Army Lists. Britain after the Romans to the Norman conquest. Contents

Army Lists Britain after the Romans to the Norman conquest Contents

Creating an army with the Mortem et Gloriam Army Lists

Historical Introduction

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 407 AD to 468 AD Sub-Generals 0-1 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard Internal Allied Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified or Mobile; Poor or Average Name Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max - Charging 0 4,6 Equites Scyri Average Protected - Melee Expert - Lancer 6 Unskilled 0 4,6 Equites Average Protected Short Spear - Melee Expert Javelin 12 Unskilled 36 6,8,9 Pedyt Average Protected Short Spear - Combat Shy Tribal Flexible Javelin 108 Experienced 0 6,8,9 Former garrison units Average Protected Short Spear - Combat Shy Tribal Flexible Darts 40 Experienced Orb/Square, Melee 0 6 Legio Primani Iuniores Average Protected Short Spear Shield Cover Drilled Flexible Darts Expert 6 Experienced 0 6,8,9 Irish mercenaries Average Unprotected Short Spear - Combat Shy Tribal Flexible Javelin 18 Experienced Cantabrian, 0 4,6 Equites Scutarii Aureliaci Average Unprotected - - Javelin Combat Shy 6 Experienced 0 4,6 Scouts Javelin 6 s Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Javelin 18 Skirmishing archers Bow 9 Slingers Sling 9 Only before 429 AD Upgrade former garrison units Type Training and Formed Flexible Early Post-Roman British Quality Protection Shooting Skill Melee Experienced 6,8 Average Protected Short Spear Shield Cover Melee Expert Darts Any UG Size

Only Vortigern in 429 AD Saxon mercenaries Allies Notes Early Post-Roman British Vortigern cannot take Legio Primani Iuniores, Equites Scyri, Equites or Equites Scutarii Aureliaci. Historical Notes Tribal Close Saxon allies - Old Saxon (only Vortigern from 430 to 441 AD) - Devastating 0 6 Superior Protected - Dismountable - Chargers 6 This list covers the lowland states of mainland Britain after the departure the Romans to Gaul in 406 AD and the expedition of Riothamus to Gaul in 468. The departure was not intended to be permanent and there is a possibility that the east coast forts were temporarily reoccupied in 417. Vortigern may have used Saxon mercenaries for the defence of Kent. Further Saxons were brought in and these may have revolted, establishing the first Anglo-Saxon kingdom. Tradition has Ambrosius Auerlianus as "the last of the Romans" fighitng Vortigern. In 468, Riothamus "King of the Britons" sailed with 12,000 warriors to Gaul to aid the last Roman part of Gaul against the Visigoths. This may be the origin of Arthur's continental campaign in Geoffrey of Monmouth's account. If "Arthur" was a single historical figure then Riothamus might be a candidate, but other sources suggest a later (although disputed) date. Troop Notes Constantine III took the last Roman field army units out of Britain in 407 AD. In 410, the Romano-British may have been told "to look to their own defence" by the emperor Honorius - an acknowledgement that further reinforcement from Rome was unlikely in the short term. It seems plausible that some garrison units were left behind and candidates include the Equites Catafractarii Iuniores, Equites Scyri, Equites Scutarii Aureliaci and the comitatenses legion Primani Iuniores. Archaeological evidence includes a large number of matriobarbuli (darts) suggesting that Roman equipment continued to be manufactured in the fifth century in Britain. Changes from last version Reclassified equites and pedyt. Added mercenaries. Added archers and slingers. Reclassified legionaries and auxilia.

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 450 AD to 950 AD Sub-Generals 1-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Coastal Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified; Poor or Average Name Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max - Devastating 0 6,8 Fianna Superior Protected - - Tribal Flexible - Chargers 8 - Devastating 0 6,8,9 Warriors Average Protected - Combat Shy Tribal Flexible - Chargers 24 Experienced 32 6,8,9 Warriors Average Unprotected Short Spear - Combat Shy Tribal Flexible Javelin 120 Experienced 0 4,6 Light horse Average Unprotected - Combat Shy Cantabrian Javelin 18 Experienced 0 6 Slingers Sling 6 Javelinmen Javelin 36 Historical Notes Irish sea raiding had been a thorn in the side of the mainland Britain since the 4th century AD, and settlements were made in Pembroke and Galloway, the latter becoming the kingdom of Dál Riata and bequeathing their tribal name to the future kingdom of Scotland (Scotti). The balance between rival kingdoms in the North and Ireland was transformed in 793 when ferocious Viking raids began on monasteries like Iona and Lindisfarne. Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles eventually fell to the Norsemen. The king of Fortriu, Eógan mac Óengusa, and the king of Dál Riata, Áed mac Boanta, were among the dead after a major defeat to the Vikings in 839. There was also a merger of the Gaelic and Pictish crowns, although its open for debate whether it was a Pictish takeover of Dál Riata, or the other way around. This culminated in the rise of Cínaed mac Ailpín (Kenneth MacAlpin) in the 840s, which brought to power the House of Alpin, who became the leaders of a combined Gaelic-Pictish kingdom. Changes from last version None. Type Training and Quality Later Scots-Irish Protection Shooting Skill Melee UG Size

