Jawed vertebrates. Classes: Placodermi {extinct} Chondrichthyes? Superclass Gnathostomata. Acanthodii {extinct} Sarcopterygii

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Philip Garrison
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classes EXTINCT Sarcopterygii Lobe-finned fishes, tetrapods

(tunicates & sea squirts Subphylum Cephalochordata (lancelets) Subphylum

B R A T A J A W L E S S J A W E D Superclass Petromyzontomorphi

Superclass Thelodonti Superclass Osteostracomorphi Superclass

Subclass Elasmobranchii Class Acanthodii Class Actinopterygii Subclass

1 It was found by Dr. Wei Qiwei Jawed vertebrates Superclass Gnathostomata Classes: Placodermi {extinct} Chondrichthyes? Cartilaginous fishes Acanthodii {extinct} 3 Classes with EXTANT members 2 classes EXTINCT Sarcopterygii Lobe-finned fishes, tetrapods Actinopterygii Ray-finned fishes Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata (tunicates & sea squirts Subphylum Cephalochordata (lancelets) Subphylum Craniata Superclass Myxinomorphi Tiny Desk Lectures Extra Credit V E R TE B R A T A J A W L E S S J A W E D Superclass Petromyzontomorphi Superclass Conodonta Superclass Pteraspidomorphi Superclass Anaspida Superclass Thelodonti Superclass Osteostracomorphi Superclass Gnathostomata Class Placodermi Class Chondrichthyes Subclass Holocephali Subclass Elasmobranchii Class Acanthodii Class Actinopterygii Subclass Cladistia Subclass Chondrostei Subclass Neopterygii Class Sarcopterygii Subclass Coelacanthomorpha Subclass Dipnotetrapodomorpha Figure 11.2 Figure 14.3 The Asian Arawana or Golden Dragonfish, Scleropages formosus. 4

Class Actinopterygii Subclasses: CLADISTIA CHONDROSTEI Class Actinopterygii

!! Order Acipenseriformes:!!! Acipenseridae (sturgeons, 25 spp.

, freshwater) bear little resemblance to ancestral chondrosteans

is secondarily derived. What do these fishes remind you of?

2 Class Actinopterygii Subclasses: CLADISTIA CHONDROSTEI Class Actinopterygii Subclass Chondrostei ( Cartilaginous Bony Fishes???)!!! Order Acipenseriformes:!!! Acipenseridae (sturgeons, 25 spp., freshwater/anadromous)!!! Polyodontidae (paddlefishes, 2 spp., freshwater) bear little resemblance to ancestral chondrosteans (paleoniscoids)-which had a bony skeleton NEOPTERYGII Cartilaginous skeleton is secondarily derived. What do these fishes remind you of? Cartilaginous Heterocercal tail Spiral valve intestine Spiracle (usually) Diverged during the Jurassic Period (~ 200 MYA) Ancestors were around about 300 MYA

3 4 Beluga, Huso huso, LARGE, 8m! Elongated snout Protrusible mouth Food items 5 rows of Large swimbladder Why do sturgeon jump so much? 10 White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) largest freshwater fish in North America 6.1 m (20 feet)! 850 kg (1874 pounds)! Distribution Pattern 25 spp Globally--Acipenser, Huso, Scaphirhyncus, Pseudoscaphirhynchus 8 North American species (5 Acipenser and 3 Scaphirhynchus) Anadromous and freshwater

North American Sturgeons: Anadromous? Anadromous Acipenser brevirostrum!!!!! Shortnose sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens!

Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi!!! Gulf sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus!

!! Shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus suttkusi!!!!! Alabama sturgeon North American Sturgeons: GA?

!!!!! Green sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus! Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi!

4 North American Sturgeons: Anadromous? Anadromous Acipenser brevirostrum!!!!! Shortnose sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens!!!!!! Lake sturgeon Acipenser medirostris!!!!!! Green sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus! Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi!!! Gulf sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus!!!!! White sturgeon habitat habitat Scaphirhynchus albus!!!!!! Pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platornchus!!! Shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus suttkusi!!!!! Alabama sturgeon North American Sturgeons: GA? Acipenser brevirostrum!!!!! Shortnose sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens!!!!!! Lake sturgeon Extirpated Acipenser medirostris!!!!!! Green sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus! Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi!!! Gulf sturgeon Extirpated Acipenser transmontanus!!!!! White sturgeon Lake sturgeon (historic) Scaphirhynchus albus!!!!!! Pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platornchus!!! Shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus suttkusi!!!!! Alabama sturgeon

Shortnose Sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) Gulf

on (historic) Amphidromous Anadromous (e.g.

oxyrinchus oxyrinchus 400 River Kilometers ( ~ 250

(usually Spring) High fecundity (> 1 Million eggs!

