ROMANIA. Principality of Moldavia

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2 Principality of Moldavia The Crimean war ended more than 100 years of conflicts over Romanian territories between Russia, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman empire. Russia invaded the Romanian principalities in an attempt to gain territories from the weakening Ottoman empire, but the European powers wanted to preserve the power balance in the region. Both Great Britain, France and Austria-Hungary supported the Turks. At the Paris peace conference in 1856 it was concluded that Walachia and Moldavia should remain under Turkish supremacy, although with a mutual European guaranty for their autonomy. During the Crimean war Moldavia was occupied by Austria-Hungary which established a field postal service. Two series of stamps issued after the war in the autonomous principality of Moldavia in 1858 are counted as the first stamps of Romania Coat of arms of Moldavia 1 27 Par 2 54 Par Green 3 81 Par Par MARAMURES Hotin Prut Satu Mare BUCOVINA Dnjester R U S S I A Tisza H A B S B U R G E M P I R E Timisoara BANAT Danube S E R B I A Mures Cluj T R A N S Y L V A N I A Turnu Severin Sibiu W A L A C H I A Craiova Targu Mures Sighisoara Campulung Brasov Iasi M O L D A V I A Bucharest Braila Danube BESSARABIA Prut Tulcea DOBRUDJA Tighina Chilia Cetatea Alba Constanta Vidin Danube O T T O M A N E M P I R E BLACK SEA

3 Principality of Moldavia 1858 Coat of arms of Moldavia 5x 5 Par 6x 40 Par 7x 80 Par Brick red Bluish paper 5y 5 Par 6ay 40 Par 6by 40 Par Greenblue 7ay 80 Par Brick red 7by 80 Par Brown red White paper

4 Principality of Romania In spite of the considerable efforts of the Romanian nationalists, the great powers did not support a union of the principalities. In a conference in Paris in 1858 is was concluded that Walachia and Moldavia should remain separate principalities under loose Turkish control. The unionists then made the clever move of electing the same man as the leader in both principalities. Alexandru Ioan Cuza was first elected as Prince of Moldavia 17 January 1859, then of Walachia a few weeks later (5 February). The great powers disapproved of this development but finally accepted the elections since they did not directly violate the terms of the Paris conference. 11 December 1861 the united principalities got the name of Romania. 1862/64 Coat of arms of Walachia and Moldavia 8Ix 3 Par yellow 8Iz 3 Par 8II 3 Par Yellow 1862 Wove paper 1862 Laid paper 1864 Typographed 9Ixa 6 Par Vermilion 9Ixb 6 Par Carmine 9Iz 6 Par Red 9II 6 Par Deep rose 1862 Wove paper 1862 Wove paper 1862 Laid paper 1864 Typographed 10Iw 30 Par 10Ix 30 Par 10Iz 30 Par 10II 30 Par 1862 Bluish paper 1862 Wove paper 1862 Laid paper 1864 Typographed

5 1864 Not issued I 2 Par Yellow II 5 Par III 20 Par Red Prince Cuza 1865 Prince Cuza 11ax 2 Par 11bx 2 Par Yellow 11cx 2 Par Ocher Plain paper 12x 5 Par 13x 20 Par Red 13zx 20 Par Red Plain paper Thin bluish paper 11ay 2 Par 11by 2 Par Yellow 11cy 2 Par Ocker 12y 5 Par Laid paper Alexandru Ioan Cuza ( ) came from a Moldavian boyar family. Educated in Iasi and Paris, he participated in the revolutionary parliament in Iasi in Through several administrative positions he later developed a reputation as an efficient and honest administrator. 17 January 1859 he was elected as Prince of Moldavia, then of Walachia 5 February the same year. His gradually more and more authoritarian leadership, however, gave him many enemies and in 1866 he was forced to abdicate. Cuza died in exile in Heidelberg, Germany, in 1873.

6 1866/67 Prince Carol 14x 2 Par Yellow paper 15x 5 Par paper 16xI 20 Par paper 16xII 20 Par paper Thick coloured paper 14y 2 Par Yellow paper 15ay 5 Par paper 15by 5 Par Indigo paper Type I: Type II: 16yI 20 Par paper 16yII 20 Par paper Thin coloured paper New currency: 1 Leu = 100 Bani 1868/70 Prince Carol 17 2 B 18 Violet 19 4 B B Scarlet 1870 Carol I ( ), younger son of Karl Anton, Duke of Hohenzollern. Was in 1866 elected as Prince of Romania after the abdication of A. I. Cuza. In 1877 Carol joined Russia in the Russian- Turkish war , and commanded the Romanian army during the operations. When Romania became fully independent from the Turks in 1881 Carol was chosen through a referendum as the country s first king.

