ECONOMIC VIABILITY DASHBOARD

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ECONOMIC VIABILITY DASHBOARD THIRTEEN STATE ANALYSES ALICE, an acronym for Asset Limited, Income Constrained, Employed, represents the growing number of individuals and families who cannot afford the

In order to understand the challenges that the ALICE population faces in each county, the state ALICE Reports present an Economic Viability Dashboard composed of the three indices the Index, the

1 ECONOMIC VIABILITY DASHBOARD THIRTEEN STATE ANALYSES ALICE, an acronym for Asset Limited, Income Constrained, Employed, represents the growing number of individuals and families who cannot afford the basic necessities of housing, food, child care, health care, and transportation. In order to understand the challenges that the ALICE population faces in each county, the state ALICE Reports present an Economic Viability Dashboard composed of the three indices the Index, the Index, and the Index. For the Multistate Comparison Report, these rich data sets are combined to enable comparison across counties in all 13 states and over time. For the Index by state from 2007 to 2014, see Figure 1, and for the Index, see Figure 2. Index scores range from 1 to 100, with lower scores (in dark blue) reflecting conditions worse that other counties, and higher scores (in light blue) reflecting better conditions. Note, in 2007, data was not available for many counties with household populations less than 60,000. These counties have no color in the maps. Details for the methodology are presented in Appendix A. Scores for each index in each county in 2007, 2010, 2012, and 2014 are presented in Appendix B.

2 HOUSING AFFORDABILITY INDEX The more affordable housing is in a county, the easier it is for a household to be financially stable. The three key indicators for the Index are the number of units that are affordable for ALICE households, the percent of households that pay more than 30 percent of their income on housing (called housing-burdened), and the cost of real estate taxes. Variations among counties show significant changes at the local level that are often masked by state and national averages (Figure 1). Regionally, housing is generally less affordable in the Northeast and around the major metropolitan areas of New York, Miami, Seattle, and Madison. is most affordable in rural parts of Idaho, Iowa, and Indiana. The least affordable counties in the country, with scores less than 10 (shaded dark blue in Figure 1), are concentrated in northern New Jersey (Bergen, Essex, Hudson, Passaic, and Union counties) and metro New York City (Nassau, Putnam, Rockland, Suffolk, and Westchester counties). The most affordable counties, with scores above 70 and shaded light blue, are co ncentrated in Iowa (Audubon, Ida, and Pocahontas counties), Louisiana (Iberia, Livingston, and LaSalle parishes) and Caribou County, Idaho. Yet many of these most affordable counties are well below the possible 100 points. Several counties had Index scores that greatly improved - by more than 30 percent - between 2007 and They were concentrated in Florida (Alachua, Collier, Flagler, Hillsborough, Palm Beach, and Sarasota counties), Connecticut (New Haven, Fairfield, and Hartford counties), New Jersey (Passaic and Sussex counties), Maryland (Anne Arundel and Montgomery counties), and a few others across the country: Bronx County in New York, Iberia Parish in Louisiana, Kootenai County in Idaho, Livingston County in Michigan, and Tippecanoe County in Indiana. Fewer counties had housing affordability worsen - by more than 30 percent - between 2007 and These counties were located in some of the same states as the increases: Connecticut (Middlesex County), New Jersey (Bergen, Cape May County, Cumberland, Essex, Hudson, and Union counties), and Maryland (Calvert, Cecil, Charles, Dorchester, Frederick, and Talbot counties) as well as Madison County, Idaho. These counties also experienced some of the highest rates of mortgage foreclosure in the country (CoreLogic, 2015). The variations within states show how important this county-level analysis is, and how much state averages mask local changes.