Historic and current spawning locations of Atlantic on,

supported a spawning population, and their relationship

5 Shortnose Sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) Gulf sturgeon (historic) Amphidromous Anadromous (e.g., Atlantic Sturgeon) Range: Canada to Florida Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus 400 River Kilometers ( ~ 250 miles) (60 RKM/day during peak) Fall Spawners! (usually Spring) High fecundity (> 1 Million eggs!) Iteroparous. Figure 22. Historic and current spawning locations of Atlantic sturgeon, locations of dams in rivers that have historically supported a spawning population, and their relationship to the fall line. Dam locations were provided by the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers National Inventory of 19 Dams data layer and may be incomplete. Opposite: Source: Paul Schueller (UGA)

Source: Atlantic Sturgeon Status Review, NMFS 2007 Figure 21.

River tidal power plant; decapitation of the fish was attributed

Dadswell, 2006). Why are fecund, multiple spawners endangered?

years Northern pops/females toward upper end Spawning Frequency

6 Source: Atlantic Sturgeon Status Review, NMFS 2007 Figure 21. A gravid female Atlantic sturgeon found below the Annapolis River tidal power plant; decapitation of the fish was attributed to contact with the dam s turbine blade (Courtesy of M. Dadswell, 2006). Why are fecund, multiple spawners endangered? Atlantic Sturgeon: Maximum Age: 60 years Age at maturity: 5-30 years Northern pops/females toward upper end Spawning Frequency Males: every 1 to 5 years Females: every 3 to 5 years Typical pattern for sturgeon

Delayed Age at Maturity Infrequent Spawing Slow Population Recovery Atlantic Sturgeon:

females for each population!!! (could take > 20 years) $180.

In seeking pure quality, Marky s has undertaken the task of involving Caspian

Russia and China. Fresh River Beluga Caviar "Malossol" has a large dark amber pearl.

The largest beluga was captured in 1924 from the Tikhaya Sosna River of Russia.

If its eggs qualified as grade OOO Malossol caviar, which sells on the internet for as

7 Delayed Age at Maturity Infrequent Spawing Slow Population Recovery Atlantic Sturgeon: 100, ,000 pounds/year Moratorium in 1998 by ASFC Goal: 20 age classes of adult females for each population!!! (could take > 20 years) $ River Beluga Caviar (Huso Dauricus) is processed by Caspian Salt Masters. In seeking pure quality, Marky s has undertaken the task of involving Caspian professionals, whom process the finest and most expensive black caviar around the world. Therefore, ensuring the finest possible salt content and along with a texture and flavor profile comparable to wild Iranian Caviar and Russian Caviar. This is from the Huso Dauricus Sturgeon, whose natural habitat is the rivers bordering Russia and China. Fresh River Beluga Caviar "Malossol" has a large dark amber pearl. The taste is smooth and buttery just as Caspian Beluga Caviar. The largest beluga was captured in 1924 from the Tikhaya Sosna River of Russia. It weighed 1,227 kg and yielded 245 kg of caviar (see If its eggs qualified as grade OOO Malossol caviar, which sells on the internet for as much as $160.00/oz (= $2,560/lb or $ 5643/ kg, quantity discounts available), the fish would be worth nearly $1,382,535!!!, making it by far the worlds most valuable fish. Helfman

American Caviar: An Eco-Friendly Way to Celebrate Special Occasions (ALTERNATIVES TO ENDANGERED STURGEON CAVIAR Farmed White Sturgeon Caviar Consider Sterling Caviar Phone: 800-525-0333

com Farmed Paddlefish Roe Consider L Osage Contact: Steve Kahrs Phone: 573-348-2305 Farmed Rainbow Trout Roe Consider Sunburst Trout Company Phone: 800-673-3051 Web site: www.

com Wild Pacific Salmon Roe Consider Cossack Caviar Phone: 360-466-0176 North American Sturgeons: Status Acipenser brevirostrum!!!!! Shortnose sturgeon E Acipenser fulvescens!

!! Gulf sturgeon * T Acipenser transmontanus!!!!! White sturgeon E Scaphirhynchus albus!!!!!! Pallid sturgeon E Scaphirhynchus platorynchus!