7 1869 Prince Carol with whiskers Imperf. 21 yellow 22a 22b Ultramarine 22c Indigo 23 Vermilion 24 2 / 25a /Red 25b Indigo/ Red 1871 Prince Carol with beard Imperf. 26a 26b Vermilion 27 27x 28 2 Olive brown Laid paper

8 1871/72 Prince Carol Imperf. 29I 29IIa Ultramarine 29IIx 29IIb Greenish blue 1871 Type I 1872 Type II 1872 Type II, Laid paper 1872 Type II 30 Red 31 /Red Perf. 12½ 32a 32b Vermilion Dark brown

9 1872 Prince Carol Perf. 14:13½ 36 1½ B Olive green 37 Light green 38 Yellow brown Red brown 41a 2 Yellow orange 41b 2 Dark orange /79 Perf ½ 43 1½ B Olive green 44 Olive yellow 44F Dull blue 45a 45b Dark blue c Ultramarine 46a Red brown 46b Brown B red

10 24 April 1877 Russia declared war on the Ottoman empire to protect orthodox Christians in the Balkans. In advance, Russia had signed an agreement to allowed the transportation of troops through Romania. In return Russia promised to recognise and defend the territorial integrity and rights of Romania. Simultaneously, Romania also initiated full mobilisation and declared war on the Ottoman Empire. Then, on 21 May 1877 Romania officially declared it s independence. In July 1877, however, the Russian offensive came to a halt at the strongly fortified town of Pleven in Bulgaria. The Russian supreme commander, Grand Duke Nicholas, asked the Romanians for help. A Romanian army of men under the command of Carol himself, relieved the Russian forces and the attacks on Pleven were resumed. Finally, 10 December the Turkish commander Osman Pasha capitulated with all his forces, and the Russian offensive could continue south. Within a few months the Ottoman empire was forced to sue for peace. At the following peace conference in San Stefano in February 1878 Russia totally ignored their former allies. The final treaty did recognise the independence of Romania, but Russia used the opportunity to annex South-Bessarabia. The other great powers were concerned by the Russian ambitions, and a new conference was gathered in Berlin in June the same year. Again, Romania was denied the status as a equivalent participant and was allowed to speak only under one of the sessions. The Berlin treaty awarded Dobrudja with the sea port of Constanta and the Danube delta to Romania, but accepted the Russian annexation of South-Bessarabia and only partly recognised the independence of Romania. MARAMURES Hotin Debrecen Satu Mare BUCOVINA Dnjester R U S S I A BESSARABIA A U S T R I A - H U N G A R Y Cluj Iasi Tighina Tisza Mures Timisoara BANAT TRANSYLVANIA Sighisoara Sibiu Brasov Campulung Galati Braila Prut SOUTH- BESSARABIA Cetatea Alba Belgrade Danube S E R B I A Turnu Severin Vidin Craiova Danube R O M A N I A Bucharest Silistra Danube DOBRUDJA Constanta BLACK SEA Pleven B U L G A R I A

11 1879 Prince Carol Perf ½ 48 1½ B 49 Olive green 50a Green 50b Russian green 50F Vermilion 51 52aI red 52bI red 52bII red 52cI Pale rose Type I Type I Type II Type I Type I: 52cII Pale rose Olive yellow Type II: Type II 1880 Perf ½ 55 Brown 56 2

12 Kingdom 26 March 1881 Romania is officially declared as kingdom. Carol I is crowned as King of Romania 22 May the same year. 1885/89 King Carol I Perf ½ 57 1½ B 58 1½ B 59 3 b Olive green 1885 White paper 1889 Bluish paper 1885 Bluish paper 60 Violet 61 Violet 62 Green 63 Green 1887 Greenish paper 1887 White paper 1886 Greenish paper 1888 White paper Red brown 66 Red brown Pale buff paper 1885 White paper 1887 Pale buff paper 1885 White paper Brown yellow 1887 Pale buff paper 1885 Pale buff paper

13 1889 King Carol Coat of arms imprint 70 1½ B 71 Violet 72 Light green Red brown King Carol Coat of arms imprint 76 1½ B Maroon 77 Violet 78 Emerald 79a Brick red 79b 80 Dark brown 81 2 Ultramarine 82

14 1890/91 King Carol No imprint 83 1½ B Lilac 84a Violet 84b Lilac 85 Emerald 86 Pale red 87 Olive brown 88 2 Ultramarine 89 Yellow orange th anniversary of the reign of King Carol 90 1½ B Claret 91 Lilac 92 Emerald 93 Red 94 Olive brown 1894 King Carol Wide wm. 95 Lilac 96 Green 97 2 Ultramarine 98

