First Aid.notebook. August 18, Option 2: First Aid. Create a title page

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1 Option 2: First Aid Create a title page 1

2 Critical Questions 1.What are the main priorities for assessment and management of first aid patients? 2.How should the major types of injuries and medical conditions be managed in first aid situations? 3.What does the individual need to consider in administering first aid? 2

3 Syllabus 3

4 Heading: What is First Aid The term 'first aid' refers to the giving of aid or assistance to someone in need, when you are the first person on the scene of an accident or medical situation. 4

5 Heading: What are the main priorities for assessment and management of first aid patients? Sub: Situational Analysis An individual coming upon the scene of an accident needs to remain calm and make measured decisions rather than hasty decisions based upon emotion. Observe what has happened and ask yourself: What's the best I can do for this person in terms of the skills that I have? Prioritise your intended actions, dealing with the most important issues first. The main issue with situational analysis is that you don't become a victim yourself in an effort to assist another person. Always put your safety first. Every situation that requires first aid is different and needs to be treated as such. 5

Sub: Priority Assessment Procedures A calculating decision in an accident can decide the priority of treatment or triage for an accident scene involving a number of casualties.

6 Sub: Priority Assessment Procedures A calculating decision in an accident can decide the priority of treatment or triage for an accident scene involving a number of casualties. This priority in any accident event is based upon the vital signs of the patient, including: their level of consciousness the danger they are in the extent of their other injuries. Example Don't copy A patient who is bleeding would come after a patient who is not breathing; a broken arm would be treated after someone suffering internal bleeding. The decision as to who is to be treated may be based on the level of your training and the assistance you can provide. 6

7 Sub: DRSABCD ThThe DRABCD action plan is easy to remember and, when the procedures are carried out correctly, you have the best chance of sustaining life, preventing further injury and minimising risk to all. Follow for a patient who is unresponsive. Paste in table provided 7

Sub:STOP Performed when a person is conscious, injury can still be severe. S Stop: stop the injured person from participating or moving and if necessary, stop the game.

8 Sub:STOP Performed when a person is conscious, injury can still be severe. S Stop: stop the injured person from participating or moving and if necessary, stop the game. T Talk: Ask the victim what has happened and to give you information as to where there is pain, how they feel, if it hurts anywhere else and the history of the injury. 8

O Observe: Observe the victim and look for anything that is not normal, such as the way the victim is holding themselves, bleeding, movement of limbs, tenderness, deformations and anything else not

9 O Observe: Observe the victim and look for anything that is not normal, such as the way the victim is holding themselves, bleeding, movement of limbs, tenderness, deformations and anything else not normal. P Prevent further damage: by treating any injuries or conditions you have discovered. If minor injuries, you may complete an assessment e.g TOTAPS to see if they can return to play (sport) or for more severe you may use RICER and/or contact emergency services. 9

Heading: Crisis Management Sub: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation CPR Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a combination of techniques, including chest compressions, designed to pump the heart to get

10 Heading: Crisis Management Sub: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation CPR Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a combination of techniques, including chest compressions, designed to pump the heart to get blood circulating and deliver oxygen to the brain until definitive treatment can stimulate the heart to start working again. Extra Hints for CPR: 1/3 of chest depth for compressions Ensure head tilt for breaths Do not stop until the ambulance arrives Babies: 2 fingers for compressions/cover mouth and nose for breaths. Very light puff of air. 10

11 How to check for response Use the acronym: COWS Can you hear me Open your eyes What's your name Squeeze my hand If no response then move to SEND FOR HELP 11

Send for Help Send: Call for help from bystanders, or using a telephone call for medical assistance When calling for assistance the following could be asked for: the location the nature of the

12 Send for Help Send: Call for help from bystanders, or using a telephone call for medical assistance When calling for assistance the following could be asked for: the location the nature of the injuries the level of consciousness what first aid is being provided how many people were involved. Never be the first to hang up in an emergency phone call; wait until the emergency personnel have no more questions to ask. 12