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 469 AD to 579 AD Sub-Generals 0-1 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard Internal Allied Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified or Mobile; Poor or Average Name Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max Arthur's companions (from - Charging 0 4,6 Superior Protected - Melee Expert 495 to 539 AD) - Lancer 6 Unskilled Melee Expert, 0 4,6 Comitatus Superior Protected Short Spear - Javelin Dismountable 12 Unskilled 36 6,8,9 Pedyt Average Protected Short Spear - Combat Shy Tribal Flexible Javelin 144 Experienced 0 4,6 Light cavalry Javelin 12 Javelinmen Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Javelin 18 Skirmishing archers Bow 9 Slingers Average Unprotected - Combat Shy - Sling 9 Notes A command may not have more than one TUG of cavalry. Comitatus may dismount as Formed Flexible, Superior, Protected, Short Spear, Unskilled Javelin. Historical Notes Type Training and Middle Post-Roman British Quality Protection Shooting Skill Melee Post Roman British kingdoms survived in the west, resisting the Anglo-Saxon invasion. The earliest narrative account of Arthur is Nennius Historia Brittonum, which states that Arthur fought as Dux Bellorum together with the kings of the Britons in 12 battles, culminating in the decisive victory of Badon. The Annales Cambrian appears to date Badon to 518 AD and Callan, in which it says Arthur perished, to 539 although these dates are disputed. Salisbury fell to the Saxons in 552, Bedford in 571, Bath, Gloucester and Cirencester all fell in 577 as a result of the battle of Dyrham and York fell in 580. Wroxeter (near Shrewsbury) appears to have been occupied until 680 (after 580 use an Early Welsh list). UG Size

Troop Notes Middle Post-Roman British Armies after 470 AD are assumed to be based on the comitatus of a king, initially swordsmen fighting on foot, supported by peasant pedyt. By the time of the Gododdin, the comitatus are mailed cavalry with a large shield and thrown and thrust spears and sword. Changes from last version Added slingers and archers.

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 500 AD to 850 AD Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Mountains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified; Poor or Average Name Type Training and Quality Later Pictish Protection Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max - 0 4,6 Cavalry Average Protected Short Spear - Melee Expert - 6 - Devastating 0 6,8,9 Best protected warriors Average Protected - Combat Shy Tribal Flexible - Chargers 24 - Devastating 24 6,8,9 Warriors Average Unprotected - Combat Shy Tribal Flexible - Chargers 96-0 6,8,9 Regrade warriors Average Unprotected Short Spear Shieldwall Combat Shy Tribal Close - Any * - Devastating 0 6,8,9 Attacotti warriors Superior Unprotected - - Tribal Flexible - Chargers 12 Experienced 0 4,6 Light horse Average Unprotected - Combat Shy Cantabrian Javelin 18 Archers Bow 36 Allies Scots-Irish allies - Later Scots-Irish Notes Best protected warriors and warriors (but not Attacotti warriors) may be mixed in the same TuG. If used, elements of protected and unprotected warriors must be easily distinguished. * NOTE: If warriors are regraded, then all warriors within that command must be regraded. UG Size

