CIGUATERA POISONING AND ITS POTENTIAL INCIDENCE RISKS FROM OTEC PLANT OPERATION IN TROPICAL WATERS

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1 CIGUATERA POISONING AND ITS POTENTIAL INCIDENCE RISKS FROM OTEC PLANT OPERATION IN TROPICAL WATERS Marziah Z. 1, Mahdzir A. 1,2, Musa M.N. 2, 1 Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 2 Ocean Thermal Energy Centre (OTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, marziah.zahar@gmail.com

2 INTRODUCTION 2

toxicus Name Gambierdiscus toxicus (Adachi and Fukuyo, 1979) Phylum Origin Toxin secretion Dinoflagellate Host

3 INTRODUCTION 3 MORPHOLOGY & STRUCTURE 1. Photosynthetic species 2. Yellow to golden-brown chloroplast 3. Large crescent-shaped nucleus ECOLOGY Fig. 1 SEM image of G. toxicus Name Gambierdiscus toxicus (Adachi and Fukuyo, 1979) Phylum Origin Toxin secretion Dinoflagellate Host brown microalgae Location Gambier Island, French Polynesia Polyether marine toxins Ciguatoxin, maitotoxin, gambieric acid EPIPHYTE 1. Macroalgae 2. Dead coral Chan 2015

HABITAT LOCALITY & RECENT CIGUATERA OUTBREAK 4 Caribbean Indian Ocean South Korea Hong Kong Southern China coastal Taiwan Iloilo, Philippines Gulf of Thailand Kelantan, Malaysia Sampadi

4 HABITAT LOCALITY & RECENT CIGUATERA OUTBREAK 4 Caribbean Indian Ocean South Korea Hong Kong Southern China coastal Taiwan Iloilo, Philippines Gulf of Thailand Kelantan, Malaysia Sampadi Island, Malaysia Kakeroma Island, Kagoshima Prefecture Okinawa Prefecture Hawaii, USA Pacific Ocean Florida, USA U.S Virgin Islands Reunion Island Australia Figure generated by Z. Marziah, 2015

monostigma (15.4%), L. Bohar (14.1) --- Okinawa (89.7%) 1 dead Red grouper (64%), Toothed jobfish (18%), doctor fish & moray eel (9%).

5 SOUTHERN CHINA VIETNAM JAPAN TAIWAN MALAYSIA PHILIPINES HAWAII FISH SPECIES Tiger grouper, humphead wrasse, leopard coral grouper, sea bass, flowery grouper, moral eel, giant grouper & areolated coral grouper Red Snapper (Lutjanus campechanus), Barracuda V. Louti (20.5%), L. monostigma (15.4%), L. Bohar (14.1) --- Okinawa (89.7%) 1 dead Red grouper (64%), Toothed jobfish (18%), doctor fish & moray eel (9%). Southern Taiwan (73%) Red Snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) Barracuda. Red Snapper Tropical reef fish: Roi, kole, ulua, papio 5 LA REUNION Serranidae fish (50%)

6 TRENDS OF CIGUATERA OUTBREAK 6 TYPE OF FISH LOCATION Shallow Tropical Coral Sea Temperate Coral Sea SERRANIDAE FAMILY >> Tropical coral reef species (Chan, 2015) 1. Sea bass 2. Grouper 3. Giant Grouper SPHYRAENIDAE FAMILY Barracuda (Liang et al. 2009) SPHYRAENIDAE FAMILY CROSS CONTAMINATION Imported Fish, Algae Rare to none occurrence to the deep sea water / migratory fish (Radke, 2015) MORTALITY Rare. One fatality case reported in Taiwan (Chan, 2015) EUTROPHICATION 1. Destructed coral 2. High fisheries activity 3. Construction offshore 4. Nutrition alteration (alkaline) (Parsons, 2015) (Chan, 2015) Moray Eel (Tsai et al. 2009)

Roe Early Symptom: Vomiting Diarrhea Nausea Abdominal pain Muscle

7 HEALTH IMPACT 7 Pathogenesis: 30 minutes after consumption of infected fish parts. 1. Fish head 2. Viscera 3. Skin 4. Roe Early Symptom: Vomiting Diarrhea Nausea Abdominal pain Muscle tingling Dehydration Severe Symptom: Bradycardia Temporal paralysis Coma Death Chan 2015

8 POTENTIAL CIAGUATERA OCCURRENCE FROM OTEC OPERATION 8 Before OTEC construction begins. The strategic area has a high Ciguatera outbreak case for two decades and more Hypothesis: If the plant is closer to coral reef. High chances of Ciguatera occurrence 1. Hawaii 2. La Reunion 3. Okinawa Location Near to shallow coral reef zone. No Ciguatera case reported from open water region. G.Toxicus optimum growth (Bagnis 1985) 1. Water Temperature: 25 C 2. Slight fresh air ( C) 3. ph 8.2 to ED clearly in the range of lux Hypothesis: G. Toxicus a very sensitive to brightness and changes in salinity and temperature. OTEC Costal development increases the level of nutrients and freshwater intrusion (harmful for coral reef) Degraded coral reef stimulates G. toxicus abundance New surfaces for macroalgae to grow on (food for G. toxicus) Hypothesis: Construction project and coastal development on the Kona coast has caused a large Ciguatera incidents (Gollop and Pon 1992)

9 CONCLUSION 9 Ciguatera risk assessment must be conducted to all OTEC plant potential site for G. toxicus abundance. The potential area with proven Ciguatera poisoning case must be carefully studied to assess infection severity. In fact some government agencies start to disallowed further development in coastal water to combat the ciguatera surges. Because of unknown G. toxicus true bloom mechanisms, many marine biologist believes that eutrophication is not a sole factor for Ciguatera poisoning surge and it is not the reason to allow any excessive construction in the tropical coral reef region

10 10 SOME RELEVANT REFERENCES [1] Bagnis, R., Chanteau, S., Chungue, E., Hurtel, J. M., Yasumoto, T., & Inoue, A. (1980) Origins of ciguatera fish poisoning: a new dinoflagellate, Gambierdiscus toxicus Adachi and Fukuyo, definitively involved as a causal agent. Toxicon, 18(2), [2] Chan, T. Y. (2015). Emergence and Epidemiology of Ciguatera in the Coastal Cities of Southern China. Marine drugs, 13(3), [3] Chan, T. Y. (2015). Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in East Asia and Southeast Asia. Marine drugs, 13(6), [4] Liang, C.K., Lo, Y.K., Li, J.Y., Lai, P.H. (2009) Reversible corpus callosum lesion in Ciguatera poisoning. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr, [5] Tsai, W.L, Chen, H.M., Hsieh, C.H., Lin, W.F., Hwang, D.F. (2009). A potential methodology for differentiation of ciguatoxincarrying species of moray eel. Food Control. 20, [6] Hsieh, C.H., Hwang, K.L., Lee, M.M., Lan, C.H., Lin, W.F., Hwang, D.F., (2009). Species identification of ciguatoxin-carrying grouper implicated in food poisoning. J. Food Prot. 72, [7] Parsons, M. (2015). Th Does Eutrophication Play A Role in Ciguatera Fish Poisoning?. 145th Annual Meeting. American Fisheries Society Portland Oregon th August [8] Bagnis R. The ciguatera risk Mayotte: mission report. ITRMLM report, 396 / MRI / OCE 1985.

11 11 THANK YOU

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