3 FIGURE 1. HOUSING AFFORDABILITY INDEX BY STATE, 2007 TO 2014 EAST

4 SOUTH

5 MIDWEST

6 PACIFIC NORTHWEST Source: American Survey, ; Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), ; U.S. Department of and Urban Development (HUD),

7 JOB OPPORTUNITIES The more job opportunities there are in a county, the more likely a household is to be financially stable. The key indicators for job opportunities are income distribution, the unemployment rate, and new hire wages. opportunities varied among states, but they also varied significantly across counties within a state (Figure 2). Most new jobs in the next 10 years will be When comparing counties across the 13 states, more job opportunities are located in counties adjacent to large metro areas: Chicago (for counties in Indiana), New York City (counties in Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey), Seattle (Washington), and Washington, D.C. (counties in Maryland). These counties also weathered the recession better than other areas, and job opportunities remained strong in most of these metro areas. opportunities fell across the board during the Great Recession, with scores falling in most counties from 2007 to Since then, recovery has been very uneven across the country. In general, rural counties, which had the worst job opportunities in 2007, saw the most improvement in job opportunities by The major exceptions are Bradford, Citrus, Hardee, Jackson, and Sumter counties in Florida and Jefferson Davis Parish, Louisiana. The biggest gains, scores improving by more than 40 percent, were concentrated in Louisiana (Bossier, De Soto, Franklin, Iberville, Pointe Coupee, Richland, and West Baton Rouge parishes), Indiana (Delaware and Know counties), Michigan (Ingham, Isabella, Saginaw, Shiawassee, and Van Buren counties), as well as Nez Perce County, Idaho, Lee County, Iowa, and St. Johns County, Florida. Counties in major metropolitan areas generally had better job opportunities in 2007, and continued to have some of the highest index scores through 2014.

8 FIGURE 2. JOB OPPORTUNITIES INDEX BY STATE, 2007 TO 2014 EAST

9 SOUTH

10 MIDWEST

PACIFIC NORTHWEST Source: American Survey, 2007-2014; Bureau of Labor

11 PACIFIC NORTHWEST Source: American Survey, ; Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), ; U.S. Department of and Urban Development (HUD),

12 COMMUNITY RESOURCES INDEX The Index measures the education, health, and social capital resources that are available in a community. These resources are fundamental to being able to work and raise a family. The scores for this Index improved more than the other Indices from 2007 to The Index saw steady improvement in education and health. As a proxy for the level of education resources in a county, the Index uses the percent of 3- and 4-year-olds enrolled in preschool. This percentage increased steadily through the period in most areas. The proxy for the level of health resources in a county is the percent of the population with health insurance. These rates have also increased steadily, before and after the introduction of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), though there is still wide variation between counties. There was more variability over time with the social capital, as measured by one of the longest-standing indicators of community engagement the percent of the adult population who voted in the statewide election. There were much higher rates of voting in the 2012 presidential election than the other years with only state offices on the ballot.

13 APPENDIX A: METHODOLOGY The Economic Viability Dashboard is composed of three Indices that evaluate the local economic conditions that matter most to ALICE households the Index, the Index, and the Index. Index scores range from 1 to 100, with higher scores reflecting better conditions. Each county s score is relative to other counties in the 13 states and compared to prior years. A score of 100 does not necessarily mean that conditions are very good; it means that they are better than in other counties. Scores are presented for 2007, 2010, 2012, and Index: Each Index in the Dashboard creates a common scale across rates, percentages, and other scores by measuring from the average. Raw indicator scores are converted to z-scores, which measure how far any value falls from the mean of the set, measured in standard deviations. The general formula for normalizing indicator scores is: z = (x μ)/ σ where x is the indicator s value, μ is the unweighted average, σ the standard deviation for that indicator and z is the resulting z-score. All scores must move in a positive direction, so for variables with an inverse relationship, i.e., the unemployment rate, the scores are multiplied by -1. In order to make the resulting scores more accessible, they are translated from a scale of -3 to 3 to 1 to 100, with higher scores reflecting better conditions. Data from 2010 is used as the baseline for comparison over time. 2. Dashboard: The conditions are displayed as a dashboard reflecting the economic reality of an area. This format ensures that poor conditions are not concealed by better results in another category, thus enabling the identification of gaps. 3. Local Conditions: The Index variables are recorded at the county level and reflect local rather than statewide conditions. 4. Data Definitions and Sources: The variables noted below for each Index are the best proxies for the indicators that are available in all counties and updated on a regular basis: Index: Affordable Gap The number of available units ALICE and poverty households can afford while spending no more than one-third of their income on housing (ALICE Stock assessment) compared to the number of renter and owner households below the ALICE Threshold. Source: American Survey and ALICE Threshold calculations Burdened Households spending more than 30 percent of income on housing. Source: American Survey, Table PD04 Real Estate Taxes Median real estate taxes. Source: American Survey, Table B25103

