Aquaculture of the Tilapias. Barry A. Costa-Pierce University of New England Biddeford, Maine USA

Transcription

1 Aquaculture of the Tilapias Barry A. Costa-Pierce University of New England Biddeford, Maine USA

2 Dr. Ngege

3 Social Ecology of Tilapia Aquaculture is Culture The common name tilapia is based on the name of the Cichlid genus Tilapia Andrew Smith a Scottish Zoologist Andrew Smith named the genus in Tilapia is a latinization of thiape, a Tswana word for "fish. The moniker "St. Peter's fish" comes from the story in the Christian Bible about the apostle Peter catching a fish that carried a coin in its mouth.

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5 Tilapiine Fish of the Genera Oreochromis, Sarotherodon & Tilapia (Trewavas 1983) R and K selection Oreochromis maternal Mouthbrooders Sarotherodon biparental Mouthbrooders Tilapia substrate spawners (guarders)

6 Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus Saline-tolerant coastal estuaries 35 degrees South

7 Wami River tilapia Oreochromis urolepis hornorum O. urolepis

8 Blue tilapia Oreochromis aureus

9 Supraspecies Concept & Evolution Blue tilapia Oreochromis aureus Widely distributed species considered ancient that is falling apart due to the recent drying of Africa, caused stock isolation and speciation. Allopatric and Sympatric speciation. BUT newly isolated populations still reproductively compatible due to recent divergence; in captivity produce reproductively viable hybrids; use of external morpohometric

10 Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Exotic species South of 10 0

11 Lake Victoria niloticus

12 Tilapia trends Top internationally traded aquaculture species ~3 MMT (2010) Forecast ~13 MMT y 2020 Latin population increasing consumption Price rises to $2/lb. Competition from Pangasius, haddock, polock

13 Karonga tilapia Oreochromis karongae

14 Costa-Pierce, B. & J. Rakocy. ilapia Aquaculture in the Americas Volume 1 & 2 (1997, 2000) World Aquaculture Society Lake Victoria Tilapia

15 A Tropical Beast! Soderberg (1992) Temperature Study Growth: 2X inc. 2X at 77 deg. F than 68 deg. F 3 X at 82 deg. F vs. 68 deg. F FCR: 82 deg. F 16% better FCR than at 72 F Disease (infections by Strep higher at deg. F than deg F)

16 Cold tolerances for Oreochromis mossambicus Temp ( o C) Reports Refs 5.5 Total mortalities Li et al. (1961) 8-10 Total mortalities Chimits (1957) Total mortalities Kelly (1956) 8-10 Low temperature tolerance limits 11 Total mortalities after 5 days 11 Survived at 15 Cold stress & fungal infections <20 Severe fungal infections beyond 120 hr Chervinski (1982) Allanson et al. (1962) Allanson et al. (1971) 5 ppt 15 Cold stress Caulton (1978) Al Amoudi et al. (1996) Allanson et al. (1971)

17 Salinity (ppt) Reports Refs 14 Highest 28 o C Payne et al. (1978) Salinity tolerances for Oreochromis mossambicus 30 Grew well; reproduced 30 Reproduced in ponds Chimits (1957) Vaas & Hofstede (1952) 35 Reproduced in Fiji Hora & Pillay (1962) >45 Reproduced; reduced life span Costa-Pierce & Riedel (2000) 49 Reproduced Popper & Lichatowich (1975) 61 Successful adaptation Dange (1985) 69 Reproduced Potts et al. (1967) ~120 Successful adaptation if gradual change Whitfield & Blaber (1976)

18 Stomach ph Tilapia Feeding Ecology Reidel, R. & Costa-Pierce, B.A Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 7 in review Spring 3 2 Summer 8 7 Fall 8 7 Winter

19 Daily rhythms of feeding activity 67% of total activity occurred in day Feeding was NOCTUNAL 93% of daily food demands occurred at night Fortes-Silva et al. (2010) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 156:

20 Business Success Feed Success! Seed Need

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23 Protein concentrate replaced 100% of menhaden fishmeal for tilapia

24 Market-driven development Tilapia Aquaculture Technology s Markets s

25 Tilapia aquaculture Second most important farmed fish in World after the carps Most widely grown of any farmed fish Asian countries are the major producers and consumers

26 Others World Tilapia Production of 2.38 million MT in 2006 Americas Africa Asia

27 Vietnam Ecuador Cuba Costa Rica Honduras Malaysia Others United States Colombia Indonesia Brasil Taiwan China Thailand Mexico Philippines Egypt