13 Recovery Position 13

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15 Practice Time 15

16 Sub: Bleeding Most bleeding is superficial and is easy to stop. Management of body fluids such as blood should begin with personal protection and should include at the least gloves, sterile dressings and disposable equipment being used. Bleeding, while seeming bad, should never take precedence over resuscitation. 16

17 Management of a bleeding crisis: apply pressure to the wound to restrict the flow of blood. if blood goes through a bandage, apply a second do not remove first to allow for blood clotting raise the affected limb above the level of the heart. monitor the patient s vital signs. Seek urgent medical assistance. monitor closely for signs of shock. 17

18 Sub: Shock In shock, the heart is not carrying out its role of supplying the body organs with sufficient oxygen. Signs and symptoms of shock: pale, cold clammy skin rapid or weak pulse rapid shallow breathing Collapse altered state of consciousness thirst. 18

19 Management of shock: call for urgent medical assistance elevate the patient s legs so they are above the level of the heart treat the cause of the shock if possible (e.g. wounds, burns) if breathing and unconscious, place in recovery position Reassure and monitor closely try and keep body temperature stable; if cold, cover with blankets. 19

20 Sub: Neck and Spinal Injury All suspected spinal injuries need to be treated as extremely serious, as these injuries can result in permanent damage. Signs and symptoms of a spinal injury: pain at the site being able to recount the events leading to the injury loss of movement sensation of tingling in hands or feet bump or lump on the backbone onset of shock. 20

21 Management of spinal injuries: immobilisation of patient and placing a possible pad around the neck and back of the patient seek urgent medical assistance look for signs of shock DRSABCD support the head at all times treat for shock maintain body heat. 21

22 Moving the casualty If a spinal patient has to be moved, then this should only occur because of a life threatening situation and should only be done once. 22

23 Sub: Medical Referral Medical Referral is when a patient needs further medical assistance and records need to be kept on the injury: for insurance, WHS records and patient history 23

24 Syllabus 24

Heading: How should the major types of injuries and medical conditions be managed in first aid situations Sub: Cuts and Lacerations About:There are

25 Heading: How should the major types of injuries and medical conditions be managed in first aid situations Sub: Cuts and Lacerations About:There are many accepted types of wounds and these include: abrasions amputations incisions lacerations punctures Avulsion embedded objects Define each for homework 25

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$Sub: Fractures A break to any part of a bone is known as a fracture. Fractures can be caused by either direct or indirect force.$

27 Sub: Fractures A break to any part of a bone is known as a fracture. Fractures can be caused by either direct or indirect force. For example, a snowboarder falls over and extends their arm to break the fall and, as a result, breaks their collarbone (indirect) or a batter in softball misses the ball, which then hits their arm, breaking the radius (direct). 27

28 Paste in sheet provided 28

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30 Major Injuries Computer Activity Create a table in word and complete it on the following injuries: dislocations head injuries and concussion eye injuries nasal injuries burn injuries teeth injuries electrocution chest injuries abdominal injuries 3 Columns Injury, Signs and Symptoms and Management 30

31 Diabetes Diabetes is the imbalance of sugar and glucose in the blood system. The pancreas, a gland in the body, secretes insulin, which is needed to convert the sugar in the blood into energy. This imbalance in the blood can come in two forms: hypoglycaemia low blood sugar hyperglycaemia high blood sugar. 31

32 Types of Diabetes Diabetics can be diagnosed as three types: Type 1 the body does not produce insulin at all, so regular insulin injections are required. Type 2 the pancreas does not make enough insulin or the insulin that is produced does not do its job properly. This is the most common type of diabetes. Gestational diabetes developed during pregnancy, as pregnant women need more insulin than normal. This type of diabetes usually disappears after the baby is born. 32

33 Signs Symptoms and Management 33

34 Stroke A stroke occurs when there is a lack of oxygen to the brain, usually due to a blockage or rupture of one of the blood vessels. When blood flow to a part of the brain is cut off, that part can no longer get the oxygen it needs and the brain cells in that area die, causing permanent brain damage. While many people recover fully from a stroke, it is still a life threatening emergency 34

