Ventilation Practices and Evidence-Based Research. By: John Paul Jones, Fire Chief KCKFD
|
|
- Cameron Lynch
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Ventilation Practices and Evidence-Based Research By: John Paul Jones, Fire Chief KCKFD In the world of fire suppression, I believe one can say that on the fire ground, ventilation is everything. Especially considering that the fires we experience today can be more of a challenge based on the high-energy producing materials inherent with modern construction, household goods, furniture, appliances and furnishings. The purpose here is to provoke discussion. Should we be doing it differently? Let us begin by considering some of the principles of physics associated with ventilation that we will encounter on the fire scene. When we ventilate and let the heat and products of combustion out of the structure (container), isn t there a corresponding decrease in both pressure and temperature? If we apply a hose stream to introduce the heat-absorbing capabilities of water into the environment, don t we want the resulting steam to have an avenue to exit as it carries heat out of the structure by utilizing the existing pressure differential? According to Amontons' Law or Gay Lussac s Law of physics concerning pressure and temperature, it basically tells us that if you have an increase in heat, you have a corresponding increase in pressure and vice versa. According to the laws of physics, any fire of significance within a structure will pressurize the structure (vessel or container) because of the pressure differential caused by the increase in temperature. Should the most effective way to ventilate at the most critical time on the fire ground be termed pressure differential ventilation instead of positive pressure ventilation? Shouldn t we be thinking in terms of pressure differential ventilation techniques where the goal is to let the heat, smoke, toxic gases and steam out of the structure (container)? Should we strive to release the products of combustion instead of purposely confining them? Don t we have an understanding of fire behavior that tells us that if the products of combustion are confined and exposed to high enough temperatures, they may indeed become a fuel that can ignite in the presence of adequate amounts of oxygen to produce conditions of backdraft, flashover, or rollover? Are the laws of physics telling us that the current philosophies associated with positive pressure ventilation as applied to fire attack have serious if not dangerous flaws? Page 1 of 7
2 The answer to all of these questions is yes, but with caution. Think about this, why would we want to, as a common practice, confine or contain heat and fuel together as we expose both of them to available oxygen? The fundamental approach to each fire we encounter should be to read the situation, to have the ability to understand and to know the relationship between temperature, pressure and heat flow. Therefore, the tactics you use in order to deal with these physical laws will determine the most favorable outcome. But if the only outcome you desire is for the fire at some point to be extinguished, then best practices can become foggy at best. Again, fundamentally, we need to ask ourselves this question: Why are we, at times, applying a one size fits all mentality for ventilation applications in regard to fire attack? For example, on a standard bread and butter residential fire, a common practice may be where one would put a fan out in front of the front door and tell the firefighters not to make any openings except for one that is smaller (preferably in the room of fire origin) than the opening where we are introducing air from the PPV fan without consideration of fire flow? Should our goal be to increase pressure? Absolutely not, it must be understood that according to the laws of physics, we will definitely have pressure when we experience a real fire event, and without a negative pressure intervention, the products of combustion will be produced faster than they can exit the structure. Let s consider the science behind the fact that the products of combustion want to be released from the structure. Why? Because of the difference in pressure and the fact that pressure will flow from a high pressure to a low pressure environment. The fire will comply with the laws of physics every time. Why do we at times subscribe to blanket methods of ventilation that confine heat and toxic gases? (fuel + heat + fuel being produced faster than it can be expelled + continued temperature increase = backdraft, flashover, rollover, etc.) Or consider, why do we at times, subscribe to the process of creating openings without regard to the consequences of the introduction of oxygen? Shouldn t we be subscribing to specific measures and practices that recognize the need to reduce internal pressures by letting the products of combustion out of the structure while experiencing a corresponding decrease in flashover potential? If we create a negative pressure differential, won t the dangerous levels of fuel and heat automatically exit the structure because of a difference in pressure as Page 2 of 7
