Urban Transport Service Level Benchmarking in Urban Transport for Indian Cities

Urban Transport Service Level Benchmarking in Urban Transport for Indian Cities Ahmedabad Bhubaneswar Hubli-Dharwad Kohima Mysore Surat An Initiative of the, Government of India Presented by Prof. H.M. Shivanand Swamy

Urban Transport Service Level Benchmarking A comprehensive framework to measure and monitor urban transport performance in India - established in 011 by the Ministry of Urban Development, GOI Identifies problem areas and areas of excellence An ongoing process Collects data for comparative purposes Review of best practice in the activity to form basis for defining level of service

Urban Transport Service Level Benchmarking A mechanism for introducing accountability in service delivery of urban transport comparing service performance levels against set targets or good practices. Useful for assessing performance trends and setting targets Inputs to land use transport strategy formulation Assessing investment outcomes To showcase achievements / good practice Envisaged as an annual activity to be presented as a annual budgeting exercise 5

Preparatory Study for Benchmarking Study Area Delineation 1 Mark the Municipal limits of the city- (a) 1 3 Mark the village / town boundaries in Urban Development Authority area (b) Digitize the contiguous built-up area adjoining the municipal limits (c) 3 4 5 Select the villages/ towns that correspond to step 1. (b & c= d) Define the Study area i.e. Municipal area + Area selected in step 4 (a + d) Bhubaneswar Study area :179 sq.km 6

Preparatory Study for Benchmarking Selection of network inventory Digitization of roads Classification of road into four levels Arterial and sub arterial and all roads where PT is plying 7

reparatory Study for Benchmarking election of Public Transport Routes 1 Identification of corridors with Headways<60mins Less than 10 min- Survey all the routes 10-0 minutes- 5% of the randomly selected routes 0-60 min- 5% of the randomly selected routes All routes that ply on the selected road for inventory 8

Preparatory Study for Benchmarking Selection of Public Transport Stops 1 Selection of bus stops for calculating average waiting time 3 Out of the total number of bus stops (N), a sample of (n) bus stops (depending on city size) is selected to calculate the avg. waiting time :- 1. > 4 million - 10%. 1. 4 million -5% 3. <1 million-50% A reco survey was conducted in Ahmedabad. it was observed that waiting time is not always half of headway Relation between headways and waiting time was established through this surveys for 1. <10 mins. 10-0mins 3. 0-60 mins Headways Constant <10 0.40 10-0 0.40 >0-60 0.9 9

Data collection Secondary Data Collection Data sources like annual reports, websites, etc for secondary data collection Focus of data collection was on updated information for the indicators using data that is dynamic in nature. Necessity to cross check data to avoid misinterpretation and to identify valid reason for change in number Primary Data Collection Road inventory Survey Level of Comfort Surveys Speed and Delay Surveys NMT at Transit Stations Lux Survey Land use along Transit corridor 10

Adapting Indicators for Hill Cities Why do we need to look at Hill Cities differently? Geographical constraints Steep slopes, landslides, heterogeneity of climate, land use pattern and scarcity of buildable land Scale and Size Size of these cities maybe smaller but the scale is much larger as it is driven by both residents and visitors Functionality specific features of these areas tend to reflect on the different time frame for the local mobility, economy and also the social characteristics 11

Adapting Indicators for Hill Cities Issues Reasoning Service Coverage of public transport is defined by: - Network length - Area covered at 500 m Cannot take coverage as 500m from stops due to topography 1. 500 m in plain cities is equivalent to what in hill cities? *it takes 6 minutes for 500m @ 5km/hr (Naismith rule) 1

Adapting Indicators for Hill Cities Research background methodology to compute basis for Hill Cities Developing a base Survey required for computation Base information required to collect for all hill cities 1. Contours. Generate Elevation from Contours 3. Generate Slopes from Elevation. 4. Using Path distance tool and applying Tobler s hiking function (vertical factors) to calculate the cost in terms of time. 1.Public transport user survey. Average walking speed Interpretation of 500m buffer 13

Adapting Indicators for Hill Cities Computation Result from survey Calculation for computation Sample size 1% of ridership-0nos 75% of bus users use walk as an access and egress mode 45 % of the bus users are walking 10 minutes 3% of the bus users are willing to walk upto o minutes to a bus stops Average walking speed is.3 km/hr 1. 500m = 30 m i.e. It takes 6 minutes to walk 30m in hill areas. Willingness to walk = 0 mins = 750m i.e. Coverage of public transport is 750m instead of 500m because people walk more on hilly areas. 14

