Theory of Flight Aircraft Design and Construction. References: FTGU pages 9-14, 27
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1 Theory of Flight 6.01 Aircraft Design and Construction References: FTGU pages 9-14, 27
2 Main Teaching Points Parts of an Airplane Aircraft Construction Landing Gear Standard Terminology
3 Definition The airplane is defined as: A power-driven Heavier-than air aircraft Deriving its lift in flight from aerodynamic reactions On surfaces that remain fixed under given conditions of flight.
4 Parts of an Airplane
5 Parts of an Airplane
6 Parts of an Airplane
7 Parts of an Airplane
8 Fuselage The fuselage is the main body of the aircraft, where the passengers, cargo and crew go.
9 Fuselage The fuselage is normally classified according to the type of construction: -Truss Type -Monocoque -Semi-monocoque
10 Fuselage Truss Type
11 Fuselage Semi-Monocoque
12 Empennage The empennage is the rear portion of the airplane It is integral to control and stability during flight
13 Wing Construction Spars spanwise members wood or metal carry bending loads Ribs web or truss give wing its cambered shape
14 Wing Construction Edges Leading Edge Trailing Edge Strength & Shape Wires Internal / External Bracing for strength Covering Metal or Fabric Metal strength
15 Wing Layouts High Wing Mid Wing Low Wing Bi-Plane
16 Wing Layouts High Wing Mid Wing Low Wing Bi-Plane
17 Wing Layouts High Wing Mid Wing Low Wing Bi-Plane
18 Wing Layouts High Wing Mid Wing Low Wing Bi-Plane
19 Confirmation
20 Landing Gear Conventional (Tail-Dragger) - Two main wheels and a tail wheel Tricycle Two main wheels and a nose wheel Retractable - Wheels may be raised so that they are enclosed in wings or fuselage (reducing drag) Fixed - Landing gear is not designed to retract
21 Landing Gear
22 Landing Gear
23 Landing Gear
24 Landing Gear
25 Landing Gear Retractable Landing Gear PROS Reduced drag at cruise Higher cruising speed CONS Added weight Added mechanical complexity Risk of Gear Up Landing (land based) Risk of Gear Down Landing (amphibious)
26 Landing Gear Shock Absorption Absorb the impact of landing, or the effect of bumps in runway. Spring steel Landing Gear Air/Oil oleos Rubber cords (bungee) or discs Low pressure tires
27 Main Landing Gear - Spring Steel Cantilever - Landing Gear
28 Nose Landing Gear - Air / Oil Oleo - Landing Gear
29 Landing Gear - Brakes Brakes Provide a means of stopping the aircraft Assist with steering on the ground
30 Confirmation How would you describe the aircraft to the left? -tail dragger? -tricycle gear? -retractable gear? -float plane? -high wing? -low wing? -mid wing? -biplane? Request the use of the tools to label the aircraft.
31 Wing Span Wingspan is the maximum distance from wing tip to wing tip
32 Chord Chord is the imaginary line between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the wing A measure of the width of a wing
33 Wing Area Wing Area Length of the wing multiplied by the average width of wing
34 Planform Planform Shape of the wing as seen from above
35 Aspect Ratio Aspect Ratio Ratio of the span to chord of the wing A measure of how SLENDER the wing is
36 A structure curved to produce lift Airfoil
37 Camber Camber A measure of the curvature of an airfoil Mean Camber is the line equidistant between the upper & lower surfaces
38 Angle of Incidence Angle of Incidence Angle between chord line and the longitudinal axis
39 Relative Airflow Relative Airflow Airflow over the wing Related to the forward motion of the aircraft through the air
40 Angle of Attack Angle of Attack The angle between the chord line and the relative airflow It is a measure of how much the wing bites into the air
41 Confirmation Check Confirmation
42 Confirmation What kind of landing gear is this?
43 Confirmation What is the angle of attack?
44 Confirmation What are some of the differences between powered aircraft and gliders?
45 Confirmation Reading: From the Ground Up, pages 9-14 The next Theory of Flight Class covers the basic flight controls (6.02)
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1. Introduction This example loads report is intended to be read in conjunction with BCAR Section S and CS-VLA both of which can be downloaded from the LAA webpage, and the excellent book Light Aircraft