Swimming against the tide gates. Paul Franklin
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1 Swimming against the tide gates Paul Franklin
2 Introduction Flood & tide gates used worldwide Act as physical barriers Modify aquatic environment Impact on aquatic communities
3 What are tide gates?
4 How do they work? Gate closes opens High Low tide
5 How do tide gates affect fish? Closed gates block fish movements Loss of tidal variability in upstream habitats. Alterations in water depth, velocity, substrate types and water quality. Fast & turbulent water when open restricts fish movement
6 How do tide gates affect fish? Lower Waikato catchment Access to around 1,100 km of streams & rivers restricted Includes c. 24% of suitable habitat for inanga Prevent fish from reaching critical habitats to complete life cycle Reduce abundance & diversity of fish
7 Research needs How do different gate types/configurations impact fish passage & instream habitat conditions? What characteristics of these structures have greatest influence on fish passage & habitat? How can we design effective retrofit solutions? How well do existing retrofit options work?
8 Case study: Motueka estuary Un-gated culvert Gated culvert Doehring et al. (2011) Suitability of DIDSON to monitor juvenile fish movement at floodgates. NZJMFR 45:3 p
9 Case study: Motueka estuary :20 19: Whitebait numbers moving /10-12:00 30/10-12:00 31/10-12:00 29/10-00:00 30/10-00:00 31/10-00:00 01/11-00: Tide height Doehring et al. (2011) Suitability of DIDSON to monitor juvenile fish movement at floodgates. NZJMFR 45:3 p Gated 263 indiv Un-gated 1041 indiv 0
10 Case study: Motueka estuary Number of fish passing the gated culvert 75% less however, some fish still able to pass Fish generally moving at low tide at both sites Greater proportion of fish moving at night at the gated site Doehring et al. (2011) Suitability of DIDSON to monitor juvenile fish movement at floodgates. NZJMFR 45:3 p
11 Case study: Kurere Stream Investigate effects of tide gates on: Fish passage Aquatic habitat Evaluate potential mitigation options
12 Case study: Kurere Stream Small catchment Stream length c. 5.5 km Lower 2.5 km naturally tidally influenced, but not saline Six 1.5 m diameter tide gates Lowland heavily modified Upland reasonably natural Water level, DO, temp sites 1-7 Fish sites 1-12
13 Case study: Kurere Stream 1. Do tide gates act as a physical barrier to migrating fish? Not completely true! Migratory fish present upstream Impacts on abundance? Aggregations of inanga observed downstream
14 Case study: Kurere Stream 2. Do tide gates modify upstream aquatic habitats making them less suitable for fish? True for sensitive native fish species Low DO & high temperatures exceed known tolerance levels of some native fish Exotic species more tolerant favoured in these habitats? Promotes proliferation of macrophytes
15 Case study: Kurere Stream 3. Can reintroducing partial tidal fluctuations improve aquatic habitat?
16 Stage (mm) Case study: Kurere Stream Jan 03 Jan 10 Jan 17 Site5 Site6 Site Maximum Mean Median Minimum Site1 Site2 Site3 Site Jan 03 Jan 10 Jan 17 Date Jan 03 Jan 10 Jan 17
17 Density Case study: Kurere Stream Site5 Site6 Site7 NS NS NS Closed Open 0.2 Site1 Site2 Site3 0.0 Site4 0.6 NS *** *** *** Temperature C
18 Density Case study: Kurere Stream Site5 Site6 Site7 *** NS NS Closed Open NS Site1 Site2 Site3 * *** *** 0.0 Site Dissolved oxygen mg L 1
19 Case study: Kurere Stream 3. Can reintroducing partial tidal fluctuations improve aquatic habitat? Trial limited in scope, but indicates this is at least partially true In long-run would also help fish passage Transferability to other systems? Everywhere is different! Flood defence issues
20 What can be done? Remove them! Leave them open except when they re needed Alternative designs: Side hung gates? Fish friendly gates? Fish friendly gate Credit: Kelly Hughes, ATS environmental
21 Conclusion Relatively little research on how tide gates impact the migration of native species Requires better understanding of fish lifecycles, behaviour, physiology & habitat requirements Best option is to not have a tide gate or leave it open as much as possible
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