Adapting Indicators for Hill Cities Pedestrian Infrastructure facilities Issues Reasoning Presence of high number of footsteps that provides connectivity An important means of access particularly for areas that are not accessible by road. Footpath along the road may not always be possible because of limited right of way..therefore, footsteps become important to consider somewhere in the benchmarking process as these are important access points and are also considered as local roads. 15

Modified Indicator within Focus Areas Pedestrian Infrastructure facilities Hill Cities Methodology Survey required for computation Step 1: Identify steps that connect to PT stops @ 50 metre length either side of the stops Survey 75% Step : Identify steps that connect level 1 & level roads(connecting commercial and Institution and residential) - Survey 50% Step 3: Classification of footsteps Identify steps that provide connectivity to more than 10 households- survey 5% 1. Footstep survey 1. Quality of footsteps. Pedestrian interview Sample 70 nos

Paved footsteps Near NST Station High School Near Red cross building

Unpaved footsteps Along NH-9 Martyrs Park to PWD office Along NH-9

MoUD s Service Level Benchmarks (SLBs) Focus Areas: 1. Public Transport. Financial Sustainability of Public Transport 3. Pedestrian Infrastructure 4. Non-Motorized Transport 5. Application of Intelligent Transport 6. Road Network Performance 7. Parking Management 8. Road Safety 9. Environment 10. Integrated Land Use -Transport System 11. Intermediate Public Transport* * Additional Focus Area suggested by CoE 1

Indicators - Public Transport Availability 1. Presence of Organized Public Transport System in Urban Area (%). Extent of Supply - Availability of Public Transport Quality (Attractiveness) 3. Level of Comfort in Public Transport (Crowding) 4. % fleet size as per urban bus specification 5. Affordability of public transport 6. Interchanges with Multimodal Facility Efficiency 7. Average waiting time for Public Transport users (min) 8. Average Travel speed of public transport (KMPH)** 9. Breakdown of Public Transport 10. Vehicle Utilization of Public Transport Coverage/Access 11. Service Coverage of Public Transport in the city 1. Transit Access Area- (% built-up area within 500m of PT plying) * 13High frequency transit accessible area (% area with transit access 10min or less headway) * 14. Total boarding/ population*

1 Availability Indicators Computation Level of service Range LoS Total number of buses operating on road =(a) 141 ( 99 city bus+4 BRTS) > = 60% 1 Presence of Organized Public Transport System in Urban Area (%) Total number of buses under the ownership of STU/SPV or under concession agreement = (b) 141 Presence of Organized Public Transport System in Urban Area (%) =( b/a)*100 =100% (Source: SMC, 015) 40 60% 0 40% 3 < 0% 4 1 Indicators Computation Level of service Extent of Supply- Availability of Public Transport (Vary with population size class) No of Buses available in a city on any day = (a) 141 Total Population of the study area = (b) 5465566 ( estimated population 015) Availability of Public transport /1000 population = (a/b) (141/5465566)*1000=.0 3 Range* > = 0.6 1 0.4 0.6 0. 0.4 3 < 0. 4 LoS 4

Focus Areas: 1. Public Transport. Financial Sustainability of Public Transport 3.Pedestrian Infrastructure 4. Non-Motorized Transport 5.Application of Intelligent Transport 6. Road Network Performance 7. Parking Management 8. Road Safety 9. Environment 10. Integrated Land Use - Transport System 11. Intermediate Public Transport* 1. Presence of Organized Public Transport System in Urban Area. Extent of Supply/Availability of Public Transport 3. Service Coverage of Public Transport in the study area 4. Transit accessible area (% built up area within 500 m of PT plying) 5. High frequency transit accessible area (% transit area with headway of 10 minutes) 6. Average waiting time for Public Transport users 7. Level of Comfort in Public Transport 8. Percentage fleet size as per urban bus specification 9. Total boarding / 1000 Population 10. Average Travel speed of Public Transport along key corridors 11. Affordability of Public Transport 1. Breakdown of Public Transport 13. Vehicle Utilization of Public Transport 14. Interchanges having Multi modal Composite LoS = (LoS1 + LoS + LoS3 + LoS4 + LoS5 + LoS6.+LoS14) and identify overall LOS 4 Overall LoS Target Set 1 Calculated LoS 1 14 15-8 3 9-4 4 4-56 1