35 Signs, Symptoms and Management 35

36 Bites and Stings Australia has a wide range of animals that can bite and sting. Most are non lethal, simply causing pain and discomfort, however, some bites and stings have the potential to be deadly. 36

37 Bites and Stings Management 37

38 Medical Conditions Create a powerpoint of presi. Form form groups of 2 and choice one of the following medical conditions. (One condition group) Heart attack Stroke Diabetes Epilepsy Asthma Anaphylaxes Poisoning Exposure to heat and cold Use powerpoint or presi to create presentation. The presentation must include: What is the medical condition Possible Consequences Signs and Symptoms Risk factors for the condition (possible causes) First aid management (On the scene) Further treatment/management by medical professionals 38

39 Controlling Bleeding (practice) 39

40 Sling Practice 40

41 Syllabus 41

42 Heading: What does the individual need to consider in administering first aid? Heading: Physical Environment The nature of the physical environment may, in part, have been responsible for the occurrence of the accident in the first place. Whatever the circumstances, it is important that protective measures be observed and strategies put into place so that a further injury does not occur. 42

43 Sub: Traffic Accidents Avoid danger from other traffic. Protect the scene by parking cars and use hazard lights. Get bystanders to warn incoming traffic Light up scene with car lights at night Avoid fallen power lines. Don t touch vehicle if in contact Avoid glass and debris Account for all occupants of each accident vehicle, some may be hidden Turn off all engines Continue with DRSABCD 43

44 Sub: Water Environments Factors to consider in an injury management plan for water rescue include their own physical limitations their ability to swim the desperation of a drowning person and their potential to cause difficulty to the rescuer hazardous objects under the water dangerous rips and currents changes in weather conditions water temperature. Removing a person from the water: Talk Reach (stick or rigid object) Throw (something that floats Tow (rope) Wade Swim 44

Sub: Electricity High voltage electricity must be seen as life threatening and dealt with extreme care: do not touch the patient while the power is on, turn off the main switch in the

45 Sub: Electricity High voltage electricity must be seen as life threatening and dealt with extreme care: do not touch the patient while the power is on, turn off the main switch in the meter box seek urgent medical assistance If you can move them, do so by there clothing or a stick for burns, cool the area and do not remove clothing for lack of breathing, commence CPR. 45

46 Sub: Infection Control and Protection There is a risk of cross infection (passing infection from one person to another) when administering first aid. This is particularly so when giving CPR or managing wounds. Illnesses that can be transferred include: colds and influenza HIV/AIDS glandular fever measles chickenpox mumps herpes hepatitis. Paste in sheet provided on infection control 46

47 If a first aider follows simple hygiene measures when administering first aid, they can greatly reduce the risk of contamination through body fluids. These measures include: covering any cuts or sores with waterproof dressings (your own) avoid contact with blood and other body fluids handle with care any sharp objects and place them in yellow sharps containers washing hands thoroughly with warm water and soap before and after administering first aid wearing disposable latex gloves wearing eye protection, such as sunglasses, if possible wearing a protective cover over clothing where possible, for example, wearing a plastic apron or garbage bag carrying and using a mouth shield when performing CPR encouraging the casualty to perform their own first aid if possible, for example, by applying pressure to a bleeding wound. 47

48 Legal Considerations Covered in first aid course 48

49 Support following first aid situations Paste in sheets provided 49

50 Revision Questions Question book 1. Outline the basic treatment for bone fractures? 2. Outline the treatment for a burn? 3. Explain the procedure a first aider should follow in an emergency? 4. Outline the reasons for situational analysis and include what the first aider may need to take into account? First Aid is COMPLETE!!! 50

FIRST AID. Study Topics. At a minimum, the following topics are to be studied for the first aid exam.

FIRST AID. Study Topics. At a minimum, the following topics are to be studied for the first aid exam. FIRST AID Study Topics At a minimum, the following topics are to be studied for the first aid exam. TOPIC Avoid getting air in stomach during rescue breathing Burns Kinds of Burns & Care Calling for Help