3 we make openings in the structure (container)? And if we don t, what happens then? Now as the new NIST research is revealing to us all, a major consideration with pressure differential ventilation or positive pressure ventilation, for that matter, is the introduction of oxygen into the equation. So, how do we look at this introduction of oxygen, using the evidence-based solutions of applying ventilation techniques for specifically timed circumstances? We have to understand that the fuels of today burn hotter, faster and react with more veracity when exposed to oxygen at a point when the fire needs it the most in order to burn with the greatest efficiency. Shouldn t our goals include efforts to achieve greater understanding of ventilation from the standpoint that gives consideration to strategy of let it out or as we have termed, pressure differential ventilation? If your only goal was to apply pressure differential ventilation (negative pressure ventilation) without the introduction of water, then yes, you will have the possibility of an initial temperature reduction followed by a dramatic increase in temperature. In regard to the concept of heat transfer, if you introduce water (simultaneous to ventilation and in sufficient quantities) into the equation you will have heat transfer occur where the heat of the gases will be transferred to the water and have a very positive effect. So, why not apply water into the structure before entering? If you are simultaneously applying pressure differential ventilation strategies, then you will have the heat absorbing water as steam, carrying the heat away from the structure, as it contracts the fire gases and exits through prescribed openings large enough to cause a rapid decrease in pressure within the structure. My question to you now in regard to a scientific approach is, why? We need to know the why? behind our actions. The NIST studies are important because they will tell us why we should do things differently. The NIST studies are providing us with answers. Why would we want to adhere to some of our current prescribed methods that we cannot, through scientific methods and evidence-based reasoning, verify as best practices? Back to what I had mentioned before about physics, the relationship between temperature and pressure is the most important principle of physics for us to understand. Now this is what brings us to the why question as related to our Page 3 of 7
4 actions. If we are to take advantage of pressure differential ventilation, we must consider heat transfer, heat flow, the understanding of the role of fuel, the timing of making openings, and the application of water. Remember Gay Lussac s Law, if you increase heat you increase pressure, so in a fire of significance, you will have a pressurized interior environment that wants to equalize with the outside air pressure. If you introduce water you will experience heat transfer and the creation of steam. If you continue to apply water and apply pressure differential ventilation techniques that entail making enough of an opening or openings to allow for a rapid reduction in pressure and temperature, then this will produce a simultaneous, rapid deceleration and interruption in the production of fire, heat and fuel. An understanding of the thermal flow path is important because the use of pressure differential ventilation techniques again, without regard to understanding the introduction of oxygen, can be catastrophic. It may be that sometimes, the timing of our tactics directs us to limit the use of pressure differential ventilation until it is warranted and does not pose an immediate threat or hazard to victims or firefighters. But we must also consider what we truly know best, how the heat absorbing capacity of water interrupts the process of combustion, and manipulates the thermal flow path of fire gases and use it to our best advantage. When applying pressure differential ventilation ( letting it out ) we may create a thermal flow path that can be used to our advantage as the products of combustion exit the structure (container) along with the steam from the effective timing of the application of water. Remember Gay Lussac s law, if you reduce pressure you will reduce heat. The thermal flow path of fire is a result of a situation where continued combustion creates heat that increases pressure and air will be drawn in as heat and smoke exits in an attempt to create equilibrium. The introduction of water with the right stream application (straight stream or solid stream) interrupts the process of combustion creating steam which causes a reduction in temperature and a reduction in overall pressure. As the temperature and pressures are reduced, as heat, smoke and steam leave the structure, an explosive combustion potential will be reduced to the point where flashover conditions are eliminated and the thermal flow path is weakened or cooled to a point where firefighters can operate safely at lower levels within the structure (container). Page 4 of 7
5 Our goal should be effective heat transfer that reduces the temperature as a decrease in pressure is achieved (through ventilation) simultaneous to the introduction of water into the environment. But we must consider how the environment is effected overall and consider whether or not the thermal stratification of heat will be compromised. Why would we not want to introduce water into this environment prior to entry? The answer is that, we should. In doing so, we can reduce temperature and interrupt the thermal flow path, which is how the fire breathes. This interruption can be of tremendous help to us because the effects of the introduction of oxygen in intensifying the fire will be countered by the reduction of temperature caused by the introduction of water. So again, the introduction of water (straight stream or solid stream) reduces temperature and releases the fuel, steam and pressure within the structure. The contraction of hot gases caused by heat transfer or energy absorption and their release to the outside environment (pressure differential ventilation) increases survivability of firefighters and victims within the structure. This is food for thought in an attempt to get you to think about ventilation differently in relation to the process of combustion that is confined to a structure (container). As we have discussed, physics does show us a direct relationship between heat and pressure, if you increase heat, you have a corresponding increase in pressure. As a fire progresses, this pressure differential when confined, will draw in air (as openings are allowed) from the outside of the structure (container), feeding the fire oxygen. The increase in temperature will have a corresponding increase in pressure and the heat (temperature) unless interrupted, will continue to rise to dangerous levels. The purpose of my writing about this is to challenge you as leaders in the fire service to consider an immediate and aggressive examination of a new way of looking at strategy and tactics in the fire service as it relates to ventilation. With an evidence-based approach, the NIST studies will challenge us to use this new evidence-based reasoning in an effort to ask why we apply one technique over another. The evidence based consideration for the: who, what, when, where, why and how for ventilation. Again, we need to understand the relationship between our coordinated activities that have a cause and effect relationship to the resulting positive or negative consequences in order for us to extinguish fires safely and effectively. Page 5 of 7
