FINAL LAP REVISION FOR PRELIMS SET 30- GEOGRAPHY 2

Transcription

1 1 SET- 30 GEOGRAPHY

2 FINAL LAP REVISION FOR PRELIMS SET 30- GEOGRAPHY 2 Q. 1. Which of the following are important Factors Affecting Biomes? 1. Precipitation 2. Wind flow 3. Difference in temperature 4. Length of daylight Select the answer from the Codes a. 1, 3 and 4 b. 1, 2 and 4 c. 2 and 3 ANS: All of the above There are various factors which affects the size, location, and character of a biome. Important factors are as follow: (i) Length of daylight and darkness. This is mainly responsible for duration of photosynthesis. (ii) Mean temperature as well as difference in temperature. Differences (both diurnal and annual) to find out extreme conditions. (iii) Length of growing season. (iv) Precipitation which includes total amount, variations over time and intensity. (v) Wind flow that include speed, direction, duration and frequency. (vi) Soil types (vii) Slope (viii) Drainage (ix) Other plant and animal species

3 FINAL LAP REVISION FOR PRELIMS SET 30- GEOGRAPHY 3 Q. 2. Consider the following statements regarding Salinity. 1. There is no marked difference in the salinity between the surface zones and the deep zones of the oceans. 2. Salinity at the surface increases by the loss of water to ice or evaporation, or decreased by the input of fresh waters, such as from the rivers. 3. Salinity at depth is not very much fixed and keeps on changing. Which of the following statements are Correct? a. 1 and 3 b. 2 only c. 2 and 3 ANS: 2 only Salinity changes with depth, but the way it changes depends upon the location of the sea. Salinity at the surface increases by the loss of water to ice or evaporation, or decreased by the input of fresh waters, such as from the rivers. Salinity at depth is very much fixed, because there is no way that water is lost, or the salt is added. There is a marked difference in the salinity between the surface zones and the deep zones of the oceans. The lower salinity water rests above the higher salinity dense water. Salinity, generally, increases with depth and there is a distinct zone called the halocline, where salinity increases sharply. Other factors being constant, increasing salinity of seawater causes its density to increase. High salinity sea water, generally, sinks below the lower salinity water. This leads to stratification by salinity

4 FINAL LAP REVISION FOR PRELIMS SET 30- GEOGRAPHY 4 Q. 3. Which of the following statements regarding The prevailing winds are Correct? 1. The prevailing winds never deflect the warm and cold currents and causes change in temperature of ocean water. 2. Due to factors such as uneven heating from the Sun and the Earth's rotation, these winds vary at different latitudes on Earth. 3. The West coast of South and North America receives abundant rain during the winter due to these winds as well. Select the answer from the Codes a. 1 and 3 b. 2 and 3 c. 1 and 2 ANS: 2 and 3 Prevailing winds are winds that blow consistently in a given direction over a particular region on Earth. Due to factors such as uneven heating from the Sun and the Earth's rotation, these winds vary at different latitudes on Earth. Prevailing winds are important for determining locations of wind farms in order to generate electricity. Prevailing winds also determine the amount of rainfall that different regions get. In Southeastern Asia, these winds result in the formation of monsoons and deserts. The West coast of South and North America receives abundant rain during the winter due to these winds as well. The prevailing winds deflect the warm and cold currents and causes change in temperature of ocean water.

5 FINAL LAP REVISION FOR PRELIMS SET 30- GEOGRAPHY 5 For example, the currents on the east coast in the Trade Wind Belt shift away from the coast. Hence, the warm currents flowing along the coast moves away from it which leads to the upwelling of cold water from below near the coast. Hence the temperature remains low in spite of the passage of warm currents. This is why the temperature remains lower on the eastern than on western parts of the oceans. Q. 4. Consider the following statements regarding Continental Slope 1. It represents the final stage in the boundary between continents and the abyssal plain. 2. The gradient of the slope is lowest off stable coasts without major rivers and highest off coasts with young mountain ranges and narrow continental shelves. 3. These are not characterized by Submarine canyons

