How Marine-Derived Nutrients Benefit Both Natural and Model Stream Systems
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1 How Marine-Derived Nutrients Benefit Both Natural and Model Stream Systems Kurt M. Samways 1 and Margaret Q. Guyette 2 1 University of New Brunswick, Canadian Rivers Institute, Department of Biology, Fredericton NB. 2 Department of Wildlife Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME.
2 Marine-derived Nutrients: Ecosystem Needs Many stream ecosystems throughout northeastern North America are nutrient limited
3 Marine-derived Nutrients: Ecosystem Needs Many stream ecosystems throughout northeastern North America are nutrient limited Migrating fish move essential materials across ecosystem boundaries.
4 Marine-derived Nutrients: Ecosystem Needs Many stream ecosystems throughout northeastern North America are nutrient limited Allochthonous nutrient and carbon inputs can be the primary driver of stream productivity
5 The Majority of MDN studies have focused on Pacific northwest ecosystems Photo: Brittany Graham
6 Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in western North America Chinook Chinook Sockeye Semelparous (except steelhead) Carcasses Excretory Products Eggs Spring, late summer and fall runs Pink Chum Coho Steelhead U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, NOAA, Georgia Strait Alliance
7 Anadromous fish in the Atlantic Atlantic salmon Shortnose sturgeon Atlantic sturgeon Rainbow smelt Brook Trout Iteroparous (except sea lamprey) Excretory Products Eggs Diverse life histories and spawning event timing Diverse freshwater habitats U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, NOAA Alewife Blueback herring American shad Striped bass Tomcod Sea lamprey
8 Marine-derived Nutrients Impact Freshwater Productivity
9 Change in Marine Nutrient Loading Adult salmon returns in the St. John River at the Mactaquac Dam SW MSW Total
10 Change in Marine Nutrient Loading Adult salmon returns in the St. John River at the Mactaquac Dam SW MSW Total 2452
11 Change in Marine Nutrient Loading Adult salmon returns in the St. John River at the Mactaquac Dam SW MSW Total
12 Change in Marine Nutrient Loading Adult salmon returns in the St. John River at the Mactaquac Dam SW MSW Total * Total N 610 Kg 57 Kg * Total P 8 Kg 0.5 Kg * Calculations are based on excretory products and gametes only, no mortality
13 Change in Marine Nutrient Loading Cows Manure tonnes 5.75 tonnes Number of cows/amount of manure to produce the equivalent amount of nutrients
14 Objective Compare effects of marine-derived nutrient inputs from natural and supplemental sources on stream productivity
15 Study Areas Natural Anadromous Populations New Brunswick Indiantown Brook Anadromous Species Smelt Alewife Lamprey Salmon Rocky Brook Cross Creek Doctor s Brook Oromocto River Knoydart Brook N 100 km
16 Study Area Nutrient Addition Study 4 Streams Carcass Analog BioOregon Product Fall Chinook salmon (hatchery) ~10%N, 2.2%P Free of pathogens Density 0.10 kg/m 2 Timing Lamprey : July Kingsbury Plantation Piscataquis County Maine
17 δ15n Stable Isotopes as Ecological Tracers High Marine Low Low Freshwater δ13c High
18 δ15n Stable Isotopes as Ecological Tracers High Marine Low Low Freshwater δ13c High
19 d 15 N ( ) Incorporation of MDN into the Freshwater Food Web by Macroinvertebrates d 15 N ( ) Natural System Model System Smelt eggs Carcass Analog 12 June May 24 May 14 May 6 Control Sites July 13 June 23 Control August 24 July d 13 C ( ) d 13 C ( )
20 Productivity Responses to Marine-Derived Nutrients Primary Productivity (Biofilm) Fish Growth/Health Invertebrates
21 Differences in Invertebrate Abundance Natural System Smelt River Alewife River Area With MDN Area Without MDN
22 Differences in Invertebrate Abundance Model System