Historical Notes Later Pictish This list covers Pictish armies up to the union of the Picts and Scots under Cináed mac Ailpín. The confederation of Pictish tribes that developed north of the Firth of Forth may have stretched up as far as Orkney. It probably developed out of the tribes of the Caledonii (whose name continued to be used for at least part of the confederation), perhaps as a response to the pressure exerted by the presence of the Romans to the south. They first appear in Roman records at the end of the 3rd century AD as the Picti (the painted people: possibly a reference to their habit of tattooing their bodies) when Roman forces campaigned against them. The first identifiable king of the Picts, who seems to have exerted a superior and wide-ranging authority, was Bridei mac Maelchon (r. c. 550 to 84). His power was based in the kingdom of Fidach, and his base was at the fort of Craig Phadrig, near modern Inverness. After his death, leadership seems to have shifted to the Fortriu, whose lands were centred on Strathearn and Menteith and who raided along the eastern coast into modern England. Christian missionaries from Iona appear to have begun the conversion of the Picts to Christianity from 563. In the 7th century, the Picts acquired Bridei map Beli (671 to 693) as a king, perhaps imposed by the kingdom of Alt Clut, where his father Beli I and then his brother Eugein I ruled. At this point the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Bernicia was expanding northwards, and the Picts were probably tributary to them until, in 685, Bridei defeated them at the Battle of Dunnichen in Angus, killing their king, Ecgfrith.In the reign of Óengus mac Fergusa (729 to 761), the Picts appear to have reached the height of their influence, defeating the forces of Dál Riata (and probably making them a tributary), invading Alt Clut and Northumbria, and making the first known peace treaties with the English. Succeeding Pictish kings may have been able to dominate Dál Riata, with Caustantín mac Fergusa (793 to 820) perhaps placing his son Domnall on the throne from 811. Troop Notes The option to regrade warriors comes from a stone depicting spearmen fighting off cavalry. Changes from last version Option to mix protected and unprotected warriors. Option to regrade warriors.

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 555 AD to 700 AD Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard Internal Allied Generals 0-2 Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified; Poor or Average Name Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max Hird Mount hird Select fyrd Great fyrd Saxon archers Scouts - Devastating 6 6 Superior Protected - - Formed Close - Chargers 18-4,6 Superior Protected Short Spear Combat Shy Dismountable - Any - Devastating 30 6,8,9 Average Protected - Combat Shy Tribal Close - Chargers 120-0 8,9,10 Poor Unprotected Short Spear - Combat Shy Tribal Close - 48 Bow 18 Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Javelin 9 Wreocensaete or Magonsete - 0 4,6 cavalry (Mercian kingdom Average Protected Short Spear - Melee Expert only) - 8 Allies Welsh allies - Early Welsh (only Mercian from 632 to 655 AD) Notes A command may not have more than one TUG of Hird. Hird dismount as Superior, Protected, Devastating Chargers. Hird on foot, select fyrd and great fyrd may be mixed in the same TuG of 6,8, or 9 elements. If used, elements of hird, select and great fyrd must be easily distinguished. Historical Notes Type Training and Quality Early Anglo-Saxon Protection Shooting Skill Melee The Anglo Saxon Kingdoms (Heptarchy) took over much of Britain after the end of Roman rule in the 5th century. Though heptarchy suggests the existence of seven kingdoms, the number fluctuated, as kings contended for supremacy at various times. UG Size

Early Anglo-Saxon Changes from last version Ability to mix hird, select and great fyrd.

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 580 AD to 1053 AD Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard Internal Allied Generals 0-1 Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified or Mobile; Poor or Average Name Type Training and Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max Unskilled Melee Expert, 0 4,6 Cavalry Superior Protected Short Spear - Javelin Dismountable 18-36 6,8,9 Spearmen Average Protected Short Spear - Combat Shy Tribal Flexible - 144 Experienced 0 4,6 Light cavalry Javelin 8 Javelinmen Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Javelin 18 Skirmishing archers Bow 9 Slingers Sling 9 Allies Welsh allies - Early Welsh Viking allies - (from 938 AD) Notes A command may not have more than one TUG of cavalry. Cavalry may dismount as Formed Flexible, Superior, Protected, Short Spear. Historical Notes This list covers the British kingdoms from 580 onwards including Elmet (annexed by Northumbria in the early 7th century), Goddodin (annexed by Bernicia c. 638), Rheged (annexed by Northumbria in the 8th century), Strathclyde (annexed by the Scots before 1053) and Dumnonia and Cornwall (annexed before 1042). Changes from last version Reclassified cavalry. Reclassified spearmen as flexible. Added archers and slingers. Later Post-Roman British Quality Protection Shooting Skill Melee UG Size

