Update on Mussel Restoration Efforts in the Clinch and Powell Rivers. Clinch-Powell Clean Rivers Initiative, St. Paul, VA September,
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1 Update on Mussel Restoration Efforts in the Clinch and Powell Rivers Clinch-Powell Clean Rivers Initiative, St. Paul, VA September,
2 BACKGROUND: Clinch-Powell contains critically endangered and rare mussel fauna Beyond need to improvement habitat conditions in each river, need for hatcheries to directly increase population sizes Tagged oyster mussels Funding sources include NRDAR, VDGIF (SWG), TNC/TVA and TWRA Releasing adult mussels
3 NRDAR Mussel Restoration Lone Mountain, Inc. Coal slurry spill 1996 Lee County Powell River 65 miles Certus, Inc. Octocure 554-revised spill 1998 Tazewell County Clinch River 7 miles
4 Clinch River Tanker Truck Spill
5 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Endangered Mussels in Upper Clinch River A refuge for mussel broodstock Tan Riffleshell Purple Bean Rabbitsfoot
6 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
7 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service One of the largest kills of endangered species in the history of the ESA!
8 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service COSTS OF MUSSEL RESTORATION: $3.8 million for Certus in the Clinch River $2.4 million for Lone Mountain in the Powell River Hatchery staff required for years Mussel propagation from Two facilities in Virginia required Aquatic Wildlife Conservation Center, VDGIF, Marion Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg
9 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 250 m NEWLY METAMORPHOSED JUVENILES
10 Diet Substrate Factors Affecting Survival and Growth of Cultured Juvenile Mussels Control of predators Water quality System design Species life history Maturity of glochidia ALGAE CULTURE Chambers in bucket with juveniles
11 Summary of NRDAR mussel production & releases by AWCC and FMCC from species produced >6.5 million mussels produced 25 species released >827,000 mussels released at more than a dozen sites, >120,000 older/larger mussels Including 12 federally listed endangered species Largest project of its kind in United States Species Total Produced Total Released Released >6 mo. old Mucket 120,811 44,180 0 Pheasantshell 749, ,331 1,232 Fanshell 21, Dromedary 127, Spike 42,873 1,272 1,219 Golden Riffleshell 22,670 27, Combshell 988,872 64,544 23,149 Oyster mussel 1.095,760 88,271 33,328 Snuffbox 57, Tennessee pigtoe 1, Shiny pigtoe 2, Cracking pearlymussel Wavy-rayed lampmussel 1,765, ,720 16,266 Pocketbook 761, ,908 6,661 Flutedshell 80, Tennessee heelsplitter 179,311 1,032 1,032 Birdwing pearlymussel 70, Slabside pearlymussel Black sandshell 159,953 1,489 1,489 Cumberland moccasinshell 53,951 3,585 3,140 Sheepnose Tennessee clubshell Kidneyshell 69,419 4,242 2,695 Fluted kidneyshell 125,115 3,669 2,100 Rabbitsfoot Cumberland monkeyface Rainbow mussel 821,012 61,956 13,670 Tennessee bean 106,358 10, Mountain creekshell 239,583 25,584 11,491 TOTAL 6,570, , ,661
12 Clinch River Mussel Release Sites
13 Powell River Mussel Release Sites
14 Mussel Releases Endangered Purple Bean
15 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
16 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
17 Restoration of Endangered Oyster Mussel >100,000 released 12 sites stocked in VA, TN, AL 4 new major populations established Survival and growth at sites excellent; recruitment observed
18 Endangered Oyster Mussel Clinch River, TN is only remaining viable population Need six viable populations to down list to threatened status Restoration efforts re-establish four populations : 1. upper Clinch River 2. lower Powell River 3. Nolichucky River 4. Paint Rock River
19 Restoration of Golden Riffleshell 3 gravid females collected from Indian Creek in March 2016 Glochidia transported to KY Mollusk Center In vitro transformation
20 Mass production High transformation rates Great potential for toxicology Recovery potential Research Needed Rare Species Cultured at CMC Epioblasma (7 species) Lampsilis (7 species) Plethobasus (2 species) Endangered Species (13 species) Imperiled Species (16 species) Total Species ( species) In vitro Culture
21 Restoration of Golden Riffleshell In 2017, 710 individuals released by VDGIF in upper Clinch River at multiple sites
22 Populations of other endangered mussels restored.. Snuffbox Birdwing
23
