Dr. Joe Meisel 1. BY ZONE: Pelagic Fish - Epipelagic. BY ZONE: Pelagic Fish - Epipelagic. BY ZONE: Pelagic Fish - Epipelagic
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1 BY ZONE: Pelagic Fish - Epipelagic Epipelagic Environment (0-200 m) Yellowfin Tuna Mahi Mahi ( Dorado ) BY ZONE: Pelagic Fish - Epipelagic BY ZONE: Pelagic Fish - Epipelagic Epipelagic Environment (0-200 m) sunlight productivity - phytoplankton oxygen - waves, photosynth habitat diversity Epipelagic Environment (0-200 m) sunlight productivity - phytoplankton oxygen - waves, photosynth habitat diversity visual predators Yellowfin Tuna visual predators countershading silvery/mirrored scales Yellowfin Tuna rapid swimmers rapid swimmers heavily muscled fusiform shape forked tail Mahi Mahi ( Dorado ) Mahi Mahi ( Dorado ) TUNA, FUSIFORM SWIMMERS BY ZONE: Pelagic Fish - Epipelagic Fishes low diversity, high abundance many spp schooling forage fish (aka baitfish ) herring anchovy *near coasts (=Neritic zone) Peruvian Anchoveta large sharks tunas, jacks, billfish Sailfish Tiger Shark Dr. Joe Meisel 1
2 BY ZONE: Neritic BY ZONE: Pelagic Fish - Mesopelagic Environment (over continental shelf -- 8%) complex habitat - reefs, walls, canyons stable conditions - temp, light highly productive - photosynthesis + allochthonous inputs Fishes high abundance most of world s fisheries high diversity (78%) - species, forms rich reef communities - corals, rocks we will cover these separately! Mesopelagic Environment ( m) BY ZONE: Pelagic Fish - Mesopelagic Mesopelagic Environment ( m) sunlight dissolved O 2 temperature nutrients BY ZONE: Pelagic Fish - Mesopelagic Mesopelagic Environment ( m) sunlight dissolved O 2 temperature nutrients not strongly fusiform vertical migrations --> epipelagic feed on plankton large eyes countershading belly photophores BY ZONE: Pelagic Fish - Mesopelagic Fishes low diversity, low abundance LANTERNFISH SCHOOL Bigeye Tuna migrates epi <--> meso pelagic anchovy Lanternfish 65% of all deep sea fish biomass! Barreleye upturned eyes Dr. Joe Meisel 2
3 BY ZONE: Demersal Fish BY ZONE: Demersal Fish Environment ( on, or near bottom ) rock, sand, silt, gravel continental shelf - photic deep waters - aphotic Environment ( on, or near bottom ) rock, sand, silt, gravel continental shelf - photic deep waters - aphotic bottom feeders downturned (inferior) mouths flat ventral side spiracles (rays) - gill input benthic fish (on bottom) negative buoyancy (swim bladder) camouflage, sit-and-wait predators Scorpionfish benthopelagic fish (near bottom) neutral buoyancy swim bladder, or oil-rich liver active hunters, patrol substrate Scorpionfish BY ZONE: Demersal Fish GALAPAGOS FLOUNDER Fishes important fisheries flatfish: flounder, sole Atlantic Cod stingrays eat buried crustaceans small invertebrate-eaters blennies gobies Atlantic Cod Blenny MOVEMENTS BETWEEN OCEAN ZONES Why Move? resources dynamic, cyclical requirements vary w/ size refuge from predators tradeoffs: safety vs. productivity dispersion vs. aggregation TROPICS TEMPERATE POLAR phytoplankton production Dr. Joe Meisel 3
4 Generalized Fish Life Cycle Fish Migrations Spawning Habitat 1. Spawning: diadromous: between fresh & salt spawn in fresh, grow in salt - Anadromy spawn in salt, grow in fresh - Catadromy oceanic --> near-shore polar seas --> tropical females feeding sites, eggs Migrations occur between all three phases Refuge Habitat Feeding & Growing Habitat Fish Migrations TUNA MIGRATION TRACK 2. Feeding: to high productivity upwellings cold water vertical migrations to nutrient-rich shallows track seasonal patterns zooplankton vertical migration global upwellings Fish Migrations 3. Refuge-seeking (local): from risks: in feeding, or spawning areas open water (forage) to rocks (safety) Navigation? rheotaxis - into current olfaction - salmon, et al. visual cues electromagnetism Hieroglyphic Hawkfish Magnetite crystals in Rainbow Trout olfactory cells Dr. Joe Meisel 4