Focus Areas: 1. Public Transport. Financial Sustainability of Public Transport 3. Pedestrian Infrastructure 1. Extent of Non-Fare Revenue. Staff per Bus Ratio 3. Operating Ratio Target Set 1 1 4. Non-Motorized Transport 5. Application of Intelligent Transport 6. Road Network Performance 7. Parking Management 7. Road Safety 9. Environment Calculated LoS = (LoS1 + LoS + LoS3) and identify overall LOS Overall LoS Calculated LoS 1 3 4-6 3 7-9 4 10-1 10. Integrated Land Use - Transport System 11. Intermediate Public Transport* 5

Focus Areas: 1. Public Transport. Financial Sustainability of Public Transport 3. Pedestrian Infrastructure 4. Non-Motorized Transport 5. Application of Intelligent Transport 6. Road Network Performance 1. Availability of Signalized intersection. Signalized Intersection Delay 3. Percentage City Covered with Footpath 4. Street Lighting (Lux level) Calculated LoS = (LoS1 + LoS + LoS3+LoS4) and identify overall LOS Target Set 7. Parking Management 8. Road Safety 9. Environment 10. Integrated Land Use - Transport System 11. Intermediate Public Transport* 6 Overall LoS Calculated LoS 1 4 5-8 3 9-1 4 13-16

Focus Areas: 1. Public Transport. Financial Sustainability of Public Transport 3. Pedestrian Infrastructure 1. Availability of Traffic Surveillance System. Passenger Information System 3. Global Positioning System/AVLS 4. Signal Synchronization 5. Integrated Ticketing System Target Set 1 1 1 1 1 4. Non-Motorized Transport 5. Application of Intelligent Transport 6. Road Network Performance 7. Parking Management 8. Road Safety 9. Environment Calculated LoS = (LoS1 + LoS + LoS3 +LoS5) and identify overall LOS Overall LoS Calculated LoS 1 5 6-10 3 11-15 4 16-0 10. Integrated Land Use - Transport System 11. Intermediate Public Transport* 8

Focus Areas: 1. Public Transport. Financial Sustainability of Public Transport 3. Pedestrian Infrastructure 1. Average Travel Speed of Personal Vehicles. Average Travel Speed of Public Transport 3. Road Density 4. Percentage of Higher Order roads 5. Street Lightening (LUX) on Roads 6. Percentage of Developed Area Under Roads Target Set 1 - - - - 4. Non-Motorized Transport 5. Application of Intelligent Transport 6. Road Network Performance 7. Parking Management 8. Road Safety 9. Environment Calculated LoS = (LoS1 + LoS + LoS3 +LoS6) and identify overall LOS Overall LoS Calculated LoS 1 6 7-1 3 13-18 4 19-4 10. Integrated Land Use - Transport System 11. Intermediate Public Transport* 9

Focus Areas: 1. Public Transport. Financial Sustainability of Public Transport 3. Pedestrian Infrastructure 1. Availability of Parking Spaces. Ratio of Maximum and Minimum Parking Fee In The City Target Set 4. Non-Motorized Transport 5. Application of Intelligent Transport 6. Road Network Performance 7. Parking Management 8. Road Safety 9. Environment Calculated LoS = (LoS1 + LoS) and identify overall LOS Overall LoS Calculated LoS 1 3 4 3 5 6 4 7 8 10. Integrated Land Use - Transport System 11. Intermediate Public Transport* 30

Focus Areas: 1. Public Transport. Financial Sustainability of Public Transport 3. Pedestrian Infrastructure 1. Fatality Rate per Lakh Population. Fatality Rate for Pedestrian & NMT users 3. Serious Injuries per Lakh Population Target Set 1-4. Non-Motorized Transport 5. Application of Intelligent Transport Calculated LoS = (LoS1 + LoS + LoS3) and identify overall LOS 6. Road Network Performance Overall LoS Calculated LoS 7. Parking Management 8. Road Safety 9. Environment 10. Integrated Land Use - Transport System 11. Intermediate Public Transport* 31 1 3 4-6 3 7-9 4 10-1

Focus Areas: 1. Public Transport. Financial Sustainability of Public Transport 3. Pedestrian Infrastructure 1. Annual Mean Concentration of SO (μg/m 3 ). Annual Mean Concentration of NO (μg/m 3 ) 3. Annual Mean Concentration of SPM (PM 10 ) (μg/m 3 ) 4. Annual Mean Concentration of RSPM (PM.5 ) (μg/m 3 ) Target Set 1 1 1 1 4. Non-Motorized Transport 5. Application of Intelligent Transport 6. Road Network Performance 7. Parking Management 8. Road Safety 9. Environment Calculated LoS = (LoS1 + LoS + LoS3+LoS4) and identify overall LOS Overall LoS Calculated LoS 1 4 5-8 3 9-1 4 13-16 10. Integrated Land Use - Transport System 11. Intermediate Public Transport* 3