24 Mussels Released at Restoration Sites 6>months old Species Clinch, Payne Property Clinch, Sycamore Lane Clinch, Bennett Property Clinch, Artrip Clinch, Whited Property Clinch, Cleveland Islands, LDC Clinch, Cleveland Islands, RDC Powell, Rt. 833 Bridge Powell, Fletcher Ford Powell, Buchannan Ford RM 99 Powell, Brooks Bridge, Upper Powell, Brooks Bridge, Lower Powell, Oakley Property Total Pheasantshell Fanshell Dromedary Golden riffleshell Combshell 0 0 6,040 3, ,739 1, , ,194 1, ,458 Oyster mussel 0 0 9,326 1,801 1,028 5,237 3, ,680 1,979 2,883 3,337 1,187 32,215 Snuffbox Spike Shiny pigtoe Wavyrayed 3,135 2,390 1,538 1, , , ,019 Pocketbook 1,355 1, ,765 Flutedshell Birdwing Black sandshell ,251 Moccasinshell 678 1, ,384 Sheepnose Slabside Kidneyshell 741 1, ,520 Fluted kidneyshell 356 1, ,041 Tennessee bean Rainbow mussel 3,699 3, ,110 1, ,071 Mountain creekshell 3, , , ,086 Total 14,919 12,637 19,872 8,184 1,297 11,998 5,708 1,706 7,964 1,997 4,211 4,583 1,205 96,281
25 Monitoring Released Mussels Using PIT tags quantitative monitoring to determine survival and growth 12 sites being monitored in Clinch and Powell rivers
26 Quantitative Monitoring of Mussel at Quantitative sampling: ¼ meter quadrat sample Determine species density Restoration Sites Data collected by: TVA USFWS USGS Virginia Tech VDGIF TNC Clinch & Powell Monitoring: 12 sites monitored Estimated densities much less than expected densities of released mussels Mussels doing better at some sites compared to others Biologists conducting a survey for freshwater mussels. Excavating a ¼ meter quadrat sample
27 State of Habitat in Clinch and Powell Rivers Clinch River: upper Virginia middle Virginia lower Tennessee Status of Fauna good poor good-excellent Powell River: upper Virginia lower Tennessee extremely poor good-poor
28 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Carbo, VA Big Stone Gap, VA Cleveland Islands Freshwater mussel monitoring sites in the Clinch and Powell rivers, TN & VA Mussel monitoring sites, lower Clinch River, TN
29 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Middle Clinch River, VA Guest River St. Paul, VA RM 252 Pendleton Island RM 226 Clinchport RM 213
30 Pendleton Island Mussel Preserve, VA (RM 226.7) Historically, best site on Clinch River Discovered in by TVA biologists Purchased by TNC in species documented Populations now in severe decline
31 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 55, 470 m 2 of habitat
32 Right Descending Channel
33 Left Descending Channel
34 Pendleton Island, VA Mussels per m P < Total mussel abundance has declined by 96%.
35 Mussel density (m -2 ) Abundance (N) Pendleton Island, VA A A Baseline 1,387, , B 240,328 74,929 Years
36 Designated Critical Habitat for 4 federally endangered mussels RM 322 RM 159
37 Endangered Mussels in Zone of Decline Species Status 1. Fanshell Extirpated 2. Dromedary Rare 3. Combshell Rare 4. Oyster mussel Extirpated 5. Snuffbox Rare 6. Green blossom Extinct 7. Fluted kidneyshell Rare 8. Sheepnose Rare 9. Spectaclcase Rare 10. Shiny pigtoe Rare 11. Fine-rayed pigtoe Rare 12. Cracking pearlymussel Extirpated 13. Birdwing pearlymussel Rare 14. Rough pigtoe Extirpated 15. Rabbitsfoot Rare 16. Cumberland monkeyface Extirpated 17. Appalachian monkeyface Extirpated 18. Tennessee bean Extirpated 19. Rayed bean Extirpated
38 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
39 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Freshwater mussel filtering capacity?
40 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
41 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
42 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
43 Per year mussel loss (N) Cumulative per year mussel loss (N) B Lost Mussel Service Years Pendleton Island, VA ,193,519 65,269, ,100, Baseline 49,261,610 Years
44 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Carbo, VA Big Stone Gap, VA Cleveland Islands Freshwater mussel monitoring sites in the Powell river, TN & VA
45 25 DECREASING TREND: Powell River, TN & VA ( ) Mussels per m P = Years Sampled At investigated sites, total mussel abundance has decreased by 63%.
46 AWCC & FMCC Accomplishments: Greatly improved propagation and culture technology Population restoration of endangered and non-listed mussel species to numerous sites Development of monitoring techniques Tagged oyster mussels Spin-off benefits for aquatic toxicology & species recovery Restoration methods are now proven Releasing adult mussels
47 Management Considerations Should we stock mussels in Powell River? Should we stock mussels in zone of decline in Clinch River, e.g., Pendleton Island? High quality habitat for mussels is limiting, where else to stock mussels? Funding sources are limited
48 Thank You. Questions. There can be no purpose more inspiriting than to begin the age of restoration, re-weaving the wondrous diversity of life that still surrounds us Edward O. Wilson The Diversity of Life
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