Army Lists. Britain after the Romans to the Norman conquest. Contents

Army Lists Britain after the Romans to the Norman conquest Contents

Creating an army with the Mortem et Gloriam Army Lists Historical Introduction

Early Post-Roman British Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 407 A.D. to 469 A.D. Sub-Generals 0-1 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard Internal Allied Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified or Mobile; Poor or Average Shooting Skill Melee Training and Quality Protection Mandatory Optional Max UG Size Equites Scyri - Charging 0 4,6 Average Protected - Melee Expert - Lancer 6 Equites - 0 4,6 Average Protected Short Spear - Melee Expert - 12 Pedyt Unskilled 36 6,8,9 Average Protected Short Spear - Combat Shy Formed Flexible Javelin 100 Equites Scutarii Aureliaci Experienced 0 4,6 Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Javelin 6 Scouts Experienced 0 4,6 Javelin 6 s Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Javelin 18 Only before 429 A.D. Post-Roman Legionaries Experienced 8 6,8 Average Protected Short Spear - Melee Expert Formed Close Javelin 16 Post-Roman Auxilaries Experienced 8 6,8 Average Protected Short Spear - Melee Expert Formed Flexible Darts 24 Allies Saxon allies - From 430 A.D. to 441 A.D. (Any Instinctive) Notes An ally before 429 A.D. does not need to take compulsory Legionaries or Auxilia. Version 1.01: 19th March 2017 SHALL Enterprises Ltd

Historical Notes Early Post-Roman British This list covers both the lowland states of mainland Britain and the continent (Armorica), after the departure the Romans to Gaul in 406. Over time the Roman garrisons of the east and north dwindled. Ambrosias Aurelianus, probably based in the western province Britannia Prima, revolted c. 438 and fought a battle against Vortigern,who brought in Saxons. In 468, Riothamus King of the Britons sailed with 12,000 warriors to Gaul to aid the last Roman part of Gaul against the Visigoths. Riothamus is a prime candidate as the origin of Geoffrey of Monmouths account of Arthurs continental campaigns, and possibly as Arthur himself. An alternative traditional explanation is that Riothamus was not Arthur, but that renewed Saxon expansion caused the kings to collectively employ a commander named Arthur as leader of a central field force on their behalf. What Riothamus army consisted of is unknown, but the field army of the Comes Britanniarum was probably billeted in the cities of the province Britannia Prima (capital at Cirencester). While most units listed under the Comes are duplicated in Gaul or Spain, so may not have returned alter Constantines campaign, others were either destroyed or never left. These were the Equites Catafractarii Iuniores, Equites Syri, Equites Scutarii Aureliaci and the comitatenses legion Primani Iuniores. Version 1.01: 19th March 2017 SHALL Enterprises Ltd

Later Scots-Irish Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 450 A.D. to 950 A.D. Sub-Generals 1-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Coastal Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified; Poor or Average Training and Quality Protection Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Optional Max - Devastating 0 6,8 Fianna Superior Protected - - Tribal Flexible - Chargers 8 - Devastating 0 6,8,9 Warriors Average Protected - Combat Shy Tribal Flexible - Chargers 24 Experienced 32 6,8,9 Warriors Average Unprotected Short Spear - Combat Shy Tribal Flexible Javelin 120 Experienced 0 4,6 Light horse Javelin 18 Experienced 0 6 Slingers Sling 6 Javelinmen Javelin 36 Historical Notes Irish sea raiding had been a thorn in the side of the mainland Britain since the 4th century, and settlements were made in Pembroke and Galloway, the latter becoming the kingdom of Dál Riata and bequeathing their tribal name to the future kingdom of Scotland (Scotti). The balance between rival kingdoms in the North and Ireland was transformed in 793 when ferocious Viking raids began on monasteries like Iona and Lindisfarne. Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles eventually fell to the Norsemen. The king of Fortriu, Eógan mac Óengusa, and the king of Dál Riata, Áed mac Boanta, were among the dead after a major defeat to the Vikings in 839. There was also a merger of the Gaelic and Pictish crowns, although its open for debate whether it was a Pictish takeover of Dál Riata, or the other way around. This culminated in the rise of Cínaed mac Ailpín (Kenneth MacAlpin) in the 840s, which brought to power the House of Alpin, who became the leaders of a combined Gaelic-Pictish kingdom. UG Size

Middle Post-Roman British Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 470 A.D. to 579 A.D. Sub-Generals 0-1 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard Internal Allied Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified or Mobile; Poor or Average Training and Quality Protection Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Optional Max Arthur's Companions (from - Charging 0 4,6 Superior Protected - Melee Expert 495 A.D. to 539 A.D.) - Lancer 6-0 4,6 Comitatus Superior Protected Short Spear - Melee Expert - 12 Unskilled 36 6,8,9 Spearmen Average Protected Short Spear - Combat Shy Tribal Flexible Javelin 100 Experienced 0 4,6 Light cavalry Javelin 8 Javelinmen Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Javelin 18 Allies Welsh allies - (Any Instinctive) Notes A command may not have more than one TUG of cavalry. Historical Notes Armies after 470 are assumed to be based on each kings small comitatus, initially swordsmen lighting on foot, supported by peasant pedyt. By the time of the Gododdin, the comitatus are mailed cavalry, large shield, thrown and thrust spears and sword. The earliest narrative account of Arthur is Nennius Historia Brittonum, which states that Arthur fought as Dux Bellorum together with the kings of the Britons in 12 battles, culminating in the decisive victory of Badon. The Annales Cambrian appears to date Badon to 518 and Callan, in which it says Arthur perished, to 539. UG Size