23 Condition Factor (g cm 3 100) Changes in Body Condition of Atlantic Salmon Parr in the Presence of MDN Natural System Model System MDN Inputs Control Lamprey Spawning June July Aug Sept Oct Fish Mass (g) Treatment Control (0+ Parr) Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov
24 % Lipid Total Lipid Composition in Salmon Parr % Lipid Natural System Model System Oct 6 Nov 22 Dec 9 Dec 29 Jan 25 MDN Inputs Control % Total Lipid by Wet Mass Control Treatment (0+ Parr) 1.0 Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Spawning Period Carcass Analog Addition
25 % Lipid Omega 6 Fatty Acids Natural System % Lipid 4.00 Brain Gonad MDN Inputs Control Oct 6 Nov 22 Dec 9 Dec 29 Jan 25 Oct 6 Nov 22 Dec 9 Dec 29 Jan Muscle MDN Inputs Control Oct 6 Nov 22 Dec 9 Dec 29 Jan 25 Spawning Period
26 Total Chlorophyll Abundance (μg cm -2 ) Changes in Productivity - Biofilm Abundance with Anadromous Fish Spawning Natural System MDN Inputs Control 0.00 Sept Oct Nov Dec 0.00 May July Sept Nov Atlantic Salmon Spawning Rainbow Smelt Spawning Spawning Period
27 Changes in Productivity - Biofilm Abundance with Anadromous Fish Spawning Model System
28
29 Chlorophyll a (μg cm -2 ) Fertilizer Additions Do Not have the Same Ecological Effects as Carcasses No. Individuals/Basket % Change in Condition Biofilm Invertebrates Salmon Parr HF 0 CF C LC HC LF CF 0 C LC HC LF HF C = Control LC = Low Carcass HC = High Carcass LF = Low Fertilizer HC = High Fertilizer CF = Low Carcass & Low Fertilizer CF -15 C LC HC LF HF Wipfli et. al 2010 (Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 139)
30 Point Source vs. Pulsed Nutrient Inputs Point Source Nutrient Addition Pulsed Nutrient Addition
31 What is the Research Question? To restore rivers to their natural state Recovery of a single species (i.e. salmon)
32 What is the Research Question? To restore rivers to their natural state Recovery of a single species (i.e. salmon) Current Nutrient State
33 MDN In the System What is the Research Question? To restore rivers to their natural state Recovery of a single species (i.e. salmon) Current Nutrient State d 15 N Smelt Atlantic Salmon Lamprey Alewife April June Aug Oct Dec Timing of Nutrient Additions
34 MDN In the System What is the Research Question? To restore rivers to their natural state Recovery of a single species (i.e. salmon) Current Nutrient State Location d 15 N Smelt Atlantic Salmon Lamprey Alewife April June Aug Oct Dec Timing of Nutrient Additions
35 Nutrient Subsidies Have a Relatively Small Effect Range 500m Affected Range water flow
36 11 km Section
37 11 km Section of the Little Southwest Miramichi Otter Brook (~4.2 km Long)
38 MDN In the System Type of Nutrient Subsidy What is the Research Question? To restore rivers to their natural state Recovery of a single species (i.e. salmon) Current Nutrient State Location d 15 N Smelt Atlantic Salmon Lamprey Alewife April June Aug Oct Dec Timing of Nutrient Additions
39 Summary Anadromous fish bring nutrients and other constituents to freshwater ecosystems MDN/nutrient subsidies inputs result in increased productivity at various trophic levels Increased productivity is better quality with the incorporation of essential fatty acids Nutrient additions need to be strategic based on specific restoration goals Nutrient additions are designed to be used in concert with other restoration techniques
40 Acknowledgements Cynthia Loftin and Joseph Zydlewski, USGS Maine Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit USFWS Craig Brook National Fish Hatchery Maine Department of Natural Resources Bureau of Searun Fisheries and Habitat Rick Cunjak SINLAB, Mactaquac Biodiversity Facility, St. Andrews Biological Station Cunjak Lab Photo credit R. Cunjak
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