8 American Caviar: An Eco-Friendly Way to Celebrate Special Occasions (ALTERNATIVES TO ENDANGERED STURGEON CAVIAR Farmed White Sturgeon Caviar Consider Sterling Caviar Phone: Web site: Farmed Paddlefish Roe Consider L Osage Contact: Steve Kahrs Phone: Farmed Rainbow Trout Roe Consider Sunburst Trout Company Phone: Web site: Whitefish Roe Consider Mountain Lake Fisheries Phone: Website: Wild Pacific Salmon Roe Consider Cossack Caviar Phone: North American Sturgeons: Status Acipenser brevirostrum!!!!! Shortnose sturgeon E Acipenser fulvescens!!!!!! Lake sturgeon Acipenser medirostris!!!!!! Green sturgeon T (1 pop) Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus! Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi!!! Gulf sturgeon * T Acipenser transmontanus!!!!! White sturgeon E Scaphirhynchus albus!!!!!! Pallid sturgeon E Scaphirhynchus platorynchus!!! Shovelnose sturgeon SA T 2010 Scaphirhynchus suttkusi!!!!! Alabama sturgeon E *Oct, 2010: 5 distinct population segments proposed for listing Scaphirhynchus spp. Skinny cp No spiracle Smaller Alabama sturgeon Worldwide Status of Sturgeons Stocks of all 25 species have imperiled status: - 9 Critically endangered stocks - 25 Endangered stocks - 13 Vulnerable shovelnose sturgeon pallid sturgeon Helfman 2007 Dams block spawning migrations Sediment clogs spawning gravels Pollutants Overfishing Habitat loss

9 Aral Sea ecological disaster World s 4th largest sea 1960 s - Flow diverted from Syr Darya and Amu Darya to irrigate cotton Salinity up, Volume down No bony scutes (virtually naked) Not benthic Unconstricted notochord Prominent paddle-like snout Polyodon spathula (Paddlefish)-MS Basin of NA Psephurus gladius- of China

(A) What is the paddle for? (B) Feeding Digging?

16 Tiny Desk Lecture Paddlefishes. (A) The North American Paddlefish, Polyodon spathula.

chondrostean restricted to the Yangtze River system of China.

paddle, and the ampullary organs, which are the dark circular holes in the paddle that

Vecsei in CITES (2001); (C, D) from Grande and Bemis (1991), used with permission.

10 (A) What is the paddle for? (B) Feeding Digging? Diverting Water ( ) (D) Paddlefish or Spoonbill Cat (Polyodon spathula) Figure Tiny Desk Lecture Paddlefishes. (A) The North American Paddlefish, Polyodon spathula. (B) The Chinese Paddlefish, Psephurus gladius, a poorly known, critically endangered chondrostean restricted to the Yangtze River system of China. (C) The rostral paddle of the North American Paddlefish in dorsal view; arrows indicate position of the eyes. (D) Area at lower left of (C) enlarged, showing the stellate bones (sb) that support the paddle, and the ampullary organs, which are the dark circular holes in the paddle that reportedly serve as electroreceptors. (A, B) drawings after P. Vecsei in CITES (2001); (C, D) from Grande and Bemis (1991), used with permission. Sound familiar? lifespan and age: up to 30 years, up to 7 feet long age at maturity: 7-12 years spawning frequency : every 2-5 years habitat: need clean gravel for spawning caviar trade ( Psephurus gladius (Chinese Paddlefish) Very large, > 10 feet long?? Fish, Crabs, and Crayfish Migratory Critically Endangered Cites--Apendix II

1970 s: 100 s caught by fishers 1981:- Gezhouba Dam completed, separated

spawning occurring upstream of dam 2003: last adults captured 2006:?

cn Qiwei Wei, introduction of Chinese 42 Carcasses found below Gezhouba Dam in

incidental catches in 20 years 158 individuals in the reaches below Gezhouba

(incomplete census) Qiwei Wei, introduction of Chinese paddlefish, weiqw@yfi.

11 1970 s: 100 s caught by fishers 1981:- Gezhouba Dam completed, separated upstream from ds : 3-10 adults found below dam each year and limited spawning occurring upstream of dam 2003: last adults captured 2006:? Gezhouba Dam Qiwei Wei, introduction of Chinese paddlefish, weiqw@yfi.ac.cn Qiwei Wei, introduction of Chinese 42 Carcasses found below Gezhouba Dam in 1980s Stock status : 1980: annual harvest 75 tonnes : incidental catches in 20 years 158 individuals in the reaches below Gezhouba dam 44 individuals in the Yibin reaches of upper stream of the Yangtze River (incomplete census) Qiwei Wei, introduction of Chinese paddlefish, weiqw@yfi.ac.cn Qiwei Wei, introduction of Chinese 43 Qiwei Wei, introduction of Chinese paddlefish, weiqw@yfi.ac.cn 44

1981-2001 incidental catches(ind.) 32 18 11 8 8 7 Jan 2006 8 3 25 2 1 15 0 13 1 6 6 0 0 10 6 4 3 4 4 1 3 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 Qiwei Wei, introduction of Chinese paddlefish, weiqw@yfi.ac.