6 The science behind the fire must be understood, and the physics behind the processes involved with this combustion must be understood. Fire is dynamic and subject to change based on the interrelationship between temperature, pressure, and the flow of heat. We must rely on the research being done because we can t conduct experiments on the fire ground where we can change variables to examine cause and affect relationships. Instead we can become victims of our experiences in that our understanding of fire behavior may be skewed unrealistically because of the limiting effects of these experiences as they may not be providing for a scientific approach. The laws of physics governing the relationship between temperature, pressure and heat transfer must be understood in relation to what we do in the fire service. It is very important for all of us as leaders within the fire service, to read, to study, and to understand the information being developed by the real scientific research taking place within the NIST studies. We in the fire service must visualize and see the laws of physics in action as we take action and use these physical laws to our advantage. We must understand and know heat transfer on the fire ground from a scientific, evidenced based point of view, in real time. We must understand the thermal flow of heat in relation to the actions we are taking on the fire ground. Maybe, as a result of creating a new understanding of pressure-differential ventilation, we will always consider the proper timing of the application of water before we make entry. The interrelationship between heat, pressure, ventilation, thermal flow path, and the application of water can be considered interdependent within the dynamics of combustion taking place within a structure (container). Our ability to be effective is directly related to understanding these evidence-based scientific studies. I believe as we continue to look at our best practices through the prism of this evidence-based scientific research, we will increase our effectiveness tremendously and systematically reduce the probability of injury and death for firefighters and civilians alike. Once again, I challenge you to read the NIST information, to explore these new ideas, and the resulting application of new techniques and best practices. Why? Because it would be irresponsible not to, because we owe it to those who trust that we are going to do everything in our power to reduce the risk inherent with fighting fire. Page 6 of 7
7 Page 7 of 7
SITUATIONAL AWARENESS, DISORIENTATION and IMPROVING FIREFIGHTER SURVIVAL AT STRUCTURAL FIRES
SITUATIONAL AWARENESS, DISORIENTATION and IMPROVING FIREFIGHTER SURVIVAL AT STRUCTURAL FIRES LT. MIKE MASON Within the modern day fire service at structural fires firefighters are faced with an ever changing
More informationBASIC FIRE SCHOOL VENTILATION, SALVAGE & OVERHAUL
VENTILATION, SALVAGE & OVERHAUL VENTILATION The process of removing smoke, heat, and toxic gases from a burning building and replacing them with cooler, cleaner, more oxygen-rich air VENTILATION BENEFITS
More informationModel SOP Standard Operating Procedure
Model SOP Standard Operating Procedure Firetactics.com SOP 3/Version 1/2008 3. ENTRY PROCEDURES INTO FIRE-INVOLVED COMPARTMENTS Sections 1. Purpose 2. Objectives of compartment entry 3. Residential compartments
More informationNATURAL GAS RESPONSE SOG
SCOPE NATURAL GAS RESPONSE SOG This guideline shall apply to all members of the Stoney Point Fire Department and shall be adhered to by all members. PURPOSE The purpose of this guideline is to explain
More informationTownship of Cumru Fire Department 03/12/2008 Standard Operating Guidelines Page: 1 of 8 Section 15.05
Standard Operating Guidelines Page: 1 of 8 15.05 Scope: This procedure will provide an organized method in which to carry out the fire ground functions in a timely and safe manner. Discussed will be the
More informationWilson County Emergency Management Agency 110 Oak Street Lebanon, Tennessee 37087
SOG Name: One and Two Family Dwellings SOG Number: 403.18 Effective Date: February 2, 2015 Approved: Joey Cooper, Director Reviewed: Scope This procedure will provide an organized method in which to carry
More informationCFBT LEVEL I COURSE INFORMATION SHEET
CFBT LEVEL I COURSE INFORMATION SHEET Course Description Compartment Fire Behavior Training (CFBT) Level I examines fire behavior in a structural environment. Critical learning outcomes include the ability
More informationthe Fire Tetrahedron Identify the relationship of the concentration of
Fire Behavior Objectives Identifyy the components p of the Fire Triangle g and the Fire Tetrahedron Identify the relationship of the concentration of oxygen to combustibility and life safety Identify the
More informationCFBT LEVEL II COURSE INFORMATION SHEET
CFBT LEVEL II COURSE INFORMATION SHEET Course Description Compartment Fire Behavior Training (CFBT) Level II builds on the foundational knowledge and skills developed in CFBT Level I. Critical learning
More informationESCONDIDO FIRE DEPT TRAINING MANUAL Section Truck Module Page 1 of 5 Utilities Gas Emergencies Revised
Truck Module Page 1 of 5 GAS EMERGENCIES Introduction Natural gas and Liquid Propane Gas (LPG) are flammable gases. Many households and commercial buildings utilize these gases for everything from heating
More informationTACTICAL VENTILATION Graeme Bowser, Tyne & Wear Fire Brigade, U.K.
