Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere

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Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere Det norske Videnskabs-Akademi 16 Oct. 2009 Bjørn Gjevik Universitetet i Oslo epost: bjorng@math.uio.no Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 1

On-going joint work with Knut-Frode Dagestad Johnny Johannessen at NANSEN ENVIRONMENTAL AND REMOTE SENSING CENTER, Bergen Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 2

The site area on the west coast 78 o N SPITSBERGEN 72 o N 66 o N 60 o N NORWAY 54 o N GREAT BRITAIN 40 o E 10 o W 30 o E 20 o E 0 o 10 o E Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 3

The West Cape Stad Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 4

Old paper by Spinnangr (1939) Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 5

A herring fishing boat near Stad ca. 1950 Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 6

Early satellite images (ca. 1980) Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 7

Parameters Wind speed Potential temperature Brunt - Väisälä frequency N = Scorer parameter (wave number) Froude number U θ N U U Nh g θ θ z Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 8

Thesis by Tom Marthinsen (1981) Stability and wind Wave form Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 9

Development in SAR-technology Platform Year Bandwidth Wide swaths Seasat 1978 L-band (ca. 20 cm) 100 km ERS1 1991-98 C-band (ca. 6 cm) 100 km JERS-1 1992-98 L-band (ca. 20 cm) 75 km ERS2 1995 similar to ERS-1 Radarsat 1995 C-band (ca. 6 cm) 500 km PalSAR 2006 L-band (ca. 20 cm) 250 km Envisat ASAR 2002 C-band (ca. 6 cm) 100/420 km Radarsat II 2007 C-band (ca. 6 cm) 500 km TerraSAR 2008 X-band (ca. 2 cm) 100 km Cosmo-Skymed 2008 X-band (ca. 2 cm) 100 km Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 10

Radar backscatter vs. wind speed σ 0 (U, ϕ) = A(θ)U γ(θ) [1 + B(U, θ) cosϕ + C(U, θ) sinϕ] ϕ θ Angle of incidence γ Wind exponent A, B, C Empirical coefficients Angle between radar look direction and wind direction Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 11

24 Apr. 2009 2107 UTC (Envisat) Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 12

Envisat ASAR-wind (24 Apr. 21:07 UTC) Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 13

Surface weather map (25 Apr. 00 UTC) Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 14

Local map (24 Apr. 15 UTC) Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 15

Wind Transect Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 16

Simple 2-layer model Wave perturbation η exp[k(x ct)] Potential flow z > η Hydrostatic flow h < z < η Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 17

Dispersion relation No wind shear u = 0 c(kh) = ǫgh 1 + kh (1) With wind shear u 0 unstable waves for kh > c(0)2 u 2 c(0) 2 (2) With kh=0.5, (h=1 km, λ = 12.8 km) c = u/3, (u = 15 m/s, c = 5 m/s, T = 40 min.) Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 18

Wake flow (Beal et al. 2005) Lee-waves/shear-waves Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 19

Wake flow (Beal et al. 2005) Lee-waves/shear-waves Point wakes Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 19

Wake flow (Beal et al. 2005) Lee-waves/shear-waves Point wakes Low speed with flow separation Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 19

Wake flow (Beal et al. 2005) Lee-waves/shear-waves Point wakes Low speed with flow separation High speed with expansion fan Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 19

24 Oct. 2007 1004 UTC (Envisat) Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 20

Surface weather map (24 Oct. 00 UTC) Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 21

Wind transect 24 Oct. 2007 Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 22

15 Dec. 2007 2050 UTC (Envisat) Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 23

Surface weather map (16 Dec. 00 UTC) Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 24

Envisat ASAR-wind 15 Dec. 2007 Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 25

Wind transect 15 Dec. 2007 (1) Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 26

Wind transect 15 Dec. 2007 (2) Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 27

23 Sept. 2007 2105 UTC (Envisat) Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 28

Surface weather map (24 Sept. 00 UTC) Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 29

1 May. 2009 2150 UTC (Envisat) Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 30

Summary Footprints of wake flow downstream from Stad in Envisat ASAR Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 31

Summary Footprints of wake flow downstream from Stad in Envisat ASAR Lee effects with sharp shear zones Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 31

Summary Footprints of wake flow downstream from Stad in Envisat ASAR Lee effects with sharp shear zones Important for maritime activities and offshore wind mill parks Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 31

Summary Footprints of wake flow downstream from Stad in Envisat ASAR Lee effects with sharp shear zones Important for maritime activities and offshore wind mill parks Open questions: Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 31

Summary Footprints of wake flow downstream from Stad in Envisat ASAR Lee effects with sharp shear zones Important for maritime activities and offshore wind mill parks Open questions: Effect of sea air temperature difference Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 31

Summary Footprints of wake flow downstream from Stad in Envisat ASAR Lee effects with sharp shear zones Important for maritime activities and offshore wind mill parks Open questions: Effect of sea air temperature difference Are lee effects present also during strong wind events? Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 31

Summary Footprints of wake flow downstream from Stad in Envisat ASAR Lee effects with sharp shear zones Important for maritime activities and offshore wind mill parks Open questions: Effect of sea air temperature difference Are lee effects present also during strong wind events? Effect of wind stress on ocean current Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 31

References Spinnangr (1939) Om terrengets virkning på vindene i Vest-Norge og fiskebankene utafor. Norsk Tidskrift for Sjøvesenet, desember 1939 side 1 24. Marthinsen (1981) On the linear, stratified flow past three-dimensional obstacles. Preprint Series, Appl. Math. No. 6, University of Oslo, and Dr. scient thesis, University of Oslo 1982. Beal et al. (2005) High Resolution Wind Monitoring with Wide Swath SAR: A User s Guide. U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC, June 2005. Flow separation and lee-waves in the marine atmosphere p. 32

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