Museum of Science Wind Turbine Lab. Boston, MA Updated November 2013

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1 Museum of Science Wind Turbine Lab Boston, MA Updated November 2013

2 Why are Wind Turbines on the Museum of Science Roof? Wind energy was one option explored as part of our Green Initiative, which includes conservation, recycling, and other renewable energy sources. Site, wind and structural assessment showed it was impractical to scale wind turbines for Museum s electrical load (9GWh/year) No land to install turbines, big or small. Roof is only option here. Little data on small-scale wind turbines are available from the built environment Built environment includes turbines within influence of human construction, not just on rooftops or building-integrated

3 Goals of the MOS Wind Turbine Lab Testing a variety of commercially available small-scale wind turbines roof-mounted in our urban environment Serving as a community resource for both professionals and the general public A lesson in critical thinking about energy technology A practical demonstration and laboratory; experience; data An experiential part of a new Museum exhibit A landmark for Boston, Cambridge, New England A statement about the importance of renewable energy And it also generates clean energy

4 Three-Year Summary 2010 through 2012 The wind turbines average 4,229 kwh clean electricity per year kw installed, grid-tied 55% of average MA home annual electricity Museum requires > 1,000 times MA house MWhr total Avoid over 4,700 pounds of carbon dioxide each year No issues with noise, vibration, ice throw, flicker, bats, other environment problems; just two bird strikes in 4-year lab history. Our neighbors like them, too. Not cost effective at this site Roof installation costs were high; Complex project The Museum does not have a good wind regime; Average Wind Speeds ~ 3 m/s Some turbines underperforming; investigation continues

5 Project Planning Data Analysis Turbine Performance Lessons Learned

6 Complex Site PUBLIC SAFETY STRUCTURE

7 But wait, there s more! Neighbors Historic District (MA, Boston & Cambridge) FAA / hospital / military flyway Wetland DCR Land Birds? Bats? Endangered species?

8 Museum Wind Study Multiple locations for measurement Parapets Tower 3-month study correlated local data to Logan to estimate local annual pattern Winds recorded for another 9 months Moved anemometer 1 to future Proven location Full report available at mos.org/windturbinelab

9 Turbine Criteria Commercially available, residential-scale Size & weight appropriate for roof installation Responsive in our wind regime Within budget Variety of designs Downwind, upwind, architectural, vertical Manufacturer willing to accept the challenge

10 The Turbines Windspire Energy Windspire 10 m tall Southwest Windpower Skystream m diameter Proven Energy Proven m diameter Cascade Engineering Swift 2.1 m diameter AeroVironment AVX x 1.8 m diameter

11 The Exhibit: Catching the Wind

12 Project Planning Data Analysis Turbine Performance Lessons Learned

13 Data Collection - Power

14 Data Collection - Wind

15 MOS Wind Turbine Lab Data Analysis Scatter-plot power vs. wind data compared to published power curves Energy and wind distribution charts Comparison metric is Energy / Swept Area Ad-hoc analyses

16 Understanding Power Curves - MOS Data The Museum samples data every 2-3 seconds, after inverters, transformer. Wind Direction Power & Energy for each turbine Wind Speed for each turbine s anemometer Data aggregated into 10-minute intervals, includes wind speed and power averages, min, max, std dev. We create scatter plots of 10-minute average power vs. 10-minute average wind speed; compare to manufacturer s graphs.

17 Understanding Power Curves - Rated Power, Rated Speed Power Curves are graphs that plot the power a turbine generates at different wind speeds. Defines expected performance, but not energy in local wind regime. Vertical axis is kw Wind Speed for Rated Power is not yet standardized across market, complicating comparisons. Example: Note difference below between power at 12 m/s and 11 m/s. AVX1000 Proven 6 Skystream 3.7 Swift Windspire Standard Power Windspire Extreme Wind Wind Speed 1 13m/s 6 12m/s m/s 11m/s m/s m/s

18 Understanding Energy Power is proportional to wind speed cubed and swept area: ½ρAV 3 Rated Power tells you about size of generator and rotor, not how much energy you can expect. Energy = Power * Time Energy depends most strongly on wind speed and duration How fast, how long, how often Energy is what the end user cares about Wind at MOS rarely reaches the speeds at which our turbines are rated (11-13m/s) Beaufort Wind Scale Number 6: Strong Breeze mph (11 14 m/s) Large branches move; river is choppy; empty plastic garbage cans tip over; umbrella use is difficult Less than 1% of wind here over 20 mph, likely typical of populated areas MOS turbines do produce over 4.2MWh per year MOS WTL mean wind speeds: mph ( m/s) Recommended average wind speed 11 mph (5 m/s)

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21 Wind Direction

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23 Project Planning Data Analysis Turbine Performance Lessons Learned

24 Skystream 3.7 Horizontal axis, Downwind ; Passive yaw 3.7-meter rotor; 10-meter tower Closest to plug and play for 3.5 years. Out of service since Oct % of average MA home s electricity. Run plasma TV 10 hours a day. 10 hours

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26 Proven 6 Horizontal axis; Downwind; 5.5-meter rotor; 9-meter tower Largest generator and rotor of the Museum turbines. Produces the most energy but underperforms at higher winds. speeds. Wiring adjustment August % of average MA home s electricity. Run plasma TV 18 hours a day. 18 hours

27 Proven Power Curves

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29 AVX1000 (5 Units) Horizontal axis; Upwind; 1.8-meter rotor. These turbines act independently, but we add their power together. Hardware and inverter problems repaired; Improved, still underperforming. 6.8% average MA home s electricity. Run plasma TV 4 hours a day. 4 hours