Focus Areas: 1. Public Transport. Financial Sustainability of Public Transport 3. Pedestrian Infrastructure 4. Non-Motorized Transport 1. Population Density. Mixed Land Use Zoning (% of area under non residential use) 3. Intensity of Development 4. Intensity of development along transit corridor 5. Road network pattern and completeness 6. Percentage network covered with exclusive ROW Target Set - - - - - - - 5. Application of Intelligent Transport 6. Road Network Performance Calculated LoS = (LoS1 + LoS + LoS3 +LoS7) and identify overall LOS 7. Parking Management Overall LoS Calculated LoS 8. Road Safety 9. Environment 10. Integrated Land Use - Transport System 11. Intermediate Public Transport* 33 1 6 7-1 3 13-18 4 19-4

Report Card 35

Report Card: Surat Sr. No Benchmarks Level of Service for Urban Transport LoS for 015 LoS for 01 1 Public Transport 3 4 Financial Sustainability of Public Transport 4 4 3 Pedestrian Infrastructure 3 3 4 Non-Motorized Transport 3 3 5 Application of ITS 3 4 6 Road Network Performance 7 Parking Management 3 8 Road Safety 3 3 9 Environment 1 1 10 Integrated Land Use Transport System 3 11 Intermediate Public Transport 3 3 Legend - Change Colour Code Legend LoS Colour Code No Change LoS 1 Positive Change LoS Negative Change LoS 3 LoS 4 36

Development of PublicTransport in Surat

SURAT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Surat with NO Public Transport 004

SURAT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Surat with limited Public Transport 009

SURAT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Surat with Bus Rapid Transit System 014

Development of transport in surat Bus Rapid Transit System-014

Bus Rapid Transit System-016 SLB Ahmedabad

SLB Ahmedabad

1. Public Transport Sr. No Public Transport Target LoS* Surat Indicator Value - PT 018# 015 01 018# Surat LoS -PT Overall LoS 015 01 1 Presence of Organized Public Transport System in Urban Area 1 100% 100% 100% 1 1 1 (%) Extent of Supply-Availability of Public Transport (PT per 1000 0.6 0.06 0.03 4 4 population) 3 Service Coverage of Public Transport in Study Area (km/km ) 1.43 0.4 0.31 1 3 3 4 Transit Access Area (% built-up area within 500 m of PT plying) 7% 48% 46% 1 3 3 5 High Frequency transit accessible area (% area with transit access 7% 6% 10% 1 4 4 10 min or less headway) 6 Average Waiting Time for Public Transport Users (minutes) 4 6 1 1 1 4 7 Level of Comfort in Public Transport (passenger/seat) 3 1. 1.8.5 1 3 8 Percentage Fleet Size as per Urban Bus Specification (UBS) (%) 3 100% 6% 0% 1 3 4 9 Total Boarding per 1000 population 1 15 4 4 10 Average Travel Speed of Public Transport (kmph) 4 1 1 11 Affordability of Public Transport (% expenditure on transportation) 17% 14% 1 1 1 Breakdown of Public Transport (per 10,000 km) 3.05 NA 1 4 4 13 Vehicle Utilization (km per day) 05 165 166 4 4 14 Interchanges having Multimodal (%) 7% 17% 0% 1 4 4 Total Score 39 44 Overall LoS 3 3 4 45

BENCHMARKING URBAN TRANSPORT 46 Thank you Contact: Coe.ut@cept.ac.in www.utbenchmark.in (COE) CEPT University, Ahmedabad

Strategy for mobility security BENCHMARKING URBAN TRANSPORT 47 Mobility Security (Example from Janmarg- Ahmedabad) Vehicl e Number of vehicles People BRTS 180 Janmarg People moved : 180 Area occupied 84 sq. m Queue length 4 m. Mixed traffic People moved :91 Area occupied 850 sq. m. Queue length - 85 m. Vehicle Four wheeler Number of vehicles 14 1 Rickshaw 11 0 Two wheeler 9 43 People Cycle 7 7 (COE) CEPT University, Ahmedabad