6 FINAL LAP REVISION FOR PRELIMS SET 30- GEOGRAPHY 6 Which of the following statements are Correct? a. 1 and 2 b. 2 only c. 1 and 3 ANS: 2 only The slope that extends from a continental shelf down to the ocean deep is the continental slope. Continental slopes occupy about 8.5% of the total area of the oceans. The gradient of the slope is lowest off stable coasts without major rivers and highest off coasts with young mountain ranges and narrow continental shelves. The boundary between the continental slope and the continental shelf is known as the shelf break. These are characterized by submarine canyons Continental Rise represents the final stage in the boundary between continents and the abyssal plain.

7 FINAL LAP REVISION FOR PRELIMS SET 30- GEOGRAPHY 7 Q. 5. Which of the following statements regarding Oceanic Trenches are Correct? 1. They are also the deepest parts of the ocean floor. 2. The bottom temperature of trenches is very cold 3. Trenches are not generally parallel to a volcanic island arc. Select the answer from the Codes a. 1 and 3 b. 1 and 2 c. 2 and 3 ANS: 1 and 2 The oceanic trenches are hemispheric-scale long but narrow topographic depressions of the sea floor. They are also the deepest parts of the ocean floor. They are a distinctive morphological feature of convergent plate boundaries, along which lithospheric plates move towards each other at rates varying from a few mm to over ten cm per year. A trench marks the position at which the flexed, subducting slab begins to descend beneath another lithospheric slab. Trenches are generally parallel to a volcanic island arc. The bottom temperature of trenches is very cold (between 1 to 4 C). Great earthquakes and Tsunamis are born in the ocean trenches.

8 FINAL LAP REVISION FOR PRELIMS SET 30- GEOGRAPHY 8 Q. 6. Consider the following statements regarding Africa. 1. It is the largest continent in the World. 2. It is not the only continent through which the tropic of Cancer, the Equator and the tropic of Capricorn pass. 3. A large part of Africa lies in the Northern hemisphere. Which of the following statements are Correct? a. 1 and 3 b. 1 and 2 c. 3 only ANS: 3 only

9 FINAL LAP REVISION FOR PRELIMS SET 30- GEOGRAPHY 9 It is the second largest continent after Asia. It is the only continent through which the tropic of Cancer,the Equator and the tropic of Capricorn pass. A large part of Africa lies in the Northern hemisphere. The country is bound on all the sides by oceans and seas. Q. 7. Xerophytes represent the class of vegetation found in a. Tropical Rainforest b. Semi Arid Steppes c. Humid Microthermal Climate d. Tundra Region ANS: Semi Arid Steppes Xerophyte, any plant adapted to life in a dry or physiologically dry habitat (salt marsh, saline soil, or acid bog) by means of mechanisms to prevent water loss or to store available water. Succulents (plants that store water) such as cacti and agaves have thick, fleshy stems or leaves. Other xerophytic adaptations include waxy leaf coatings, the ability to drop leaves during dry periods, the ability to reposition or fold leaves to reduce sunlight absorption, and the development of a dense, hairy leaf covering. Q. 8. Consider the following statements regarding Distance from the Sea 1. The water is a bad conductor of heat i.e. it takes longer time to heat and longer time to cool. 2. Due to this moderating effect of the sea, places near the coast have High range of temperature and low humidity.

10 FINAL LAP REVISION FOR PRELIMS SET 30- GEOGRAPHY 10 Which of the following statements are Correct? a. 1 only b. 2 only c. Both 1 and 2 d. Neither 1 nor 2 ANS: 1 only The water is a bad conductor of heat i.e. it takes longer time to heat and longer time to cool. Due to this moderating effect of the sea, places near the coast have low range of temperature and high humidity. The places in the interior of the continent do not experience moderating effect of the sea. These places have extreme temperatures. The places far from the sea have higher range of diurnal (daily) and annual temperatures. Mumbai has relatively lower temperature and higher rainfall than Nagpur, although both are almost situated on the same latitude. Q. 9. The capacity of the atmospheric air to retain water as vapour, depends fundamentally on : a. Temperature b. Pressure c. Density d. Speed of the Wind ANS: Temperature