12 incidental catches(ind.) Jan Qiwei Wei, introduction of Chinese paddlefish, weiqw@yfi.ac.cn 45 Largest dam in the world km reservoir > 350 fishes in the Yangtze (177 endemic); richest river in Palearctic region Subclasses: Class Actinopterygii CLADISTIA CHONDROSTEI Class Actinopterygii (At one time Sarcopterygii) Or Subclass Neopterygii Or Subclass Brachiopterygii Or Subclass Cladistia!! Order Polypteriformes:! Polypteridae (bichirs (15) and ropefish (1), 16 spp., freshwater)! NEOPTERYGII The war between convergence and homology

Just what is a bichir? (bih-shear) Lobe-like fins!

! Lungfishes Ganoid Scales!!!! Gars 2 Gular Plates!

shark chimaera bowfin bichir seabass obligate air

13 Just what is a bichir? (bih-shear) Lobe-like fins!!!! Sarcopterygii Gill and Lung Structure!! Lungfishes Ganoid Scales!!!! Gars 2 Gular Plates!!!! Coelacanth Spiral Valve!!!! All groups Spiracles!!!!! Sturgeon Modified Het. Tail!!! Gars and Bowfin Most are convergences, not homologies! shark chimaera bowfin bichir seabass obligate air breathers big 2 unique characters: lungfish osteolepiform peculiar and overelaborated development A. S. Romer

Class Actinopterygii Subclasses: CLADISTIA CHONDROSTEI Subclass NEOPTERYGII

TELEOSTEI Monophyletic - many synapomorphies, including mobile premaxilla Most

spp, 96% of all extant fishes, 40 orders, 448 families, 4,278 genera Fossils

and anal fins supports are Pangea Paleozoic Class Actinopterygii Subclass

!!! Polypteridae (bichirs (15) and ropefish (1), 16 spp., freshwater)!

!! Acipenseridae (sturgeons, 25 spp., freshwater/anadromous)!

14 Class Actinopterygii Subclasses: CLADISTIA CHONDROSTEI Subclass NEOPTERYGII ORDER LEPISOSTEIFORMES 7 species ORDER AMIIFORMES NEOPTERYGII DIVISION TELEOSTEI Monophyletic - many synapomorphies, including mobile premaxilla Most species rich and diversified of all vertebrates Approximately 27,000 living spp, 96% of all extant fishes, 40 orders, 448 families, 4,278 genera Fossils date about 260 mya, late New Fin -- Rays equal in number to supports in dorsal and anal fins supports are Pangea Paleozoic Class Actinopterygii Subclass Cladistia!! Order Polypteriformes!!!! Polypteridae (bichirs (15) and ropefish (1), 16 spp., freshwater)! Subclass Chondrostei ( Cartilaginous Bony Fishes???)!!! Order Acipenseriformes:!!! Acipenseridae (sturgeons, 25 spp., freshwater/anadromous)!!! Polyodontidae (paddlefishes, 2 spp., freshwater)! Subclass Neopterygii!! Order Lepisosteiformes!!!! Lepisosteidae (gars, 7 spp., freshwater)!!! 260 Ma Late Permian

15 Pangaean fossil distribution Fossils from lower Cretaceous-BUT in NA, Africa, Europe, India Two extant genera: Lepisosteus (4) and Atractosteus (3) ganoid scales modified heterocercal tail Alligator Gar (Actractosteus spatula) ~ 3m 140kg Fish, Birds, Crabs, Duck Decoys! Gar centra are opisthocoelous, being concave on their posterior surface and convex on the anterior surface, allowing for a ball-and-socket articulation contrast to amphicoelus condition in most fishes-both surfaces are concave

Aabama 151 lbs 5 oz Tensaw River Michael Houseknecht 8/13/2004 Arkansas 240 lbs 0 oz 8'2"" White River John Stortz 7/28/2004 Florida

Oklahoma 184 lbs 3 oz Red River Sean Chatham 2/28/2006 Texas 279 lbs 0 oz Rio Grande River Bill Valverde 1/10/1951 Alligator Gar State

184-pound, 3-ounce alligator gar Feb. 25, 2006 from the Red River in Love County, establishing a new state record.

