Montorng Physcal Actvty from Actve Transport Dr Russell G. Thompson Insttute of Transport Studes Monash Unversty
Australan Health Gudelnes Put together at least 30 mnutes of moderatentensty physcal actvty on most, preferably all, days Department of Health and Agng, Australan Government, 1999
US Gudelnes For substantal health benefts, adults should do at least 150 mnutes (2 hours and 30 mnutes) a week of moderate-ntensty, or 75 mnutes (1 hour and 15 mnutes) a week of vgorous-ntensty aerobc physcal actvty, or an equvalent combnaton of moderate- and vgorous-ntensty aerobc actvty. Aerobc actvty should be performed n epsodes of at least 10 mnutes, and preferably, t should be spread throughout the week U.S. Department of Health and Human Servces, 2008
Cancer Report Recommendaton 2 Be physcally actve as part of everyday lfe PUBLIC HEALTH GOALS The proporton of the populaton that s sedentary to be halved every 10 years Average physcal actvty levels (PALs) to be above 1.6 World Cancer Research Fund / Amercan Insttute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrton, Physcal Actvty, and the Preventon of Cancer: a Global Perspectve. Washngton DC: AICR, 2007
Measurement Issues Physcal actvty s rarely measured precsely. Ideally, studes would record the frequency, ntensty, and duraton of people s physcal actvty over an extended perod day and nght. But studes are generally not desgned to obtan ths nformaton. Objectve measures such as pedometers and mcrocomputer sensors are not often used n large studes. Instead, questonnares are most frequently used. p201, WCRF/AICR, 2007
Categores of Physcal Actvty Source Transport Household Recreaton Work Insde Outsde Spatal Temporal Mornng Afternoon Evenng
Physcal Actvty Bouts Frequency Hgh Medum Low Sedentary Sporadc Short Long Duraton Lght Moderate Hard Very Hard Intensty
Conventonal Survey Instruments Expensve: data collecton, entry & error checkng Accuracy for measurng physcal actvty? Under-reportng of trps (eg. walkng) Resoluton (duratons & ntensty) Therefore, average speed s not accurate (underestmaton) Self reportng stll wdely used Vctoran Integrated Survey Travel & Actvtes (VISTA), DOT, 2007 The Actve Australa Survey, AIHW, 2003 Vctoran Lfestyle and Neghbourhood Envronment Study (VcLANES), VcHealth, 2007 Internatonal Physcal Actvty Questonnare (IPAQ)
Self Reportng Methods Internatonal Physcal Actvty Questonnare (IPAQ) Travel Surveys (eg. VISTA) ABS CENSUS (eg. Journey to work) Health Surveys (eg. NHANES & VcLANES)
Measurng Physcal Actvty Data Fuson Integraton of ICT for montorng physcal actvty Geographc Informaton Systems (GIS) Global Poston Systems (GPS) Accelerometers PDA s & moble phones
Accelerometer Data PAL PA TEE GPS Data
Accelerometers Measure movement n terms of acceleraton Acceleraton s proportonal to external force Measure locomotor actvty Low subject burden (esp. memory) Objectve data Unobtrusve (over multple days) Collect data nsde buldngs (cf. GPS)
Actgraph GT1M Measures actvty counts (4 mll G s per sec.) Summed over an epoch (eg. 1 mnute) When worn on wast, estmates the number of steps n each epoch Has been used n a number of large scale health surveys (eg. NHANES)
Accelerometer Applcatons Estmate Energy Expendture Walkng (frequency, duraton & ntensty) Movement wthn buldngs (eg. between meetngs & stars) Estmate PALs In conjuncton wth GPS assst n determnng mode & actvty
Actvty Count profle from accelerometer Very hard Hard moderate Lght Date Lght Moderate Hard Very Hard Counts 3/07/2008 1338 51 45 6 694136
Actvty Count 25000 30 Cyclng Speed (km/h) 20000 25 15000 10000 5000 20 15 10 5 Accelerometer GPS 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 Tme of day (hour)
MET 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Tme of day (hour) Combng accelerometer & GPS data
Global Poston Systems (GPS) Automatcally & accurately determne: WHEN & WHERE of outdoor movement Also provdes speed of moton Procedures developed for determnng: HOW (travel mode) WHY (travel purpose) WHAT (actvty node) GPS Watch
Dr Russell G. Thompson Insttute of Transport Studes Monash Unversty
Estmatng Physcal Actvty Levels (PALs) PAL 1. 1 PAL j j (PAL for person ) BEE BEE PAL 247 2.67a 401.5h 8. 6w 293 3.8a 456.4h 10. 12w j f g f g [( MET j 1) (1.15/ 0.9) dj]/1440 BEE /(0.0175 1440 w ) female male where, BEE = basal energy expendture for person a = age of person (years) h = heght of person (meters) w = weght of person (kg) g = gender of person ( male or female ) MET j = metabolc equvalence of actvty j d j = duraton of actvty j for person (mnutes) ΔPAL j = energy expendture of actvty j for person Gerror et al, (2006)
Physcal Actvty Level (PAL) PAL PA PA Men PA Women Category [1, 1.4) 1 1 Sedentary [1.4, 1.6) 1.12 1.14 Low Actve [1.6, 1.9) 1.27 1.27 Actve [1.9, 2.5) 1.54 1.45 Very Actve Gerror et al, (2006)
Estmatng Total Energy Expendture (TEE) TEE 864 9.72a PA (14.2w 503h ) f g ' male' TEE 387 7.31a PA (10.9w 660.7h ) f g ' female' where, TEE = Total Energy Expendture for person (kcal/day) a = age of person (years) h = heght of person (metres) w = weght of person (kg) g = gender of person ( male or female ) PA = physcal actvty of person Gerror et al, (2006)
Cyclng METs For lesure or work < 16 km/h 4 General 8 Fast, vgorous effort (22-25 km/h) 10 Answorth et al, 2000
Walkng MET Examples Speed less than 3.2 km/h, level ground, strollng very slow From house to car or bus, from car or bus to go places, from car or bus to and from the workste Speed at 5km/h, level, moderate pace, frm surface, MET 2 2.5 3.3 Carryng 6.8kg bag on level ground 3.5 Speed of 8 km/h 8 Answorth et al, 2000
Travel Mode Detecton Trp segment statstcs Duraton, dstance & travel speed Start & End stop nformaton Closeness to publc transport stop (bus, tran & tram) Land-use type Path (network algnment) Rules developed usng CART procedures and travel survey data - GPS data & VISTA07 Eg. x < 1.5km & v < 6km/h & Δt < 25 mn => WALK
GPS & GIS Integraton Actvty Determnaton GPS (Lattude, Longtude) Address Land Use Type Actvty Mode Determnaton for Trp Stages Daly Log Trps Trp Stages Rules developed for determnng trps & trp stages - Travel speeds (mean, maxmum & SD) - Orgn & Destnaton land use types - Duraton - Dstance - Steps (accelerometer)
Daly Energy Expendture from Actvty, Transport & Sleep
Duraton of Physcal Actvty from Transport
Duraton of Moderate & Vgorous PA
Current Research Data fuson & nterpretaton (Phone) Mode detecton algorthms (DOT) Gestatonal Dabetes (MIHR) Actve commutng for sedentary occupatons (drvers) Actve transport coachng Pre-dabetes & weght management
Montorng Physcal Actvty from Actve Transport Dr Russell G. Thompson Insttute of Transport Studes Monash Unversty
Montorng Physcal Actvty from Actve Transport Dr Russell G. Thompson Insttute of Transport Studes Monash Unversty