11 FINAL LAP REVISION FOR PRELIMS SET 30- GEOGRAPHY 11 Q. 10. Which of the following statements regarding Torrid Zone are Correct? 1. The sun s rays are not vertical throughout the year in this zone. 2. The duration of day and night are always equal i.e. 12 hours each on the equator and they increase to 13 hours 27 minutes at tropics. 3. The range of temperature is lowest at the equator and it increases towards the tropics. Select the answer from the Codes a. 1 and 2 b. 2 and 3 c. 1 and 2 ANS: 2 and 3 It is the largest of the thermal zones. It covers, almost half the area of the earth s surface. It is situated between the Tropic of Cancer (23½ N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23½0 South) (See fig 13.1). The sun s rays are almost vertical throughout the year in this zone. The mid-day sun is overhead at equator on equinoxes, i.e. on 21 st March and 23rd September. It is also overhead at Tropic of Cancer on 21st June and at Tropic of Capricorn on 22nd December. The duration of day and night are always equal i.e. 12 hours each on the equator and they increase to 13 hours 27 minutes at tropics. The range of temperature is lowest at the equator and it increases towards the tropics.

12 FINAL LAP REVISION FOR PRELIMS SET 30- GEOGRAPHY 12 Q. 11. Consider the following statements regarding Oceans. 1. Pacific Ocean is "S" shaped with highly indented coastline which provides ideal location for natural harbours and ports. 2. The shape of the Indian ocean is Triangular 3. The Southern Ocean encircles the Antarctica continent and extends Northward to 60 0 South latitude. Which of the following statements are Incorrect? a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only ANS: 1 only Oceans are huge water-bodies and major part of the hydrosphere. The three chief movements of ocean waters are the waves, the tides and ocean currents. Some major oceans in the world are the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Arctic Ocean. Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean spread over one-third of the earth. The shape of Pacific Ocean is almost circular. Atlantic Ocean is the second largest ocean and is "S" shaped with highly indented coastline which provides ideal location for natural harbours and ports. The Indian ocean is the only ocean that is named after a country i.e. India. The shape of the ocean is triangular The Southern Ocean encircles the Antarctica continent and extends Northward to 60 0 South latitude. The Arctic Ocean is located within the Arctic Circle and surrounds the North Pole.

13 FINAL LAP REVISION FOR PRELIMS SET 30- GEOGRAPHY 13 Q. 12. Consider the following statements Pressure Gradients 1. In the lower atmosphere the pressure Increases rapidly with height. 2. The vertical pressure gradient force is much larger than that of the horizontal pressure gradient. 3. It is generally balanced by a nearly equal but opposite gravitational force and we do not experience strong upward winds. Which of the following statements are Correct? a. 1 and 3 b. 2 and 3 c. 1 and 2 ANS: 2 and 3 The pressure decreases with height. At any elevation it varies from place to place and its variation is the primary cause of air motion, i.e. wind which moves from high pressure areas to low pressure areas. In the lower atmosphere the pressure decreases rapidly with height. The decrease amounts to about 1 mb for each 10 m increase in elevation. The vertical pressure gradient force is much larger than that of the horizontal pressure gradient. But, it is generally balanced by a nearly equal but opposite gravitational force. Hence, we do not experience strong upward winds. Small differences in pressure are highly significant in terms of the wind direction and velocity. Horizontal distribution of pressure is studied by drawing isobars at constant levels. Isobars are lines connecting places having equal pressure. In order to eliminate the effect of altitude on pressure, it is measured at any station after being reduced to sea level for purposes of comparison.