28 China Egypt Philippines Mexico Thailand Taiwan Brasil Indonesia Colombia Cuba Ecuador Vietnam Costa Rica Honduras United States Others metric tons per year World Tilapia Production of 2.38 million MT in ,200,000 1,000, , , , ,000 0

29 Top Ten Seafoods (U.S.) per capita (lbs) Tuna 3.5 Shrimp 3.4 Shrimp 3.7 Shrimp 4.0 Shrimp 4.2 Shrimp 4.1 Shrimp 4.4 Shrimp 3.2 Tuna 2.9 Tuna 3.1 Tuna 3.4 Tuna 3.4 Tuna 3.1 Tuna 2.9 Pollock 1.6 Salmon 2.0 Salmon 2.0 Salmon 2.2 Salmon 2.2 Salmon 2.4 Salmon 2.0 Salmon 1.5 Pollock 1.2 Pollock 1.1 Pollock 1.7 Pollock 1.7 Pollock 1.5 Pollock 1.6 Catfish 1.1 Catfish 1.1 Catfish 1.1 Catfish 1.1 Catfish 1.1 Catfish 1.0 Tilapia 1.0 Cod 0.8 Cod 0.6 Cod 0.7 Cod 0.6 Tilapia 0.7 Tilapia 0.8 Catfish 0.97 Clams 0.5 Clams 0.5 Crabs 0.6 Crabs 0.6 Cod 0.6 Crabs 0.6 Crabs 0.66 Crabs 0.4 Crabs 0.4 Clams 0.5 Tilapia 0.5 Crabs 0.6 Cod 0.6 Cod 0.51 Flatfish 0.4 Flatfish 0.4 Tilapia 0.4 Clams 0.5 Clams 0.5 Clams 0.4 Clams 0.44 Scallops 0.3 Tilapia 0.4 Flatfish 0.3 Scallops 0.3 Scallops 0.3 Scallops 0.3 Scallops 0.31 Tilapia 0.3

30 Metric tons US Tilapia consumption (imports and domestic) 368,295 mt of live weight (equivalent) , , , , , , ,000 50,

31 Metric tons Tilapia product forms imported to the U.S. 180, , , , ,000 80,000 Whole Frozen Fillet Frozen Fillet Fresh 60,000 40,000 20,000 0

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33 IQF Fillets in re-sealable packages

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35 Tilapia Orange Juice

36 Current Global Market Trends Increase in demand for all forms of tilapia Demand will be greatest for frozen fillets (32.4 of 43.7 mil lbs. to US (Oct. 2010) High profit margin for prepared meals assembled and packaged in developing countries

37 Tilapia the Sustainable farmed fish Herbivore / omnivore, low trophic level Algae, bacteria, and detritus (bioflocs) are new, important food sources Prepared feeds are mostly grains and ag byproducts Promoted by aid agencies and NGO s Dr. M. Gupta awarded World Food Prize for promotion of tilapia aquaculture, June 10, 2005 Disease resistant and tolerant of poor water quality. Antibiotics and chemicals are not needed for commercial farming.

38 Tilapia research focus s s Genetics Feeds genetic manipulation decrease production costs 1. obtain & develop new genetic stocks 2. increase market value 3. Market research focus industry segmentation & organization market expansion

39 Obtaining New Genetic Stocks Why? Small founder stock sizes; susceptibility to diseases; unknown environmental & genetic tolerances of mixtures Oreochromis niloticus (growth, size) O. karongae (growth, size) O. aureus (cold tolerance) O. mossambicus (salinity & cold tolerances) O. urolepis (growth, salinity & cold)

40 Oreochromis mossambicus in USA 1962 Hawaii < 1953? Arizona California? 1953? Oklahoma?? Alabama Singapore (Malaya) 5 fish rec d??? Subsaharan Africa

41 Improved Strains of Red Snapper

42 Tilapia (June 2007, Tesco, UK) $18 US per kg whole fish!!!!

43 International Cooperation with Africa Obtaining new genetic materials for global stock improvements University scholarship program funded by industries who participate Accelerated on-farm & aquaculture farming systems R&D in Africa Building infrastructure in Africa Developing human resources in Africa

44 Society s Success Scales Ecosystems Fisheries Agriculture Feed Seed Ecosystems Wild Fisheries Success Need = Market Opportunity Costs Fisheries Agriculture Price & Volume Infrastructure Economic Development Green Jobs