TACTICAL VENTILATION Graeme Bowser, Tyne & Wear Fire Brigade, U.K. Graeme@UKfirefighter.org.uk Ventilation when performed correctly saves lives, eases firefighting conditions and reduces damage. 1. Introduction
More informationTools, Techniques and Tactics (3T) in Combination for Firefighting
Discussion topic Tools, Techniques and Tactics (3T) in Combination for Firefighting 2015 Open Conference International Fire Instructors Workshop art.arnalich@cern.ch M.Eng Civil Engineering So who is this
More informationDirect attack. 1 Introduction
Direct attack 1 Introduction In several previous articles we discussed the direct attack. Simply put, this comes down to the following: direct attack is putting water onto the fuel. The goal is to lower
More informationStorage and Pre-planning Considerations
Participant Guide Module 8 Storage and Pre-planning Considerations Module Objective Upon the completion of this module, participants should be able to develop plans to fight or contain fires at tank farms
More informationCHIEF S FILE CABINET
Closing the Gap Concerns over firefighter safety are no longer casual conversations. Increasingly, the emphasis on firefighter safety is moving from an afterthought to the forefront of everything from
More informationSpecial Edition. Back To Basics. Search Operations. A Review of the Basics of Fireground Search
Special Edition Back To Basics Search Operations A Review of the Basics of Fireground Search This special edition is devoted to specific skills and duties relating to fireground search.. Members should
More information===============================================================
TOPIC: TRAINING TECHNIQUES LEVEL OF INSTRUCTION: TIME REQUIRED: TWO HOURS INSTRUCTOR GUIDE MATERIALS: APPROPRIATE AUDIO-VISUAL MATERIALS REFERENCES: Fire and Emergency Services Instructor, 6 th ed., International
More informationTownship Of Jackson, Fire District 3, Station 55 Standard Operating Guidelines TWO IN TWO OUT
Guideline # 310.06 Township Of Jackson, Fire District 3, Station 55 Standard Operating Guidelines TWO IN TWO OUT Date: 3/07 R PURPOSE To establish standard guidelines and procedures that will serve to
More information13 Search and Rescue
Search and Rescue Objectives (1 of 2) Define search and rescue. Describe the importance of scene size-up in search and rescue. Describe risk-benefit analysis. Describe search techniques. Describe the primary
More informationSafe Work Practices / Procedures / Instruction CONFINED SPACE
CONFINED SPACE Entry into and work in a confined space poses health and safety problems which may include: Presence or possible build up of a hazardous atmosphere Unexpected movement of equipment or materials
More informationChapter 1 FF I Orientation and Fire Service History
Chapter 1 FF I Orientation and Fire Service History After completing this lesson, the student shall be able to describe how the history and culture of the fire service influence its basic mission, the
More informationCENTRAL ZONE OPERATIONS MANUAL
Number: Title: Page 1 of 6 PURPOSE The purpose of this policy is to establish the minimum standards and requirements needed for Central Zone Fire Departments to comply with all applicable regulations including
More informationYakima County Fire District 12 Standard Operating Guidlines SOG 2-11 Interior Structure Firefighting
Yakima County Fire District 12 Standard Operating Guidlines SOG 2-11 Interior Structure Firefighting REFERENCES: WAC 296-305-05001 (8) WAC 296-305-05001 (10) WAC 296-305-05001 (11) Policy 1201, 2103, 2123,
More informationCLEARWATER FIRE ACADEMY
CLEARWATER FIRE ACADEMY March 20-21-22 Orofino High School Orofino, Idaho Sponsored by: Clearwater Fire Chiefs Association Eastern Idaho Technical College Clearwater Fire Academy Email: academy@orofinofire.com
More informationDräger Swede Survival System Phase 1 Flashover Development Observation
Dräger Swede Survival System Phase 1 Flashover Development Observation With today s improved fire prevention methods, firefighters have fewer opportunities to gain first-hand experience of fighting live
More informationSAFETY MANAGEMENT MANUAL Confined Space Entry
1. Purpose The purpose of this procedure is to set forth policies concerning confined space entry both at sea and in port. 2. Responsibility It shall be the responsibility of the Master to ensure that
More informationCity of Greencastle Fire Department
City of Greencastle Fire Department Training Division Instruction page: January 2013 Fire Suppression: Modern Fire Behavior Each shift shall schedule this class with Lt. John Shafer also review Fire Development
More informationIntroduction Volume & Area Based formulas Figure 1
Introduction From Firefighter to Incident Commander, we all must understand Needed Fire Flows (NFF). What lines need pulled on arrival? What kind of water supply rate do we need to sustain? When things
More informationKey Technology, Inc. Confined Space Entry Program. July, 2017
Key Technology, Inc. Confined Space Entry Program July, 2017 Page 1 of 11 Key Technology, Inc. CONFINED SPACE ENTRY PROGRAM OVERVIEW Purpose: The purpose of this program is to ensure the protection of
More informationOcean County Fire Academy. Fall 2018 Course Listings
Ocean County Fire Academy Fall 2018 Course Listings Fall 2018 Class Schedule September Stand Pipe Operations September 19 Stand pipes are being found more often in many types of buildings and special locations.
More informationINCIDENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND TACTICAL OPERATIONS MANUAL
Series 354 Rapid Intervention Team(RIT) Page 1 of 6 INCIDENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND TACTICAL OPERATIONS MANUAL OPERATIONAL GUIDELINE RAPID INTERVENTION TEAM (RIT) SERIES 354 PURPOSE Fire departments are
More information2017 Volunteer Week - Course Descriptions
2017 Volunteer Week - Course Descriptions 40 Hour Course - S130/S190/L180 Introduction to Wildland Firefighting S190 This course provides instruction in the primary factors affecting the start and spread
More informationPresenter s Notes. Before darkening the room, offer a welcome and an overview. Begin by introducing the program and its topic:
Before darkening the room, offer a welcome and an overview. Begin by introducing the program and its topic: Welcome to First Responder Beware: Staying Safe while Saving Others, Natural Gas Safety for First
More informationGuidelines for Rapid Extraction in a Hazardous Materials Environment
Guidelines for Rapid Extraction in a Hazardous Materials Environment A hazardous materials incident with victims who have been exposed to a contaminant and are unable to remove themselves from the affected
More informationSports Grounds Safety Authority (SGSA) Guidance regarding the handling of pyrotechnics (flares, smoke bombs and fireworks) in sports grounds
Sports Grounds Safety Authority (SGSA) Guidance regarding the handling of pyrotechnics (flares, smoke bombs and fireworks) in sports grounds This guidance has been produced to help clubs and venue managers
More informationUltra-High Pressure Firefighting: The Fastest Attack
Ultra-High Pressure Firefighting: The Fastest Attack New technology is no stranger to the fire service. Consider our protective gear, SCBA, PPV, thermal imaging cameras, water additives, automatic proportioning
More informationCLEARWATER FIRE ACADEMY
CLEARWATER FIRE ACADEMY March 18-19-20 Orofino High School Orofino, Idaho Sponsored by: Clearwater Fire Chiefs Association Orofino Fire Department Eastern Idaho Technical College 2 0 Clearwater Fire Academy
More informationMeans of escape from crew spaces on fishing ships
Means of escape from crew spaces on fishing ships May 2018 Maritime New Zealand Position Statement PS-02-18 This document is uncontrolled if printed. Please refer to the Maritime New Zealand website for
More informationEnabling Objectives (EO): EO Identify certain practices that could be considered unsafe and result in injury or death.
Instructor Guide Topic: Personal Safety Awareness (Revised 6/2010) Teaching and Learning Domain: Cognitive Time Required: 2 hours Materials: Appropriate visuals and chalkboard or easel pad References:
More informationHigh-Rise Fireground Field Experiments Results
High-Rise Fireground Field Experiments Results These graphs show average times for each critical task by crew size. Percentage calculations for all the charts were based on the overall time from detection
More informationNote: Implementing a permit-required confined space program in accordance with section 5157 shall meet the requirements of this section.
Subchapter 7. General Industry Safety Orders Group 16. Control of Hazardous Substances Article 108. Confined Spaces New query 5158. Other Confined Space Operations. (a) Scope. For industries and operations
More informationChapter 16 Test. Directions: Write the correct letter on the blank before each question.
Chapter 16 Test Name: Date: Directions: Write the correct letter on the blank before each question. Objective 1: Explain the way vaporization and steam relate to the extinguishing properties of water.
More informationVOLUSIA COUNTY FIRE CHIEFS ASSOCIATION MODEL OPERATING PROCEDURE
VOLUSIA COUNTY FIRE CHIEFS ASSOCIATION MODEL OPERATING PROCEDURE GUIDE # SUBJECT: HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INITIAL RESPONSE DATE ISSUED: 03/16/06 REVIEW DATE: PURPOSE: The purpose of this document is to outline
More informationContaminated Air in Cylinders By Ronny J. Coleman
Contaminated Air in Cylinders By Ronny J. Coleman Introduction How many people today know what the term black damp means? I learned the term at a very young age that black damp could be deadly when you
More informationManipulating Practice Variables Tom Turner OYSAN Director of Coaching and Player Development April 2009
Manipulating Practice Variables Tom Turner OYSAN Director of Coaching and Player Development April 2009 Good Coaching Good coaching is about creating an environment where players can improve and enjoy
More informationRIC for REAL Learning from our mistakes
RIC for REAL Learning from our mistakes Captain Paul Strong Email: support@3sixtytraining.com Low frequency, high risk Gordon Graham www.3sixtytraining.com Alarm Free Fire Ground RIC for REAL Full Day
More informationCLEARWATER FIRE ACADEMY
CLEARWATER FIRE ACADEMY March 15-16-17 Orofino High School Orofino, Idaho Sponsored by: Clearwater Fire Chiefs Association Eastern Idaho Technical College Clearwater Fire Academy Email: clearwaterchiefs@gmail.com
More informationWayne County Community College District
FPT 110 Fire Fighter I Lecture CREDIT HOURS: 8.00 CONTACT HOURS: 120.00 COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course is designed to provide a student with the knowledge necessary for entry level positions on fire departments.