5 Thunnus maccoyii Gadus morhua Southern Bluefin Tuna CR Atlantic Cod VU Epinephelus morio Mola mola Red Grouper NT Ocean Sunfish VU Sphyrna lewini Rhincodon typus Scalloped Hammerhead EN Whale Shark EN Dr. Joe Meisel 5
6 Lutjanus campechanus Red Snapper VU FEEDING ECOLOGY: Feeding Guilds Predators 50% to 70% of all species 1. Vertebrate-eaters fast swimming big mouths canine teeth 2. Invertebrate*-eaters (*most common food source) slow swimming mouth small, shape variable FEEDING ECOLOGY: Feeding Guilds Grazers (= herbivores + algae scrapers) teeth: incisors algae-eaters: long gut Corallivores (*grazers + corallivores = 15% of spp.) eat coral polyps + symbiotic algae long gut, no stomach Parrotfish Trumpetfish Barracuda Butterflyfish Herring Manta Ray FEEDING ECOLOGY: Feeding Guilds Grazers (= herbivores + algae scrapers) teeth: incisors algae-eaters: long gut Corallivores (*grazers + corallivores = 15% of spp.) eat coral polyps + symbiotic algae long gut, no stomach Detritivores, Scavengers common in deep sea - falling food Planktivores (most forage fish ) mesopelagic small, schooling... or very large water clarity Parrotfish FEEDING ECOLOGY: Predators & Prey Predation = widespread & intense 3D, transparent environment intense selection pressure: adaptation: detection, capture, camouflage behavior: be a generalist, eat quickly diversification: >18,000 spp of marine fish Herring Manta Ray Lionfish Dr. Joe Meisel 6
7 FEEDING: Prey Detection & Capture BARRACUDA Predation Strategies: 1. darting predators (water column): barracuda 1a. crypsis + darting: trumpetfish *both groups: fast-start performance elongate & flexible long snout, fins far back 2. cursorial ( pursuit ) predators: jacks, tuna sustained speed: fusiform & muscular FEEDING: Prey Detection & Capture DIAMOND STINGRAY FEEDING Predation Strategies: 3. contact searchers: goatfish, catfish selection for chemosensory Goatfish 4. speculative probing (or blasting): triggerfish 5. sit-and-wait (+ crypsis): scorpionfishes 6. prey luring: anglerfish 7. suck & sift: stingray inferior mouth, bottom feeders 8. filter: manta ray, whale shark Scorpionfish WHALE SHARK FEEDING FEEDING: Prey Location & Size Mouth location terminal: prey ahead (midwater) superior: surface feeders inferior: bottom feeders Prey size (limited by gape ) Macro-Prey: predators: muscular stomach, strong acids sharp teeth... or engulfing mouth Micro-Prey cannot chase tiny prey ( cost) predators: small mouth, strainers (e.g., baleens), molars, pharyngeal teeth Dr. Joe Meisel 7
8 FEEDING: Prey Capture Teeth: canines, molars, buccal, pharyngeal Thrashing: cutting teeth shred prey FEEDING: Defenses Against Predation Early detection: smell predators at distance Hide (holes & crevices): octopi, eels, small reef fish Dangers from prey sharks - let sea lions bleed to death pufferfish - eat only small crabs bass - eat small crayfish when exoskel hard recall Search Time vs. Handling Time Crypsis: flatfish, frogfish, octopus, etc. sit-and-wait predation Spines & armor: pufferfish (+puffing) fin rays (spines) boxfish Garden Eel Buccal teeth Octopus Boxfish Frogfish (& coral) FEEDING: Defenses Against Predation Benefits of Schooling (other than smartyness) Toxicity: pufferfish, parrotfish, lionfish Vigorous swimming: C-start reflex or flying Spotfin Lionfish Schooling shoal vs. school vs. bait ball coordination -- lateral line C-start reflex bait ball Benefits of Schooling (other than smartyness) Anti-Predator Defense: confusion (distant) & confusion (near) dilution detection Enhanced Foraging: capture larger prey flush hidden prey overwhelm territorial spp Spawning Aggregations: fertilization Migration: hydrodynamic efficiency Benefits of Schooling (other than smartyness) Anti- Predator Defense: confusion (distant) & confusion (near) dilution detection Enhanced Foraging: capture larger prey flush hidden prey overwhelm territorial spp Spawning Aggregations: fertilization Migration: hydrodynamic efficiency Danger from Humans: large schools = fishery targets Dr. Joe Meisel 8