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31 Swift Horizontal axis; Upwind; 2-meter rotor The computer model picture below shows how wind from the river slows down when it gets to the Swift (at the small blue swirl on the roof). 1.2% average MA home s electricity. Run plasma TV less than an hour a day. < 1 hour

32 Swift: Investigating Power Curve s Lower Limb Why do some high-wind records yield very low power? - CFD model and observation indicates in SW wind Swift often yaws without spinning. - Can anemometer (2 inch diameter) measure high winds in eddy that Swift (2 meter diameter) cannot utilize? - Are effects seasonal? Directional? Vary by wind bin? At wind speeds over 6 m/s, 82% of the data records follow the power curve. Roof drag and structural obstacles may impede Swift s operation, but most of the data does follow the power curve, performing to spec. NNW N NNE NW NE WNW ENE W E WSW ESE SW SE SSW S SSE

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34 Windspire Standard Model 1Jan Jun2011 Vertical-axis; 6-meter tall rotor Cut-out logic reduced access to high energy wind, but standard model tracks power curve well to 8 m/s. Due to inverter issues, Windspire shut down Jan, Feb, most of Aug, half of Sep, end of Dec. Nearby chiller fan may affect turbine or anemometer during summer months.

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36 Windspire Extreme Wind Model Vertical-axis; 4-meter tall rotor. 1.6% average MA home s electricity. Run plasma TV one hour a day. 1 hour Windspire Extreme Wind model replaced Standard model July 11, Designed to cut-out at higher wind speed (40mph) and recover much faster. - Reduction in swept area shifts power curve to the right. - Tracks power curve well, except: Nearby chiller fan seems to affect power curve during summer months independent of model.

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38 Windspire Power Curve Standard and Extreme Wind Models

39 How to Compare? Swift Windspire SWEPT AREA Skystream 3.7 Proven 6 AVX1000

40 Comparing Different Wind Turbines ( data, except where noted) TURBINE Energy/ Swept Area (kwh/m 2 ) Avg Wind Speed (m/s) Rated Power (kw) Energy/Year (kwh) MA Home (EIA avg 2010,2011) Skystream % Proven % Notes Performing as expected here. Out of service Oct2012 thru Dec2012. Underperforming at moderate wind speeds. Some improvement after rewiring Aug2012. AVX1000 (5 units) % Highly directional. Improved after 2010 repairs, but still underperforming. Swift % Some issues with siting; data tracks power curve most of the time. Extreme Wind Windspire (11jul Dec2012) Standard Windspire (2010 only) % Replaced Standard model 11Jul11. Performing as expected here. Seasonal site issues % Out of service 4 months of 12. Seasonal site issues. Shut down Dec2010.

41 Performance over Time

42 Project Planning Data Analysis Turbine Performance Lessons Learned

43 MOS Lessons Learned Be clear on project goals. Energy? Education? Economics? Measure wind profile as close to hub height as practical. CFD showed wind flow problem too late to modify our installation Understand how much energy you can expect in your wind regime. Seek stakeholder buy-in early and often. Installation site may need to be a compromise. Building roof structure, permitting, and wind rarely converged Roof mounting some of these turbines expensive compared to ground installation. Wind powered systems are more than just wind turbines: inverters, wiring, switches, etc.

44 View from Museum of Science Garage Roof One Science Park, Boston MA August 2011 David Rabkin Farinon Director, Current Science and Technology mos.org/windturbinelab mos.org/energized Marian Tomusiak Wind Turbine Lab Analyst

45 The Team Museum of Science David Rabkin, Director for Current Science and Technology Paul Ippolito, Director, Facilities Steve Nichols, Project Manager, IIT Marian Tomusiak, Wind Turbine Lab Analyst Renewable Energy Trust / Mass CEC Dick Tinsman, now with Criterium Engineers rtinsman@criterium-engineers.com Rapheal Herz, now with Johnson Controls Raphael.Herz@jci.com Jim Christo, now with Alteris Renewables jchristo@alterisinc.com Marybeth Campbell, now with the Massachusetts Clean Energy Center MCampbell@MassCEC.com Christie Howe, Massachusetts Clean Energy Center chowe@masscec.com Underwriters Kresge Foundation Cascade Energy Museum of Science and its supporters And the Extended Project Team Boreal Renewable Energy Development Bob Shatten, Principal Tom Michelman, Principal Alex Weck, Principal Michael Alexis, Principal ANSYS/TRC Valerio Viti, Sr. Fluids Specialist Chris DesAutels, Sr. Meteorologist Lloyd Schulman, Sr. Meteorologist Apterra Technologies Ted Schwartz, Principal Nexamp, Inc. Will Thompson, VP, Integration Phelan Engineering Paul Phelan, Jr., P.E. Richard Gross, Inc. Richard Gross, P.E. Rubin and Rudman, LLP Keren Schlomy, Partner Shaw Welding Company Rick Shaw, President/CEO Titan Electric Corporation John Gill, President bshatten@boreal-renewable.com tmichelman@boreal-renewable.com aweck@boreal-renewable.com malexis@boreal-renewable.com valerio.viti@ansys.com cdesautels@trcsolutions.com lschulman@trcsolutions.com ted.schwartz@apterratech.com wthompson@nexamp.com paulphelan@comcast.net rgross@ieee.org kschlomy@green-mail.org rick@shawwelding.com jgill@titan-electric.com