14 Index: Income Distribution Share of Income in the Lowest Two Quintiles Source: American Survey, Table B19082 Unemployment Rate Employment Status Source: American Survey, Table S2301 New Hire Wages (4th quarter) Quarterly Workforce Indicators (QWI), U.S. Census Source: LED Extraction Tool: Index: Education 3- and 4-year-olds enrolled in preschool Source: American Survey, Table S2301 Health Percent of population under 65 years old with health insurance. For consistency with data sets, for 2007 we used 2008 data. Prior to 2008, data was only available through the SAHIE Estimates using the Current Population Survey (CPS) which does not match the American Survey, where data from 2008 to date has been collected. Source: American Survey, Table S2701 for 2010 and 2013; and B27001 for 2008 Social Capital Percent of population 18 and older who voted in the most recent election. To match the election cycle, for 2013 we used 2014 data, for 2010 we used 2010 data, and for 2007 we used 2006 data. Sources: Election Administration and Voting Survey and Data Sets, Section F, 2014 and Election Administration and Voting Survey and Data Sets, Appendix C: 2006 Election Administration and Voting Survey.

15 APPENDIX B. ECONOMIC VIABILITY DASHBOARD SCORES 2007 TO 2014 To enable comparison over time as well as across geography, scores for each index in each county in 2007, 2010, 2012, and 2014 are presented in the chart below. They are ordered alphabetically by state. Economic Viability Dashboard Scores, 2007 to County, State CONNECTICUT Fairfield County, CT Hartford County, CT Litchfield County, CT Middlesex County, CT New Haven County, CT New London County, CT Tolland County, CT Windham County, CT FLORIDA Alachua County, FL Baker County, FL Bay County, FL Bradford County, FL Brevard County, FL Broward County, FL Calhoun County, FL N/A N/A N/A Charlotte County, FL Citrus County, FL Clay County, FL Collier County, FL Columbia County, FL DeSoto County, FL Dixie County, FL N/A N/A N/A Duval County, FL Escambia County, FL

16 County, State Flagler County, FL Franklin County, FL N/A N/A N/A Gadsden County, FL Gilchrist County, FL N/A N/A N/A Glades County, FL N/A N/A N/A Gulf County, FL N/A N/A N/A Hamilton County, FL N/A N/A N/A Hardee County, FL Hendry County, FL Hernando County, FL Highlands County, FL Hillsborough County, FL Holmes County, FL N/A N/A N/A Indian River County, FL Jackson County, FL Jefferson County, FL N/A N/A N/A Lafayette County, FL N/A N/A N/A Lake County, FL Lee County, FL Leon County, FL Levy County, FL Liberty County, FL N/A N/A N/A Madison County, FL N/A N/A N/A Manatee County, FL Marion County, FL Martin County, FL Miami-Dade County, FL Monroe County, FL Nassau County, FL Okaloosa County, FL Okeechobee County, FL Orange County, FL Osceola County, FL Palm Beach County, FL Pasco County, FL Pinellas County, FL

17 County, State Polk County, FL Putnam County, FL Santa Rosa County, FL Sarasota County, FL Seminole County, FL St. Johns County, FL St. Lucie County, FL Sumter County, FL Suwannee County, FL Taylor County, FL N/A N/A N/A Union County, FL N/A N/A N/A Volusia County, FL Wakulla County, FL Walton County, FL Washington County, FL IDAHO Ada County, ID Adams County, ID N/A N/A N/A Bannock County, ID Bear Lake County, ID N/A N/A N/A Benewah County, ID N/A N/A N/A Bingham County, ID Blaine County, ID Boise County, ID N/A N/A N/A Bonner County, ID Bonneville County, ID Boundary County, ID N/A N/A N/A Butte County, ID N/A N/A N/A Camas County, ID N/A N/A N/A Canyon County, ID Caribou County, ID N/A N/A N/A Cassia County, ID Clark County, ID N/A N/A N/A Clearwater County, ID N/A N/A N/A Custer County, ID N/A N/A N/A Elmore County, ID