More informationThe term MAYDAY typically will be used in the following situations:
Page: 1 of 6 This procedure identifies individual, company, and command level activities for the search and rescue of a lost or trapped firefighter(s). LOST OR TRAPPED FIREFIGHTER The rescue of trapped
More informationFIRE CHIEF S ASSOCIATION OF BROWARD COUNTY
FIRE CHIEF S ASSOCIATION OF BROWARD COUNTY Uniform Rapid Intervention Crew and Mayday Operations I. Purpose Adopted September 6th, 2012 A. To provide operational procedures for Rapid Intervention Crew
More informationDescribe Flammable Gas Measurement
Training Module Describe Flammable 100% 90% C 80% No Combustion 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% UEL B Combustion No Combustion 10% 0% LEL A Human Development HDC Human Development All rights reserved. No part
More informationTurning robots into thinking firemen
Turning robots into thinking firemen 1 Firefighter training in the early 2000 s Basic firefighter training was limited to 90 hours in the early 2000 s. A significant part of the course was dedicated to
More informationFirst Responder Beware
First Responder Beware Natural Gas Safety Slide Show Presenter s Notes Slide 1 Before darkening the room, offer a welcome and an overview. Begin by introducing the program and its topic: Welcome to First
More informationSafety Regulations and Procedures GENERAL SAFETY Confined Spaces - S New 11/96. To provide guidance for the safe entry of confined spaces.
CONFINED SPACES PURPOSE REGULATION To provide guidance for the safe entry of confined spaces. Washington Administrative Code - WAC 296-62, Part 'M,' Confined Spaces. RESPONSIBILITY Safety Services test
More informationMANURE GAS DANGERS CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H 2 S)
MANURE GAS DANGERS Since the increased use of manure storage facilities in agriculture there have been numerous instances where a farmer, family member, or employee has been asphyxiated or succumbed to
More informationIowa s s Minimum Training Standard. How to Be Prepared?
Iowa s s Minimum Training Standard How to Be Prepared? Volunteer Firefighters Volunteer Fact Sheet Volunteers comprise 73% of firefighters in the Unites States. Communities served by Volunteer Firefighters
More informationA PARTIAL GUIDE TO MCFRS SAFE STRUCTURAL FIREFIGHTING POLICY. Section II Rapid Intervention
A PARTIAL GUIDE TO MCFRS SAFE STRUCTURAL FIREFIGHTING POLICY Section II Rapid Intervention PURPOSE The purpose of this presentation is to provide clarification for when necessary and expand on the new
More informationIntroduction (2 of 2) Systematic approach should be followed
Origin Determination Knowledge Objectives (1 of 2) Describe the recommended techniques for determining the origin of a fire. Explain the need for fire scene reconstruction. Develop and test origin hypotheses.
More information2018 STATEMENTS OF FACT MINE RESCUE. 1. To test for methane, use a methane detector or chemical analysis.
2018 STATEMENTS OF FACT MINE RESCUE 1. To test for methane, use a methane detector or chemical analysis. 2. Carbon monoxide can be detected by means of carbon monoxide detectors, multigas detectors, or
More informationDISCLAIMER TSS is simply providing current information so you can make sound tactical decisions.