14 FINAL LAP REVISION FOR PRELIMS SET 30- GEOGRAPHY 14 Q. 13. Which of the following statements are some of important conditions favourable for the Formation and intensification of Tropical Storms? 1. Absence of the Coriolis force 2. Large sea surface with temperature higher than 27 C 3. Upper divergence above the sea level system Select the answer from the Codes a. 1 and 3 b. 2 and 3 c. 1 and 2 ANS: 2 and 3 Some of the Conditions! (i) Large sea surface with temperature higher than 27 C; (ii) Presence of the Coriolis force; (iii) Small variations in the vertical wind speed; (iv) A pre-existing weak low-pressure area or low-level-cyclonic circulation; (v) Upper divergence above the sea level system. The energy that intensifies the storm, comes from the condensation process in the towering cumulonimbus clouds, surrounding the centre of the storm. With continuous supply of moisture from the sea, the storm is further strengthened. On reaching the land the moisture supply is cut off and the storm dissipates. The place where a tropical cyclone crosses the coast is called the landfall of the cyclone.

15 FINAL LAP REVISION FOR PRELIMS SET 30- GEOGRAPHY 15 Q. 14. Consider the following statements regarding Hail and Sleet. 1. Sleet is precipitation of small balls or pieces of ice (hail stones) with diameters ranging from 5 to 50mm, falling either separately or agglomerated into irregular lumps. 2. Hail is frozen rain, formed when rain before falling on the earth, passes through a cold layer of air and freezes and It s a combination of small ice balls and rime. Which of the following statements are Incorrect? a. 1 only b. 2 only c. Both 1 and 2 d. Neither 1 nor 2 ANS: Both 1 and 2 SLEET Sleet is frozen rain, formed when rain before falling on the earth, passes through a cold layer of air and freezes. The result is the creation of solid particles of clear ice. It s usually a combination of small ice balls and rime. HAIL Hail is precipitation of small balls or pieces of ice (hail stones) with diameters ranging from 5 to 50mm, falling either separately or agglomerated into irregular lumps. Hailstones are comprised of a series of alternating layers of transparent and translucent ice. NOTES When condensation takes place below freezing point (-0 C), the water vapour changes into tiny ice crystals.

16 FINAL LAP REVISION FOR PRELIMS SET 30- GEOGRAPHY 16 These tiny ice crystals grow in size and form ice flakes which become big and heavy and start falling on the ground. This form of precipitation is called snowfall. Snowfall is very common in Western Himalaya and mid and high latitude regions in winter Q. 15. Consider the following statements regarding Subtropical Jet Streams 1. During summer, in the Northern Hemisphere, the subtropical jet weakens considerably, and it is only identifiable in sporadic velocity streaks around the globe. 2. Over Asia in summer, the subtropical jet is replaced by the tropical easterly jet stream. 3. A subsidence motion accompanies subtropical jets and gives rise to predominantly the harshest weather in areas they pass over.

17 FINAL LAP REVISION FOR PRELIMS SET 30- GEOGRAPHY 17 Which of the following statements are Correct? a. 1 and 3 b. 1 and 2 c. 3 only ANS: 1 and 2 These jets, like the polar-front jets, are best developed in winter and early spring. During summer, in the Northern Hemisphere, the subtropical jet weakens considerably, and it is only identifiable in sporadic velocity streaks around the globe. During winter, subtropical jets intensify and can be found between 20 and 50 latitude. Their maximum speed approaches 300 knots, although these higher wind speeds are associated with their merger with polar-front jets. The core is most frequently found between 35,000 and 40,000 feet. A subsidence motion accompanies subtropical jets and gives rise to predominantly fair weather in areas they pass over. These jets are also remarkably persistent from time to time, but they do fluctuate daily. Sometimes they drift northward and merge with a polar-front jet. Over Asia in summer, the subtropical jet is replaced by the tropical easterly jet stream.

18 FINAL LAP REVISION FOR PRELIMS SET 30- GEOGRAPHY 18 Q. 16. Which one of the following types of vegetation is found in the shaded area of the given map? a. Dry Tropical Evergreen b. Moist tropical Evergreen c. Moist Tropical Evergreen d. Dry Tropical Deciduous ANS: Moist tropical Evergreen Q. 17. Consider the following statements regarding Conchoidal Fracture. 1. Conchoidal fracture is a curved breakage that resembles the concentric ripples of a mussel shell. 2. Sub-conchoidal fracture is similar to conchoidal fracture, but not as curved. Which of the following statements are Correct?