18 County, State Franklin County, ID N/A N/A N/A Fremont County, ID N/A N/A N/A Gem County, ID N/A N/A N/A Gooding County, ID N/A N/A N/A Idaho County, ID N/A N/A N/A Jefferson County, ID Jerome County, ID Kootenai County, ID Latah County, ID Lemhi County, ID N/A N/A N/A Lewis County, ID N/A N/A N/A Lincoln County, ID N/A N/A N/A Madison County, ID Minidoka County, ID N/A N/A N/A Nez Perce County, ID Oneida County, ID N/A N/A N/A Owyhee County, ID N/A N/A N/A Payette County, ID Power County, ID N/A N/A N/A Shoshone County, ID N/A N/A N/A Teton County, ID N/A N/A N/A Twin Falls County, ID Valley County, ID N/A N/A N/A Washington County, ID N/A N/A N/A INDIANA Adams County, IN Allen County, IN Bartholomew County, IN Benton County, IN N/A N/A N/A Blackford County, IN N/A N/A N/A Boone County, IN Brown County, IN N/A N/A N/A Carroll County, IN N/A N/A N/A Cass County, IN Clark County, IN

19 County, State Clay County, IN Clinton County, IN Crawford County, IN N/A N/A N/A Daviess County, IN Dearborn County, IN Decatur County, IN DeKalb County, IN Delaware County, IN Dubois County, IN Elkhart County, IN Fayette County, IN Floyd County, IN Fountain County, IN N/A N/A N/A Franklin County, IN Fulton County, IN Gibson County, IN Grant County, IN Greene County, IN Hamilton County, IN Hancock County, IN Harrison County, IN Hendricks County, IN Henry County, IN Howard County, IN Huntington County, IN Jackson County, IN Jasper County, IN Jay County, IN Jefferson County, IN Jennings County, IN Johnson County, IN Knox County, IN Kosciusko County, IN LaGrange County, IN Lake County, IN LaPorte County, IN

20 County, State Lawrence County, IN Madison County, IN Marion County, IN Marshall County, IN Martin County, IN N/A N/A N/A Miami County, IN Monroe County, IN Montgomery County, IN Morgan County, IN Newton County, IN N/A N/A N/A Noble County, IN Ohio County, IN N/A N/A N/A Orange County, IN N/A N/A N/A Owen County, IN Parke County, IN N/A N/A N/A Perry County, IN N/A N/A N/A Pike County, IN N/A N/A N/A Porter County, IN Posey County, IN Pulaski County, IN N/A N/A N/A Putnam County, IN Randolph County, IN Ripley County, IN Rush County, IN N/A N/A N/A Scott County, IN Shelby County, IN Spencer County, IN St. Joseph County, IN Starke County, IN Steuben County, IN Sullivan County, IN Switzerland County, IN N/A N/A N/A Tippecanoe County, IN Tipton County, IN N/A N/A N/A Union County, IN N/A N/A N/A

21 County, State Vanderburgh County, IN Vermillion County, IN N/A N/A N/A Vigo County, IN Wabash County, IN Warren County, IN N/A N/A N/A Warrick County, IN Washington County, IN Wayne County, IN Wells County, IN White County, IN Whitley County, IN IOWA Adair County, IA N/A N/A N/A Adams County, IA N/A N/A N/A Allamakee County, IA N/A N/A N/A Appanoose County, IA N/A N/A N/A Audubon County, IA N/A N/A N/A Benton County, IA Black Hawk County, IA Boone County, IA Bremer County, IA Buchanan County, IA Buena Vista County, IA N/A N/A N/A Butler County, IA N/A N/A N/A Calhoun County, IA N/A N/A N/A Carroll County, IA Cass County, IA N/A N/A N/A Cedar County, IA N/A N/A N/A Cerro Gordo County, IA Cherokee County, IA N/A N/A N/A Chickasaw County, IA N/A N/A N/A Clarke County, IA N/A N/A N/A Clay County, IA N/A N/A N/A Clayton County, IA N/A N/A N/A Clinton County, IA