Early Welsh Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 580 AD to 1100 AD Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Mountains Internal Allied Generals 0-2 Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified; Poor or Average Type Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Name Training and Quality Protection Mandatory Optional Max UG Size - 0 4,6 Nobles Superior Protected Short Spear - Melee Expert - 6-0 4,6 Uchelwyr Average Protected Short Spear - Melee Expert - 6 Experienced 24 6,8,9 Spearmen Average Protected Short Spear - Combat Shy Tribal Loose Javelin 90 Experienced 0 6 Upgrade best spearmen Superior Protected Short Spear - - Tribal Loose Javelin 18 Experienced Cantabrian, 0 4,6 Skirmishing uchelwyr Average Unprotected - - Javelin Combat Shy 12 Experienced 12 6,9 Javelinmen Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Javelin 48 Archers Bow 18 Only before 600 AD - Devastating 0 6,8,9 Regrade spearmen Average Protected - Combat Shy Tribal Loose - Chargers 36 - Devastating 0 6 Regrade best spearmen Superior Protected - - Tribal Loose - Chargers 18 Allies Dublin allies - Norse Irish (from 900 AD) Viking allies (from 830 AD) Saxon allies - Early Anglo-Saxon (until 700 AD) or Middle Anglo-Saxon (from 701 to 1016 AD) Notes No more than one TuG of best spearmen is permitted in each command.

Historical Notes Early Welsh The Early Welsh list covers the time from the Roman departure from Wales and the rise of Merfyn Frych to the throne of Gwynedd. In that time there was a gradual consolidation of power into increasingly hierarchical kingdoms. The end of the period is from when the modern England to Wales border would take its near-final form, a line broadly followed by Offa's Dyke, a late eighth-century earthwork. Successful unification into something recognisable as a Welsh state would come in the next era under the descendants of Merfyn Vrych. l d d d b f Changes from last version None. k d h l f h b dd h l d l dd h f l f

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 701 AD to 1016 AD Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard Internal Allied Generals 0-1 Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified; Poor or Average Name Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max - 6 6 Hird Superior Protected Short Spear Shieldwall Shove Formed Close - 18-30 6,8,9 Select fyrd Average Protected Short Spear Shieldwall Combat Shy Tribal Close - 120-0 8,9,10 Great fyrd Poor Unprotected Short Spear Shieldwall Combat Shy Tribal Close - 48 Saxon archers Bow 18 Scouts Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Javelin 9 Allies Viking allies (from 1012 AD) Notes Hird, Select Fyrd and Great Fyrd may be mixed in the same TuG of 6,8, or 9 elements. If used, elements of Hird, Select and Great Fyrd must be easily distinguished. Historical Notes Type Training and Middle Anglo-Saxon Quality Protection Shooting Skill Melee Most of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms came under the overlordship of Egbert of Wessex in 829 AD. This list covers the Kingdoms of Wessex, Mercia, East Anglia and Northumbria from the accession of Edwin of Northumbria until united as England under Edgar in 959, and then under Ethelred the Redeless until the Danish conquest and accession of Knut (King Canute) in 1016. The end of the Anglo Saxon Kingdoms was a gradual process. The 9th century Viking raids that led to the establishment of a Danish-controlled enclave at York, and ultimately to the Danelaw, gained considerablevantage from the petty rivalries between the old kingdoms. The need to unite against the common enemy was recognised, so that by the time Alfred of Wessex resisted the Danes in the late 9th century, he did so essentially as the leader of an Anglo-Saxon nation. Successive kings of Wessex (and especially Athelstan) progressively reinforced the English unitary state, until, with the simultaneous dissolution of Mercia and submission of Northumbria upon Edgar's succession in 959, the old constituent kingdoms in effect became consolidated into one. UG Size

Troop Notes Middle Anglo-Saxon A considerable increase in the size of Anglo-Saxon shields around the 8th century AD is assumed to reflect a change to shield-wall tactics. A Saxon boy was given a spear and shield on his 12th birthday, taking his place in the rear ranks or to guard the baggage. Hird include Earls, Thegns, Gesiths and all hearth troops. Changes from last version Ability to mix hird, select and great fyrd. Removed Mercian cavalry.