Objectives Identify and secure an adequate water supply. Perform a 360 degree Size Up. Develop an appropriate IAP. Make the appropriate hose line selection, hose stretch and water application based on
More informationManhattan Fire Protection District
SOP #: 200-6 Effective Date: 02/28/17 Revised Date: Section: Protective Clothing and Equipment Subject: Hydrogen Cyanide Monitoring PURPOSE: The purpose of this standard operating procedure is to provide
More informationConfined Space Entry Procedure
Purpose The purpose of this chapter is to establish methods to identify confined spaces, classify them according to their risks, and establish guidelines necessary for the safe preparation, entry and rescue
More informationConfined Spaces OSHA 1926 AA
Confined Spaces OSHA 1926 AA 1926.1201-1213 Confined Spaces Objectives: Understanding why the OSHA requirements are needed Identify four categories of hazards that may be present entering in confined spaces
More informationNZQA unit standard version 5 Page 1 of 5. Describe, develop, and maintain basic ventilation systems for an underground coal mine
Page 1 of 5 Title Describe, develop, and maintain basic ventilation systems for an underground coal mine Level 4 Credits 15 Purpose People credited with this unit standard are able to: describe the basic
More informationCONFINED SPACE PROGRAM
CONFINED SPACE PROGRAM Last updated: November 2017 1.0 PURPOSE Entry into a confined space represents a significant risk of serious injury or death to individuals not prepared for the hazards they may
More informationESCONDIDO FIRE DEPT TRAINING MANUAL Section Truck Module Page 1 of 8 Search and Rescue Basics Revised
Truck Module Page 1 of 8 SEARCH AND RESCUE BASICS When to call Mayday Any working fire at an incident drives a dedicated RIC or IRIC barring any imminent rescue needs. Also, a firefighter in need of assistance,
More informationIdaho Fire Service Technology Fire Fighter II
ICS Skill Requirements Skill Sheet: 1 STANDARD: 6.1.2 TASK: Organize, coordinate, and function within an incident management system. PERFORMANCE OUTCOME: The candidate shall be able to determine the need
More informationOSHA must prove. Confined Space Entry. Do you have an effective safety and health program? Some period of time later
Confined Space Entry OSHA background Definitions Program Contractors Permit Rescue Training Stories OSHA must prove Exposed employee Serious hazard Employer knowledge Feasible method to abate hazard More
More informationEXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERES - CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS AREAS (ZONING) AND SELECTION OF EQUIPMENT
EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERES - CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS AREAS (ZONING) AND SELECTION OF EQUIPMENT OVERVIEW ASSESSING THE RISK RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FIRES AND EXPLOSIONS CLASSIFYING HAZARDOUS AREAS INTO ZONES
More informationSMOKE CONTROL USING POSITIVE PRESSURE FANS
SMOKE CONTROL USING POSITIVE PRESSURE FANS 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 This circular outlines operational guidelines for smoke and CO control using positive pressure fans (PPF) at fires and emergencies. Fans can
More informationRAPID INTERVENTION CREW TEAMS
RAPID INTERVENTION CREW TEAMS Arlington Fire Department Fire Training Academy January 1998 PURPOSE STATEMENT The purpose of this month s program is to present guidelines and practices of a basic Search
More informationConfined Space Entry
Confined Space Entry Purpose The purpose of this document is to establish methods to identify confined spaces, classify them according to their risks, and establish guidelines necessary for the safe preparation,
More informationToolbox Talk. Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Monoxide Toolbox Talk Carbon monoxide defies all five human senses. You can t see it, smell it, touch it or taste it and you certainly can t hear this potentially deadly gas, which has been called
More informationKansas State University Fume Hood Operation
FUME HOODS 2009, PAGE 1 FUME HOODS Kansas State University Fume Hood Operation One of the primary safety devices in a laboratory is a chemical fume hood. A well-designed hood, when properly installed and
More informationRapid Intervention for Engine Companies. LA County Fire Department
Rapid Intervention for Engine Companies LA County Fire Department Objectives Review two-in/two-out policy & procedures. Identify rapid intervention crews (RIC) responsibilities. Demonstrate RIC procedures.
More informationWhat is air track? 1 Introduction
What is air track? 1 Introduction The SAHF model was thought up by Australian Shan Raffel in the early 2000 s. After much debate with colleagues, and under the influence of American Ed Hartin the model
More informationCONFINED SPACE PROGRAM
CONFINED SPACE PROGRAM March 2017 CONTENTS Section 1: Introduction... 1 Section 2: Purpose... 1 Section 3: Definitions... 2 Section 4: Roles and Responsibilities... 4 Section 5: Testing and Monitoring...
More informationSafety Tips from the WorkSafe People. Building a Safety Program for Your Organization
Building a Safety Program for Your Organization 1 Content Criteria and Examples of Confined Spaces Permit-Required Confined Space Non-Permit-Required Confined Space Employer Requirements Employee Requirements
More informationYakima County Fire District 12 Standard Operating Guidelines SOG 5-1 Hazardous Materials Operations
1. General Yakima County Fire District 12 Standard Operating Guidelines 1.1 Purpose. This Standard Operating Guideline is intended to provide general guidelines for District personnel in responding to
More informationConfined Space Entry - Permits
Why are we here? OSHA and this company require that all employees who must enter into confined spaces receive training as to the hazards, procedures and equipment required to do so safely. Definitions:
More informationRISK MANAGEMENT SAN FRANCISCO FIRE DEPARTMENT
RISK MANAGEMENT SAN FRANCISCO FIRE DEPARTMENT blank page RISK MANAGEMENT April 2012 San Francisco Fire Department 698 2 nd Street San Francisco, CA 94107 Chief of Department Joanne Hayes-White Assistant
More informationSAFETY POLICY AND PROCEDURE MANUAL All Euramax Subsidiaries. Number K-3.0 Welding Safety Procedures
Number K-3.0 Issued: 1/2009 Revised: 3/2016 Page 1 of 3 1.0 PURPOSE: To standardize procedures associated with production and maintenance welding and to minimize the potential risk of accident or injury
More informationEgress and means of escape from passenger spaces
Egress and means of escape from passenger spaces May 2018 Maritime New Zealand Position Statement PS-01-18 This document is uncontrolled if printed. Please refer to the Maritime New Zealand website for
More informationPresented By: Arleigh Robar. President/CEO RuSafe Inc.