22 County, State Crawford County, IA N/A N/A N/A Dallas County, IA Davis County, IA N/A N/A N/A Decatur County, IA N/A N/A N/A Delaware County, IA N/A N/A N/A Des Moines County, IA Dickinson County, IA N/A N/A N/A Dubuque County, IA Emmet County, IA N/A N/A N/A Fayette County, IA Floyd County, IA N/A N/A N/A Franklin County, IA N/A N/A N/A Fremont County, IA N/A N/A N/A Greene County, IA N/A N/A N/A Grundy County, IA N/A N/A N/A Guthrie County, IA N/A N/A N/A Hamilton County, IA N/A N/A N/A Hancock County, IA N/A N/A N/A Hardin County, IA N/A N/A N/A Harrison County, IA N/A N/A N/A Henry County, IA Howard County, IA N/A N/A N/A Humboldt County, IA N/A N/A N/A Ida County, IA N/A N/A N/A Iowa County, IA N/A N/A N/A Jackson County, IA Jasper County, IA Jefferson County, IA N/A N/A N/A Johnson County, IA Jones County, IA Keokuk County, IA N/A N/A N/A Kossuth County, IA N/A N/A N/A Lee County, IA Linn County, IA Louisa County, IA N/A N/A N/A Lucas County, IA N/A N/A N/A

23 County, State Lyon County, IA N/A N/A N/A Madison County, IA N/A N/A N/A Mahaska County, IA Marion County, IA Marshall County, IA Mills County, IA N/A N/A N/A Mitchell County, IA N/A N/A N/A Monona County, IA N/A N/A N/A Monroe County, IA N/A N/A N/A Montgomery County, IA N/A N/A N/A Muscatine County, IA O'Brien County, IA N/A N/A N/A Osceola County, IA N/A N/A N/A Page County, IA N/A N/A N/A Palo Alto County, IA N/A N/A N/A Plymouth County, IA Pocahontas County, IA N/A N/A N/A Polk County, IA Pottawattamie County, IA Poweshiek County, IA N/A N/A N/A Ringgold County, IA N/A N/A N/A Sac County, IA N/A N/A N/A Scott County, IA Shelby County, IA N/A N/A N/A Sioux County, IA Story County, IA Tama County, IA N/A N/A N/A Taylor County, IA N/A N/A N/A Union County, IA N/A N/A N/A Van Buren County, IA N/A N/A N/A Wapello County, IA Warren County, IA Washington County, IA Wayne County, IA N/A N/A N/A Webster County, IA

24 County, State Winnebago County, IA N/A N/A N/A Winneshiek County, IA Woodbury County, IA Worth County, IA N/A N/A N/A Wright County, IA N/A N/A N/A LOUISIANA Acadia Parish, LA Allen Parish, LA Ascension Parish, LA Assumption Parish, LA Avoyelles Parish, LA Beauregard Parish, LA Bienville Parish, LA N/A N/A N/A Bossier Parish, LA Caddo Parish, LA Calcasieu Parish, LA Caldwell Parish, LA N/A N/A N/A Cameron Parish, LA N/A N/A N/A Catahoula Parish, LA N/A N/A N/A Claiborne Parish, LA N/A N/A N/A Concordia Parish, LA N/A N/A N/A De Soto Parish, LA East Baton Rouge Parish, LA East Carroll Parish, LA N/A N/A N/A East Feliciana Parish, LA Evangeline Parish, LA Franklin Parish, LA Grant Parish, LA N/A N/A N/A Iberia Parish, LA Iberville Parish, LA Jackson Parish, LA N/A N/A N/A Jefferson Davis Parish, LA Jefferson Parish, LA Lafayette Parish, LA

25 County, State Lafourche Parish, LA LaSalle Parish, LA N/A N/A N/A Lincoln Parish, LA Livingston Parish, LA Madison Parish, LA N/A N/A N/A Morehouse Parish, LA Natchitoches Parish, LA Orleans Parish, LA Ouachita Parish, LA Plaquemines Parish, LA Pointe Coupee Parish, LA Rapides Parish, LA Red River Parish, LA N/A N/A N/A Richland Parish, LA Sabine Parish, LA St. Bernard Parish, LA N/A N/A N/A St. Charles Parish, LA St. Helena Parish, LA N/A N/A N/A St. James Parish, LA St. John the Baptist Parish, LA St. Landry Parish, LA St. Martin Parish, LA St. Mary Parish, LA St. Tammany Parish, LA Tangipahoa Parish, LA Tensas Parish, LA N/A N/A N/A Terrebonne Parish, LA Union Parish, LA Vermilion Parish, LA Vernon Parish, LA Washington Parish, LA Webster Parish, LA West Baton Rouge Parish, LA West Carroll Parish, LA N/A N/A N/A

