SHARED MANAGEMENT OF FISHERY RESOURCES IN TANZANIA fsoboster@mail.com, P.O.Box 9152, Dar es Salaam TANZANIA.
Presentation Outline Introduction Fisheries importance Category of fisheries in Tanzania Fisheries Management instruments Challenges Fisheries Management Systems Establishment of Beach Management Units Example of fisheries data - dependent Conclusion
INTRODUCTION Tanzania has a lot of water resources; Sharing three of the largest and most important inland lakes in Africa; Lake Victoria Lake Tanganyika Lake Nyassa; Diverse river system; Numerous wetlands; and Coastline of 1424 km long
INTRODUCTION The country has a surface area of 945,040 km 2 Marine territorial water is 64,000 km 2 Exclusive Economic Zone of of 223,000 km 2 Narrow continental shelf extends with exception to few areas which extend to 60 km; Important ecosystems include mangrove forests, estuaries, coral reefs, sea grass beds, and inter-tidal muddy flats, and sandy beaches A SIGNIFICANT FISHERY SECTOR
Importance of Fisheries Fisheries is an important economic sector, which provides substantial employment, income for livelihood, GDP and export royalty; The industry employs more than 182,741 full time fishers directly and about 4,000,000 people are engaged in other related fisheries activities; The sector accounts for about 10 % of the national exports and also provides foreign earnings through export of fish and fishery products. Fisheries contribute by 30% of protein intake The sector contributes by 1.6 to GDP. In MDG, fisheries contribute to goal no 1.
Fishery Potential Water body Total Area (km 2 ) Tanzania share (area km 2 ) Coverage (%) Estimated Fisheries Resource Potential (Tones) Lake Victoria 68,800 35,088 51 1,944,444 (2011) Lake Tanganyika 32,900 13,489 41 295,000 (1998) Lake Nyasa 30,800 5,760 20 168,000 (1994) Marine (Territorial sea) 64,000 64,000 100 100,000 (F.Nansen, 1970's) EEZ (Deep sea) 223,000 223,000 100 Unknown Other inland water 5,000 5,000 100 30,000 (1970's) bodies Totals 2,537,444
Fisheries categories Artisanal Semi - industrial Industrial Small scale,mostly are non mechanized, Fishing in inner sea, Majority of coastal communities depends on, Contributes to GDP and export royalty Prawn Trawlers, Contributed to 0.17%, Closed 2007 due Stock reduction Deep sea fishing DWFN License agreement
Fisheries management instrument
Challenges Inadequate, unreliable and outdated data Inadequate knowledge of the fishery potential Cross border fishing and fish trade Inadequate exploitation of the EEZ (Nation - DWFN) Illegal fishing practices which affect fishing and environment Proper account for fishery contribution to the nation (GDP) Investment in fisheries
Fisheries Management Development Management systems Command and control Fisheries management is centralized Monitoring and Research Scientists Complex analysis Technical reports Make decision Set up a system to enforce the decision Top down Collaborative Management Cooperative between state and resource users share management responsibilities A range of players in decision making process Active involvement in fisheries management
Establishment of Beach Management Units (BMU s Increased fishing pressure and destruction of the aquatic environment led to the introduction of Beach Management Units (BMU). The idea is to establish participatory resource management by involving local fishing communities It s a community participation in fisheries management Communities enhance a feeling of ownership among the community members Motivate them to implement management and conservation measures
Active participation of resource users in Fisheries management FAO 1995 Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries FAO 2009 Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management
No of BMU s by Water bodies S/N W/body No of BMU No. of Magt. plans 1 Lake Victoria 433 0 0 2 L. Tanganyuka 23 7 7 3 Marine waters 201 68 39 4 L.Nyasa 11 0 0 5 Mtera 20 0 0 6 N/Mungu dam 29 0 0 7 Total 714 75 46 No of BMU with by laws
BMU Organization Chart
BMU as data enumerators Fisheries management decision are based on population models The model needs quality data to be effective The data must be reliable, accurate and upto-date Collection of fisheries data requires enough manpower at the source In developed country scientific survey are vital In developing countries fishery-dependent is used
Why BMU s in Fisheries data collection In 1996, many of the district field officers were laid off at the district level, leaving the data collection activity unperformed; The remaining officers cover all of the many functions coming under the heading of fisheries ; e.g., registration of fishermen, fisheries regulations and their surveillance, advice on resources and their assessment, aquaculture and tax collection; As a result, limited amount of data have been collected. In the sampling sites where data enumerators have been laid off the data are not collected. No dissemination of fisheries data since 1997-2005
Tanzania fisheries data - dependent Collection of data requires enough manpower at the source where the data is recorded BMU were used as data enumerators They were trained on how to collect fisheries data Given mandate to collect fisheries data as part of their BMU s roles and responsibilities. This was seen as the first step in preparing them to take up their roles in a community based approach in the management of fisheries resources.
Trained BMU for data-dependent District No of L.Sites No of BMU Fishery dependent data collection L.Sites collected data by Fish. staff Bagamoyo 11 9 1 1 Mafia 43 10 5 1 Mkuranga 15 11 1 1 Rufiji 31 23 5 0 Ilala 1 0 0 1 Kinondoni 6 5 2 0 Temeke 16 23 2 1 Lindi District 14 9 1 1 Lindi Munic 6 16 1 1 Kilwa 27 24 1 1 Mikindani 23 27 1 1 Mtwara Rural 5 9 2 1 Mkinga 20 20 0 1 Muheza 1 0 0 1 Pangani 13 11 1 1 Tanga 25 4 0 1
Type of analyzed data from data dependent monitoring Gear Type Dema Traps Gill Net 2" Gill Net 2.5" Hand Held Nets Hand Line Trips Fishing Time Gears fishermen Gear*hours Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE 5,099 22.8 0.08 10.9 0.62 1.9 0.31 248.0 14.18 1,748 6.2 0.10 9.3 1.30 2.1 0.04 52.8 6.71 4,633 6.2 0.06 11.0 0.22 4.1 0.07 69.3 1.60 202 7.4 0.27 4.8 2.47 2.0 0.04 28.0 13.33 11,064 7.0 0.04 3.0 0.04 1.7 0.02 20.8 0.37
Conclusion The great challenge of fisheries management is to choose the best management strategies to achieve the objectives; Biological, economical, social and ecological fisheries information are necessary; In order for Tanzania to have all this information, fisheries-dependent monitoring, should be the way forward; To ensure sustainable fishery resources, and the accomplishment of other fisheries objectives, community participation is very crucial e.i. comanagement.
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Marine Coast-line
Lake Victoria Country Area owned km 2 Shoreline (km long) Tanzania 35,088 (51%) 1,150 33 Uganda 29,584 (43%) 1,750 51 Kenya 4,128 (6%) 550 16 Shoreline Percentage % Total 68,800 (100%) 3,450 100
Lake Tanganyika Country Area owned km 2 Shoreline (km) Tanzania 13,489 669 41 Burundi 2,632 215 8 Zambia 1,974 159 6 DRC(Zaire) 14,805 807 45 Total 32,900 1,850 100 Percentage %