19 FINAL LAP REVISION FOR PRELIMS SET 30- GEOGRAPHY 19 a. 1 only b. 2 only c. Both 1 and 2 d. Neither 1 nor 2 ANS: Both 1 and 2 Conchoidal fracture is a curved breakage that resembles the concentric ripples of a mussel shell. It often occurs in amorphous or fine-grained minerals such as flint, opal or obsidian, but may also occur in crystalline minerals such as quartz. Sub conchoidal fracture is similar to conchoidal fracture, but not as curved. Note that obsidian is an igneous rock, not a mineral, but it does illustrate conchoidal fracture well. Q. 18. Consider the following statements regarding Cyclones and Anticyclones. 1. In a cyclone, the area of low pressure is at the centre surrounded by the areas of high pressure. 2. In a cyclone, the areas of low pressure surround the area of high pressure. 3. In an anticyclone, the area of high pressure is surrounded by the areas of low pressure. 4. In an anticyclone, the area of low pressure is surrounded by the areas of high pressure. Which of the following statements are Correct? a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 ANS: 1 and 3

20 FINAL LAP REVISION FOR PRELIMS SET 30- GEOGRAPHY 20 Q. 19. Which of the following are Correctly Matched? 1. Cirrocumulus Clouds: Dark, gray low altitude cloud that produces continuous precipitation in the form of rain or snow. Found in an altitude range from the surface to 3,000 m. 2. Cirrostratus Clouds: High altitude sheet like clouds composed of ice crystals. These thin clouds often cover the entire sky. Found in an altitude range from 5,000-18,000 m. 3. Cumulus Cloud: High altitude sheet like clouds composed of ice crystals. These thin clouds often cover the entire sky. Found in an altitude range from 5,000-18,000 m. Select the answer from the Codes

21 FINAL LAP REVISION FOR PRELIMS SET 30- GEOGRAPHY 21 a. 1 and 3 b. 2 only c. 3 only ANS: 2 only Nimbostratus Clouds - Dark, gray low altitude cloud that produces continuous precipitation in the form of rain or snow. Found in an altitude range from the surface to 3,000 m. Cumulonimbus Cloud: A well developed vertical cloud that often has top shaped like an anvil. These clouds can extend in altitude from a few hundred m above the surface to more than 12,000 m. Cirrocumulus Clouds: Patchy white high altitude cloud composed of ice crystals. Found in an altitude range from 5,000-18,000 m. Cirrostratus Clouds: High altitude sheet like clouds composed of ice crystals. These thin clouds often cover the entire sky. Found in an altitude range from 5,000-18,000 m. Cumulus Cloud: Large clouds with relatively flat bases. These are found in an altitude range from 300-2,000 m.

22 FINAL LAP REVISION FOR PRELIMS SET 30- GEOGRAPHY 22 Q. 20. Consider the following statements regarding Precipitation. 1. Areas lying in the rain shadow zone of the interior of the continents and high latitudes receive very low rainfall-less than 50 cm per annum. 2. Interior continental areas receive moderate rainfall varying from cm per annum. 3. In some regions rainfall is distributed evenly throughout the year such as in the equatorial belt and in the western parts of cool temperate regions. Which of the following statements are Correct? a. 1 and 3 b. 2 and 3 c. 1 and 2 ANS: All of the above The equatorial belt, the windward slopes of the mountains along the western coasts in the cool temperate zone and the coastal areas of the monsoon land receive heavy rainfall of over 200 cm per annum. Interior continental areas receive moderate rainfall varying from cm per annum. The coastal areas of the continents receive moderate amount of rainfall. The central parts of the tropical land and the eastern and interior parts of the temperate lands receive rainfall varying between cm per annum. Areas lying in the rain shadow zone of the interior of the continents and high latitudes receive very low rainfall-less than 50 cm per annum. Seasonal distribution of rainfall provides an important aspect to judge its effectiveness. In some regions rainfall is distributed evenly throughout the year such as in the equatorial belt and in the western parts of cool temperate regions.