Viking Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 793 AD to 1070 AD Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard, Coastal Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Average Name Type Training and Quality Protection Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max - Melee Expert, 0 6,8,9 Huscarls (before 900 AD) Superior Protected Short Spear Shieldwall Dismountable, Formed Flexible - Integral Shooters 24 Huscarls (from 900 AD) - Dismountable, 0 6,8,9 Superior Protected 2-H Cut-Crush Shieldwall Formed Flexible - Integral Shooters 24 Devastating See - 0 Berserkers Superior Protected - Chargers, Melee - note Formed Flexible - Expert 4 - Shieldwall, 24 6,8,9 Hird Average Protected Short Spear Integral - Formed Flexible - Shooters 72 Seperately dependent archers Experienced 0 6,8 Average Protected - - Combat Shy Bow 16 Irish warriors (only in Experienced 0 6,8,9 Average Unprotected Short Spear - Combat Shy Ireland) Tribal Loose Javelin 18 Irish kerns (only in Ireland) Skirmishing archers Poor Unprotected - Combat Shy - Javelin 18 Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Bow 18 Allies Cornish allies - Later Post-Roman British (from 838 to 900 AD) English Rebel allies - Anglo-Danish (from 1066 to 1069 AD) Irish allies - Later Scots-Irish (only in Ireland until 950 AD) Scots allies - Early Scots (only in 1069 AD) UG Size

Notes Changes from last version Berserkers and Hird now Formed Flexible, archers. Viking Up to three TuGs of Huscarls or Hird may have 1 or 2 bases of berserkers to replace the normal bases. Such a TuG may be subject to forced charges as it contains elements with the Devastating Charge characteristic. Historical Notes Vikings were members of tribes, originally from Scandinavia, of Norse ancestry, who gained a reputation for their raids and piracy in many parts of Europe, especially England, Ireland, and Frankish territories. This list covers the overseas raiding and conquest armies in the period from 793 to the late 11th-century AD in Europe. Home armies are covered in the Leidang list. In this era Viking activity started with raids on Christian lands in England and eventually expanded to mainland Europe, including parts of present-day Russia. While maritime battles were rare, Viking bands proved very successful in raiding coastal towns and monasteries due to their efficient ships, intimidating war-tactics, skilful hand-tohand combat, and fearlessness. What started as Viking raids on small towns transformed into the establishment of important agricultural spaces and commercial trading-hubs across Europe through rudimentary colonization. Vikings' tactics in warfare gave them an enormousvantage in successfully raiding (and later colonizing) despite their small population in comparison to that of their enemies. Between 865 and 875 a coalition of Norse warriors known by the Anglo-Saxons as the Great Heathen Army, invaded the four Anglo-Saxon kingdoms that constituted England. It was only when Alfred the Great defeated the Vikings at the Battle of Edington that a treaty was agreed upon, whereby the Vikings were able to remain in control of much of northern and eastern England.

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 850 AD to 1070 AD Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Mountains, Forest Internal Allied Generals 0-1 Galwegian - Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified; Poor or Average Name Type Training and Quality Early Scots Protection Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max - 0 4,6 Mounted warriors Average Protected Short Spear - Melee Expert - 8-6 6 Scottish thegns Superior Protected Short Spear Shieldwall - Formed Close - 18-36 6,8,9 Spearmen Average Protected Short Spear Shieldwall Combat Shy Tribal Flexible - 120 - Charging Devastating Melee Expert, 0 4,6 Knights (from 1053 AD) Average Protected - Lancer Chargers Dismountable 6 - Devastating 0 6,8,9 Galwegians Average Unprotected - Combat Shy Tribal Loose - Chargers 27 Experienced Cantabrian, 0 4,6 Mounted skirmishers Average Unprotected - - Javelin Combat Shy 12 Archers Bow 18 Javelinmen Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Javelin 18 Allies Viking allies (from 800 AD) Strathclyde British allies - Later Post Roman British (before 920 AD) Notes No more than one TuG of thegns is permitted in each command. Knights dismount as Formed Close, Average, Protected, Short Spear, Sheildwall. UG Size

Historical Notes Reclassified thegns and spearmen with short spear. Early Scots This list represents the first united Kingdom of the Scots. There was a merger of the Gaelic and Pictish crowns leading to the rise of Cínaed mac Ailpín(Kenneth MacAlpin) in the 840s AD. The reign of Causantín (Constantine II) from 900 to c. 942 was important to the formation of the Kingdom of Alba. Strathclyde was annexed in 945. Troop Notes The spear is the main weaponry of the army with other arms in supporting roles, perhaps influenced by the Saxons. Numbers of heavier cavalry increased and were in due course supplemented by small numbers of Norman knights welcomed into the country during the reign of Macbeth. Wild Galwegian foot were often present and are classed as internal allies. These troops had little protection and were decimated at the Battle of the Standard by missile fire. Changes from last version