26 County, State West Feliciana Parish, N/A N/A N/A LA Winn Parish, LA N/A N/A N/A MARYLAND Allegany County, MD Anne Arundel County, MD Baltimore city, MD Baltimore County, MD Calvert County, MD Caroline County, MD Carroll County, MD Cecil County, MD Charles County, MD Dorchester County, MD Frederick County, MD Garrett County, MD Harford County, MD Howard County, MD Kent County, MD Montgomery County, MD Prince George's County, MD Queen Anne's County, MD Somerset County, MD St. Mary's County, MD Talbot County, MD Washington County, MD Wicomico County, MD Worcester County, MD MICHIGAN Alcona County, MI N/A N/A N/A Alger County, MI N/A N/A N/A Allegan County, MI Alpena County, MI

27 County, State Antrim County, MI Arenac County, MI N/A N/A N/A Baraga County, MI N/A N/A N/A Barry County, MI Bay County, MI Benzie County, MI N/A N/A N/A Berrien County, MI Branch County, MI Calhoun County, MI Cass County, MI Charlevoix County, MI Cheboygan County, MI Chippewa County, MI Clare County, MI Clinton County, MI Crawford County, MI N/A N/A N/A Delta County, MI Dickinson County, MI Eaton County, MI Emmet County, MI Genesee County, MI Gladwin County, MI Gogebic County, MI N/A N/A N/A Grand Traverse County, MI Gratiot County, MI Hillsdale County, MI Houghton County, MI Huron County, MI Ingham County, MI Ionia County, MI Iosco County, MI Iron County, MI N/A N/A N/A Isabella County, MI Jackson County, MI Kalamazoo County, MI

28 County, State Kalkaska County, MI N/A N/A N/A Kent County, MI Keweenaw County, MI N/A N/A N/A Lake County, MI N/A N/A N/A Lapeer County, MI Leelanau County, MI Lenawee County, MI Livingston County, MI Luce County, MI N/A N/A N/A Mackinac County, MI N/A N/A N/A Macomb County, MI Manistee County, MI Marquette County, MI Mason County, MI Mecosta County, MI Menominee County, MI Midland County, MI Missaukee County, MI N/A N/A N/A Monroe County, MI Montcalm County, MI Montmorency County, N/A N/A N/A MI Muskegon County, MI Newaygo County, MI Oakland County, MI Oceana County, MI Ogemaw County, MI Ontonagon County, MI N/A N/A N/A Osceola County, MI Oscoda County, MI N/A N/A N/A Otsego County, MI Ottawa County, MI Presque Isle County, MI N/A N/A N/A Roscommon County, MI Saginaw County, MI Sanilac County, MI

29 County, State Schoolcraft County, MI N/A N/A N/A Shiawassee County, MI St. Clair County, MI St. Joseph County, MI Tuscola County, MI Van Buren County, MI Washtenaw County, MI Wayne County, MI Wexford County, MI NEW JERSEY Atlantic County, NJ Bergen County, NJ Burlington County, NJ Camden County, NJ Cape May County, NJ Cumberland County, NJ Essex County, NJ Gloucester County, NJ Hudson County, NJ Hunterdon County, NJ Mercer County, NJ Middlesex County, NJ Monmouth County, NJ Morris County, NJ Ocean County, NJ Passaic County, NJ Salem County, NJ Somerset County, NJ Sussex County, NJ Union County, NJ Warren County, NJ NEW YORK Albany County, NY Allegany County, NY Bronx County, NY Broome County, NY