9 VIDEO: FISH SCHOOLING BALL GROWTH & REPRODUCTION REPRODUCTION: Breeding Systems Overview Indeterminate growth size age (gravity) External Fertilization: 94% of fish Oviparity: eggs --> larvae --> fish: 97% of spp. Semelparity vs. Iteroparity energy investment: 60-85% (S) vs % (I) offspring: precocial (S) vs. altricial (I) high adult mortality --> Semel. predictable environment --> Itero. maximize #offspring and %survival (n*s) Female Polygamy - most common incl. spawning aggregations some spp. w/ harems serial hermaphroditism Monogamy - serranids, anemonefish parental care... or... territory defense Salmon - Semelparous Gray Angelfish - Iteroparous Male Bluehead Wrasses REPRODUCTION: Spawning Spawning aggregate M s & F s fertilization success 1/3 of spp. = pelagic ( broadcast ) spawners 2/3 = demersal spawners nearly all w/ pelagic (buoyant) eggs need: suitable currents larval transport to productive areas LONG DISTANCE DISPERSAL VIDEO: BOXFISH & WRASSE SPAWNING Cubero Snappers Camouflage Groupers Dr. Joe Meisel 9
10 REPRODUCTION: Mating Mate Choice Courtship & displays size dominance -- common sneakers vs. egg guarding Sexual selection striking colors, shapes, behaviors bright colors fitness Handicap Hypothesis : brightest = good predator avoider REPRODUCTION: Care Parental Care guard eggs - Damselfish, Sergeant Majors brood young - Seahorses, Jawfishes ovovivipary most sharks Cultivation Hypothesis : lg. predators eat small predators (not med) reduce future risk for offspring Yellowfin Fairy Wrasses (M - above, F - below) Boxfish Mandarin fish Sergeant Major, egg-guarding Jawfish, mouth-brooding REPRODUCTION: Eggs Fish Size & Productivity few large (>90 mm) eggs... or... many (millions) small larger females --> more eggs (1.5X length -> 10X eggs) more eggs: pelagic spawners few eggs: demersal spawners, parental care Shark egg case REPRODUCTION: Larvae 1. Precocial Larvae LG eggs, LG yolks, slow growth well-developed larvae: sensory, locomotion able to disperse, feed -- planktotrophic 2. Altricial Larvae SM eggs, ext. yolk sac, fast growth weak swimmers, poor hunters: planktonic poor dispersal: must be delivered to food lecithotrophic Survival mortality high: Type III curve Clown Anemonefish & eggs Sunfish (Mola mola) yolk sac Sailfish larva REPRODUCTION: Juveniles Juvenile Stage Settlement to sexual maturity settle near adults (how??) small, often differently colored competition w/ adults esp. harem males Recruitment (=entry into breeding population by juveniles) variability & fisheries impacts VIDEO: JUVENILE FISH COLORATION Schooling Bannerfish Dr. Joe Meisel 10
11 REPRODUCTION: Evolutionary Balancing Act Reproduction semelparity: energy investment iteroparity: # reproductive events Spawning broadcast: fertilization uncertain courtship: predation risk Eggs few large: survivorship many small: # chances Parental Care high: survivorship, risk to adult low: survivorship, adult risk RESULT: Enormous Diversity of Solutions! Dr. Joe Meisel 11
Predation Cycle-5 parts
Fish as Predators Predator-prey relations: Predators have to eat (if they don t eat, fitness = 0) Prey die if they are eaten (if they are eaten, fitness = 0) Predator-prey arms race can drive evolution
Predation Cycle-5 parts
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