15 1893/98 King Carol I Wide wm. 100X 1½ B 101X Chocolate 102X 103X Emerald 104X 105X 2 Violet 107X 108X 1 L Lt brown/ 109X 2 L /Brown Tall wm. 99Y 1 B Pale brown 100Y 1½ B 101Y Chocolate 102Y 103Y Emerald 104Y 105Y 2 Violet 106Y 40 B Grey green 107Y 108Y 1 L Lt brown/ 109Y 2 L /Brown

16 1898 New colours Tall wm. 113 Emerald Indigo Test prints, not issued 101P 103P Pale Brown 104P 105P 2 Bright green 1898 King Carol I wm. Large coat of arms over 25 stamps B Pale brown 118 Red brown 119 Emerald B Gray green L Brown/ L /Brown

17 1900/11 King Carol I No wm. 127X 1 BANI Pale brown 128X 1 BAN Pale brown 129X 1 BAN Grey black 130X 1½ B Straw X Red brown 132X Emerald 133aX 133bX red 134X Aniline rose X 136X Lilac grey 137X Dull violet 138X 2 139X 40 B Gray green X 141X 1 L Bister/ 142X 1 L green/ 143X 2 L /Brown 144X 2 L Brown red/ Grey black

18 1900/11 King Carol I w/ wm. 127Y 1 BANI Pale brown 128Y 1 BAN Pale brown 129Y 1 BAN Grey black 130Y 1½ B Straw Y Red brown 132Y Emerald 133aY 133bY red 134Y Aniline rose Y 136Y Lilac grey 137Y Dull violet 138Y 2 139Y 40 B Gray green Y 141Y 1 L Bister/ 142Y 1 L green/ 143Y 2 L /Brown 144Y 2 L Brown red/ Grey black

19 1903 Opening of the new post office in Bucharest - I B Brown 147 Brown violet 148 Pale green B Dull green 153 Old mail coach leaving relay station

20 1903 Opening of the new post office in Bucharest - II B Gray green L Dark brown L Dull red 159F 2 L 160a 5 L Dull violet 160b 5 L Red violet King Carol I and the new post office

21 1906 Charity issues (+7) B Red brown (+10) B Yellow green (+10) B Red (+10) B Violet Queen Elisabeth spinning (+7) B Red brown (+10) B green (+10) B Carmine (+10) B Violet Queen Elisabeth weaving Queen Elisabeth ( ) was born in 1843 in Neuwied in Germany as daughter of Prince Hermann of Wied. She married Karl of Hohenzollern in 1869, who was then Prince of Romania. She became Queen of Romania when Karl after a referendum was proclaimed King Carol I in Queen Elisabeth collected folklore and wrote poems and novels under the pseudonym of Carmen Sylva. She died in Bucharest in 1919.

22 1906 Charity Issues (+7) B Red brown (+10) B green (+10) B Carmine (+10) B Violet Queen Elisabeth as war nurse (+7) B Brown/ (+10) B Green/ (+10) B / (+10) B Violet/ Angel with ornament

23 th anniversary of the Kingdom of Romania B Bister/ 178 Brown/ 179 Green/ 180 Carmine/ 181 Violet/ / B Dark brown/ 184 Bister brown/ L Red/ L / King Carol I

24 years anniversary of Kong Carol s regency B Bister/ 188 Brown/ 189 Green/ Prince Carol taking Oath of Allegiance 1866 Fyrst Carol i sin vogn Prince Carol initiates the liberation war in Carmine/ 191 Violet/ / Osman Pascha surrenders at Pleven As Prince and King ( ) The Romanian army crossing the Danube F 2 Olive green/ B Dark brown/ 194 Bister brown/ Romanian troops return to Bucharest 1878 Prince Carol at head of his command L Vermilion/ L / King Carol at the Cathedral of Curtea de Arges 1896 King Carol at the Shrine of St. Nicholas in Iasi 1904

25 1906 General exposition in Bucharest October Violet/ / The exposition palace B Red/ brown B Green/ brown 203 / Brown/ brown Romanian farmhouse The pavilion of the Royal Family

26 General exposition in Bucharest October 1906, cont. 197 Yellow green/ 198 Carmine/ Plowman and angel L Red lilac/ L Yellow/Brown L brown/ brown King Carol I Queen Elisabeth 1907 Charity issues (+7) B Brown/Dark brown (+10) B Green/Dark brown (+10) B Carmine/Dark brown (+15) B violet/dark brown Guardian angel bringing poor to Crown Princess Marie