30 County, State Cattaraugus County, NY Cayuga County, NY Chautauqua County, NY Chemung County, NY Chenango County, NY Clinton County, NY Columbia County, NY Cortland County, NY Delaware County, NY Dutchess County, NY Erie County, NY Essex County, NY Franklin County, NY Fulton County, NY Genesee County, NY Greene County, NY Hamilton County, NY N/A N/A N/A Herkimer County, NY Jefferson County, NY Kings County, NY Lewis County, NY Livingston County, NY Madison County, NY Monroe County, NY Montgomery County, NY Nassau County, NY New York County, NY Niagara County, NY Oneida County, NY Onondaga County, NY Ontario County, NY Orange County, NY Orleans County, NY Oswego County, NY Otsego County, NY

31 County, State Putnam County, NY Queens County, NY Rensselaer County, NY Richmond County, NY Rockland County, NY Saratoga County, NY Schenectady County, NY Schoharie County, NY Schuyler County, NY N/A N/A N/A Seneca County, NY St. Lawrence County, NY Steuben County, NY Suffolk County, NY N/A Sullivan County, NY Tioga County, NY Tompkins County, NY Ulster County, NY Warren County, NY Washington County, NY Wayne County, NY Westchester County, NY Wyoming County, NY Yates County, NY OREGON Baker County, OR N/A N/A N/A Benton County, OR Clackamas County, OR Clatsop County, OR Columbia County, OR Coos County, OR Crook County, OR Curry County, OR Deschutes County, OR Douglas County, OR

32 County, State Gilliam County, OR N/A N/A N/A Grant County, OR N/A N/A N/A Harney County, OR N/A N/A N/A Hood River County, OR Jackson County, OR Jefferson County, OR Josephine County, OR Klamath County, OR Lake County, OR N/A N/A N/A Lane County, OR Lincoln County, OR Linn County, OR Malheur County, OR Marion County, OR Morrow County, OR N/A N/A N/A Multnomah County, OR Polk County, OR Sherman County, OR N/A N/A N/A Tillamook County, OR Umatilla County, OR Union County, OR Wallowa County, OR N/A N/A N/A Wasco County, OR Washington County, OR Wheeler County, OR Yamhill County, OR WASHINGTON Adams County, WA N/A N/A N/A Asotin County, WA Benton County, WA Chelan County, WA Clallam County, WA Clark County, WA Columbia County, WA N/A N/A N/A Cowlitz County, WA Douglas County, WA

33 County, State Ferry County, WA N/A N/A N/A Franklin County, WA Garfield County, WA N/A N/A N/A Grant County, WA Grays Harbor County, WA Island County, WA Jefferson County, WA King County, WA Kitsap County, WA Kittitas County, WA Klickitat County, WA Lewis County, WA Lincoln County, WA N/A N/A N/A Mason County, WA Okanogan County, WA Pacific County, WA Pend Oreille County, N/A N/A N/A WA Pierce County, WA San Juan County, WA N/A N/A N/A Skagit County, WA Skamania County, WA N/A N/A N/A Snohomish County, WA Spokane County, WA Stevens County, WA Thurston County, WA Wahkiakum County, WA N/A N/A N/A Walla Walla County, WA Whatcom County, WA Whitman County, WA Yakima County, WA WISCONSIN Adams County, WI Ashland County, WI N/A N/A N/A Barron County, WI

34 County, State Bayfield County, WI N/A N/A N/A Brown County, WI Buffalo County, WI N/A N/A N/A Burnett County, WI N/A N/A N/A Calumet County, WI Chippewa County, WI Clark County, WI Columbia County, WI Crawford County, WI N/A N/A N/A Dane County, WI Dodge County, WI Door County, WI Douglas County, WI Dunn County, WI Eau Claire County, WI Florence County, WI N/A N/A N/A Fond du Lac County, WI Forest County, WI N/A N/A N/A Grant County, WI Green County, WI Green Lake County, WI N/A N/A N/A Iowa County, WI Iron County, WI N/A N/A N/A Jackson County, WI N/A N/A N/A Jefferson County, WI Juneau County, WI Kenosha County, WI Kewaunee County, WI La Crosse County, WI Lafayette County, WI N/A N/A N/A Langlade County, WI Lincoln County, WI Manitowoc County, WI Marathon County, WI Marinette County, WI

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