Gar Life History spring spawners and eggs larvae with snout disk no parental care long-lived species Class Actinopterygii Subclass

Subclass Chondrostei ( Cartilaginous Bony Fishes???)!!! Order Acipenseriformes:!!! Acipenseridae (sturgeons, 25 spp.

16 Aabama 151 lbs 5 oz Tensaw River Michael Houseknecht 8/13/2004 Arkansas 240 lbs 0 oz 8'2"" White River John Stortz 7/28/2004 Florida 123 lbs 0 oz Choctawhatchee River Zachary Phillips 7/8/1995 Mississippi 215 lbs Mississippi River near Natchez Earl Stafford 5/3/2003 Oklahoma 184 lbs 3 oz Red River Sean Chatham 2/28/2006 Texas 279 lbs 0 oz Rio Grande River Bill Valverde 1/10/1951 Alligator Gar State Records Georgia Gars Lepisosteus oculatus (spotted gar) Lepisosteus platyrhincus (Florida gar) Sean Chatham, of Ardmore, pulled in a 184-pound, 3-ounce alligator gar Feb. 25, 2006 from the Red River in Love County, establishing a new state record. 61 Lepisosteus osseus (longnose gar) abundant in coastal systems, estuaries Swimbladder Ecologically important! Gar Life History spring spawners and eggs larvae with snout disk no parental care long-lived species Class Actinopterygii Subclass Cladistia!! Order Polypteriformes!!!! Polypteridae (bichirs (15) and ropefish (1), 16 spp., freshwater)! Subclass Chondrostei ( Cartilaginous Bony Fishes???)!!! Order Acipenseriformes:!!! Acipenseridae (sturgeons, 25 spp., freshwater/anadromous)!!! Polyodontidae (paddlefishes, 2 spp., freshwater)! Subclass Neopterygii!! Order Lepisosteiformes!!!! Lepisosteidae (gars, 8 spp., freshwater)!! Order Amiiformes!!!! Amiidae (bowfin, 1 species, freshwater)

Long Dorsal Fin Fossil Distribution ~ 260 MYA Fossils from North and South America, Europe, Africa and Asia ->11 Genera and 27 amiid

gular plate Gar-Like Traits abbreviated heterocercal tail vascularized swimbladder spiral-valve intenstine What sex?

non-teleost Class Actinopterygii Subclass Cladistia!! Order Polypteriformes!!!! Polypteridae (bichirs (15) and ropefish (1), 16 spp.

, freshwater/anadromous)!!! Polyodontidae (paddlefishes, 2 spp.

17 Long Dorsal Fin Fossil Distribution ~ 260 MYA Fossils from North and South America, Europe, Africa and Asia ->11 Genera and 27 amiid species-many marine -> some quite large, to > 3m. gular plate Gar-Like Traits abbreviated heterocercal tail vascularized swimbladder spiral-valve intenstine What sex? Teleost-Like Traits cycloid scales suction feeders parental care amphicoelus vertebrae Elongate dorsal fin, allows for palindromic movement-only non-teleost Class Actinopterygii Subclass Cladistia!! Order Polypteriformes!!!! Polypteridae (bichirs (15) and ropefish (1), 16 spp., freshwater)! Subclass Chondrostei ( Cartilaginous Bony Fishes???)!!! Order Acipenseriformes:!!! Acipenseridae (sturgeons, 25 spp., freshwater/anadromous)!!! Polyodontidae (paddlefishes, 2 spp., freshwater) Large number of heavy skull bones, fused or lost in Teleosts Large single medial gular platedistinctive among living fishes! Subclass Neopterygii!! Order Lepisosteiformes!!!! Lepisosteidae (gars, 7 spp., freshwater)!! Order Amiiformes!!!! Amiidae (bowfin, 1 species, freshwater)!! DIVISION TELEOSTEI 27,000+ species!!!! NEXT! ( After a brief romp through fish evolution)!

Euteleostomi. Actinopterygii. Class Actinopterygii, Subclass Chondrostei, Order Acipenseriformes, Sturgeon and Paddlefish

Euteleostomi. Actinopterygii. Class Actinopterygii, Subclass Chondrostei, Order Acipenseriformes, Sturgeon and Paddlefish Acipenseriformes: spiracles heterocercal caudal fin Cartilaginous skeleton (secondary) spiral valve Actinopterygii Euteleostomi Class Actinopterygii, Subclass Chondrostei, Order Acipenseriformes, Sturgeon