966) stated that all nemacheilids breed from April to May. Schistura rupecula, KU 29021, 58.6 mm SL Nepal distribution: Achham, Bardiya, Chitwan, Dhankuta, Gulmi, Ilam, Nawalparasi, Palpa, Parbat, Sankhuwasabha, Sunsari, Surkhet, Syangja, Udayapur

29 Shrestha and Edds 50 Schistura scaturigina McClelland 1839 Khole Gadero Family Nemacheilidae Habitat use: Rivers of the mountains, hills, and lowlands (Edds 1993); torrential hill streams, bottom dweller (Molur and Walker 1998); streams over pebble (Menon 1999); hill streams with moderate current over rocky substrate (Edds 2007). Feeding habits: Filamentous algae, caddisfly larvae (Hora and Mukerji 1936); mayfly nymphs, caddisfly larvae (Edds 1987); carnivorous (Molur and Walker 1998). Reproduction: Breeds from July to August (Badola and Singh 1984). Schistura scaturigina, KU 29142, 35.9 mm SL Nepal distribution: Jhapa, Morang, Sunsari Schistura savona (Hamilton 1822) Ring Loach Family Nemacheilidae Schistura savona, KU 28710, 28.1 mm SL Nepal distribution: Chitwan, Kanchanpur, Nawalparasi Habitat use: Small streams (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); hill and lowland rivers (Edds 1986b); hill streams, bottomdwelling (Molur and Walker 1998); streams with gravelly bottom (Menon 1999). Feeding habits: Omnivorous (Molur and Walker 1998). Reproduction: Nothing published for this species, but Breder and Rosen (1966) stated that all nemacheilids breed from April to May. Schistura zonata McClelland 1839 Garela Family Nemacheilidae Habitat use: Small, clear streams (Shaw and Shebbeare 1937); lowland rivers (Edds 1986a, b, 2007); rapid streams over gravel (Menon 1999). Feeding habits: No available primary literature. Reproduction: Nothing published for this species, but Breder and Rosen (1966) stated that all nemacheilids breed from April to May. Schistura zonata, KU 29081, 49.0 mm SL Nepal distribution: Bardiya, Dang Deokhuri, Tanahun. (First report of this species for Nepal).

30 Emporia State Research Studies 48(2), Nepal distribution: Chitwan, Gulmi, Nawalparasi, Palpa, Parbat, Syangja, Tanahun Habitat use: Rivers (Rahman 1989). Feeding habits: No available primary literature. Reproduction: Nothing published for this species, but Breder and Rosen (1966) stated that all nemacheilids breed from April to May. Turcinoemacheilus himalaya Conway, Edds, Shrestha & Mayden 2011 Garela Family Nemacheilidae Habitat use: Large, torrential rivers with cobble and boulder substratum, and medium-sized streams in shallow riffles and runs with moderate to swift flow over pebble and cobble (Conway et al. 2011). Feeding habits: No available primary literature. Reproduction: Nothing published for this species, but Breder and Rosen (1966) stated that all nemacheilids breed from April to May. Turcinoemacheilus himalaya, KU 40558, 47.2 mm SL