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 900 AD to 1167 AD Sub-Generals 0-2 Any Instinctive Terrain Coastal Internal Allied Generals 0-2 Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Average Name Type Training and Quality Norse-Irish Protection Shooting Skill Melee Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max - Dismountable, 0 6,8,9 Nobles and retainers Superior Protected 2-H Cut-Crush Shieldwall Formed Flexible - Integral Shooters 18 Experienced 24 6,8,9 Warriors Average Unprotected Short Spear - Combat Shy Tribal Loose Javelin 120 - Upgrade warriors with axe Average Unprotected 2-H Cut-Crush - - Tribal Loose - Any - 0 6,8,9 Mercenaries Superior Unprotected 2-H Cut-Crush - - Tribal Loose - 9 Experienced 0 6,8,9 Kerns Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Javelin 40 Experienced 12 6,8,9 Levies Poor Unprotected - Combat Shy - Javelin 40 Experienced 0 6 Archers Bow 6 Experienced 0 6 Slingers Sling 6 Allies Viking allies - (until 1070 AD) Historical Notes The Norse are first recorded in Ireland in 795 AD when they sacked Lambay Island. Sporadic raids then continued until 832, after which they began to build fortified settlements throughout the country. Norse raids continued throughout the tenth century, but resistance to them increased. The Norse established independent kingdoms in Dublin, Waterford, Wexford, Cork and Limerick. These kingdoms did not survive the subsequent Norman invasions, but the towns continued to grow and prosper. The Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland and Henry II's claim to the title of Lord of Ireland effectively spelled the end of the Norse Irish, as a Norman system of government and the dominance of England gradually spread through Ireland. UG Size

Norse-Irish Changes from last version None.

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 1014 AD to 1071 AD Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified; Poor or Average Name Characteristics Min Mandatory Optional Max - Dismountable, 0 6,8,9 Huscarls Superior Protected 2-H Cut-Crush Shieldwall Formed Flexible - Integral Shooters 24-24 6,8,9 Select fyrd Average Protected Short Spear Shieldwall Combat Shy Tribal Close - 72-0 6,8,9 Great fyrd Poor Unprotected Short Spear Shieldwall Combat Shy Tribal Close - 48-0 10,12 Fyrd dregs Poor Unprotected - - Combat Shy Tribal Close - 36 Normans (from 1042 AD to - Charging Devastating Melee Expert, 0 4,6 Average Protected 1065 AD) - Lancer Chargers Dismountable 6 Archers Bow 9 Slingers Sling 9 Javelinmen Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Javelin 9 Allies Scots Exile allies - Early Scots (from 1042 to 1054 AD) Viking allies Welsh allies - Early Welsh Notes Type Training and Quality Anglo-Danish Protection Shooting Skill Melee Huscarls, select fyrd and great fyrd may be mixed in the same TuG of 6,8, or 9 elements. If used, elements of huscarls, select and great fyrd must be easily distinguished. Knights dismount as Formed Close, Average, Protected, Short Spear, Sheildwall. UG Size

Historical Notes Anglo-Danish The Danelaw is a historical name given to the part of England in which the laws of the Danes held sway and dominated those of the Anglo-Saxons. From 1016 to 1035, Cnut the Great ruled over a unified English kingdom, itself the product of a resurgent Wessex, as part of his North Sea Empire, together with Denmark, Norway and part of Sweden. Cnut was succeeded in England on his death by his son Harold Harefoot, until he died in 1040, after which another of Cnut's sons, Harthacnut, took the throne. Since Harthacnut was already on the Danish throne, this reunited the North Sea Empire. Harthacnut lived only another two years, and from his death in 1042 until 1066 the monarchy reverted to the English line in the form of Edward the Confessor. Edward died in January 1066 without an obvious successor, and an English nobleman, Harold Godwinson, took the throne. In the autumn of that same year, two rival claimants to the throne led invasions of England in short succession. First, Harald Hardrada of Norway took York in September, but was defeated by Harold at the Battle of Stamford Bridge, in Yorkshire. Then, three weeks later, William of Normandy defeated Harold at the Battle of Hastings, in Sussex and in December he accepted the submission of Edgar the Ætheling, last in the line of Anglo-Saxon kings, at Berkhamsted. This list ends at the completion of the Norman Conquest Changes from last version Norman milites may dismount. Huscarls, select and great fyrd may be mixed.