Presented By: Arleigh Robar President/CEO RuSafe Inc. Confined Space Rescue Small Details that can make the difference between LIFE & DEATH Objectives of the Session Hazards of the Rescue and Team Defining
More informationPreparing A Landing Zone L Z
Preparing A Landing Zone L Z Selecting An On-Scene LZ Selection of a safe LZ will be the responsibility of the requesting unit. Assign an LZ Commander who will be fully responsible for LZ Selection and
More informationSoccer Awareness Training Center
Soccer Awareness Training Center Soccer Awareness Coaching and Training Programs What is Soccer Awareness? ABOUT WAYNE HARRISON Ex-Professional Player with Blackpool; England and Oulu Palloseura; Finland
More informationConfined Space Entry
Confined Space Entry Purpose The purpose of this chapter is to establish methods to identify confined spaces, classify them according to their risks, and establish guidelines necessary for the safe preparation,
More informationAutumn 2018 Firefighter 1
Autumn 2018 Firefighter 1 August 22, 2018 December 12, 2018 State of Ohio FF 1 course Mondays & Wednesdays 1800 2200 or as scheduled Saturdays as scheduled DATE TOPIC HOURS INSTRUCTOR Orientation 08/22/18
More informationMFD Monroe Fire Department. Standard Operating Guidelines. Drivers Clearance & Training Program Guidance ADMINISTRATION
Monroe Fire Department Standard Operating Guidelines Drivers Clearance & Training Program Guidance ADMINISTRATION Goal: to develop and maintain a force of driver-operators and ensure they are proficient
More informationCLEARWATER FIRE ACADEMY
CLEARWATER FIRE ACADEMY March 16-17-18 Orofino High School Orofino, Idaho Sponsored by: Clearwater Fire Chiefs Association Orofino Fire Department Eastern Idaho Technical College 2 0 Clearwater Fire Academy
More informationCONFINED SPACE ENTRY PROGRAM FOR GOUCHER COLLEGE
I. INTRODUCTION CONFINED SPACE ENTRY PROGRAM FOR GOUCHER COLLEGE The Goucher College campus has confined spaces that, due to various chemical and physical properties, may cause death or serious injury
More informationStandbys. (Owner: Risk Management Section Supervisor)
BTCP/BTRF Standbys (Owner: Risk Management Section Supervisor) Site Safety Standard 5500 Introduction Scope The purpose of this standard is to specify detailed roles and responsibilities of Standby personnel
More informationMINING INQUIRY BOX FLAT COLLIERY REPORT, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
MINING INQUIRY BOX FLAT COLLIERY REPORT, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Before commencing its deliberations on the evidence which has been given before it, the tribunal must keep firmly in mind that the
More informationKENYA STANDARD KS 2386: PART 8: 2018 Emergency procedure guide- Transport (Road, Rail) Part 8: Gases
KENYA STANDARD KS 2386: PART 8: 2018 Emergency procedure guide- Transport (Road, Rail) Part 8: Gases No copying of this standard without KEBS permission except as permitted by copyright law TECHNICAL COMMITTEE
More informationEmergency Water Injection /28/2017 updated 07/21/2017
Emergency Water Injection 101 06/28/2017 updated 07/21/2017 Written By: Ronald D. Huffman, www.respondertraining.com When something happens and you're faced with an uncontrollable liquid propane leak you
More informationFire Apparatus Operator (FAO)
Fire Apparatus Operator (FAO) 1106 NATURE OF WORK This is skilled fire fighting work in combating, extinguishing, and preventing fires, in responding to render emergency medical services, in responding
More informationCONFINED SPACE WRITTEN PROGRAM
CONFINED SPACE WRITTEN PROGRAM Maple River Public Schools ISD#2135 Confined Space Entry Plan (Permit Required) Maple River Public School Plan last updated: October, 2014 Authority and Scope Regulation:
More informationRainy River District School Board SECTION 7
Rainy River District School Board SECTION 7 Health & Safety CONFINED SPACE ENTRY PROCEDURE PURPOSE 7.02 The Rainy River District School Board will identify all confined spaces and ensure that these spaces
More informationEMERGENCY RESPONDER INFORMATION
EMERGENCY RESPONDER INFORMATION Ammonia is a Toxic Gas When released can come out as liquid and as a vapor cloud at the same time. Vapor cloud can be heavier than air Vapor cloud can be white or invisible
More informationINTRODUCTION. NFPA 704 Hazard Identification System INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION. Health Flammability Instability INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION
NFPA 70 Hazard Identification System Introduction to Section 70 Hazard Identification System of the National Fire Protection Association. NFPA 70 Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of
More information