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 500 A.D. to 850 A.D. Sub-Generals 1-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Mountains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified; Poor or Average Cavalry Best protected warriors Warriors Attacotti warriors Light horse Archers Allies Scots-Irish (Any Instinctive) Training and Tribal Flexible Tribal Flexible Tribal Flexible Quality Later Pictish Protection Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Optional Max UG Size Average Average Average Superior Average Average Protected Protected Unprotected Unprotected Unprotected Unprotected - 0 4,6 Short Spear - Melee Expert - 6 - Devastating 0 6,8,9 - Combat Shy - Chargers 24 - Devastating 24 6,8,9 - Combat Shy - Chargers 96 - Devastating 0 6,8,9 - - - Chargers 12 Experienced 0 4,6 - Combat Shy - Javelin 18 - Combat Shy - Bow 36

Later Pictish Historical Notes This list covers Pictish armies up to the union of the Picts and Scots under Cináed mac Ailpín. The confederation of Pictish tribes that developed north of the Firth of Forth may have stretched up as far as Orkney. It probably developed out of the tribes of the Caledonii (whose name continued to be used for at least part of the confederation), perhaps as a response to the pressure exerted by the presence of the Romans to the south. They first appear in Roman records at the end of the 3rd century as the picti (the painted people: possibly a reference to their habit of tattooing their bodies) when Roman forces campaigned against them. The first identifiable king of the Picts, who seems to have exerted a superior and wide-ranging authority, was Bridei mac Maelchon (r. c. 550 84). His power was based in the kingdom of Fidach, and his base was at the fort of Craig Phadrig, near modern Inverness. After his death, leadership seems to have shifted to the Fortriu, whose lands were centred on Strathearn and Menteith and who raided along the eastern coast into modern England. Christian missionaries from Iona appear to have begun the conversion of the Picts to Christianity from 563. In the 7th century, the Picts acquired Bridei map Beli (671 693) as a king, perhaps imposed by the kingdom of Alt Clut, where his father Beli I and then his brother Eugein I ruled. At this point the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Bernicia was expanding northwards, and the Picts were probably tributary to them until, in 685, Bridei defeated them at the Battle of Dunnichen in Angus, killing their king, Ecgfrith.In the reign of Óengus mac Fergusa (729 761), the Picts appear to have reached the height of their influence, defeating the forces of Dál Riata (and probably making them a tributary), invading Alt Clut and Northumbria, and making the first known peace treaties with the English. Succeeding Pictish kings may have been able to dominate Dál Riata, with Caustantín mac Fergusa (793 820) perhaps placing his son Domnall on the throne from 811.

Early Anglo-Saxon Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 555 A.D. to 700 A.D. Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard Internal Allied Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified; Poor or Average Training and Quality Protection Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Optional Max - 6 6 Hird Superior Protected Impact Weapon - - Formed Close - 18-4,6 Mount Hird Superior Protected Short Spear Combat Shy Dismountable - Any - 32 6,8,9 Select Fyrd Average Protected Short Spear - Combat Shy Tribal Close - 120-0 8,9,10 Great Fyrd Poor Unprotected Short Spear - Combat Shy Tribal Close - 48 Saxon archers Bow 18 Scouts Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Javelin 9 Wreocensaete or Magonsete - 0 4,6 cavalry (Mercian kingdom Average Protected Short Spear - Melee Expert only) - 8 Allies Welsh allies - only Mercian from 632 A.D. to 655 A.D. (Any Instinctive) Notes A command may not have more than one TUG of Hird. Internal allies represent another kingdom. Historical Notes The Anglo Saxon Kingdoms (Heptarchy) took over much of Britain after the end of Roman rule in the 5th century. Though heptarchy suggests the existence of seven kingdoms, the number fluctuated, as kings contended for supremacy at various times. UG Size

Later Post-Roman British Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 580 A.D. to 1053 A.D. Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard Internal Allied Generals 0-1 Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified or Mobile; Poor or Average Training and Quality Protection Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Optional Max - 0 4,6 Cavalry Superior Protected Short Spear - Melee Expert - 18-36 6,8,9 Spearmen Average Protected Short Spear - Combat Shy Tribal Close - 100 Experienced 0 4,6 Light cavalry Javelin 8 Javelinmen Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Javelin 18 Allies Viking allies - Only after 937 A.D. (Any Instinctive) Notes A command may not have more than one TUG of cavalry. Historical Notes This list covers the British kingdoms from 580 onwards including Elmet (annexed by Northumbria in the early 7th century), Goddodin (annexed by Bernicia c. 638), Rheged (annexed by Northumbria in the 8th century), Strathclyde (annexed by the Scots before 1053) and Dumnonia and Cornwall (annexed before 1042). UG Size

Early Welsh Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 580 A.D. to 1100 A.D. Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Mountains Internal Allied Generals 0-2 Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified; Poor or Average Shooting Skill Melee Training and Quality Protection Mandatory Optional Max UG Size - 0 4,6 Nobles Superior Protected Short Spear - Melee Expert - 6-0 4,6 Uchelwyr Average Protected Short Spear - Melee Expert - 6 Experienced 24 6,8,9 Spearmen Average Protected Short Spear - Combat Shy Tribal Loose Javelin 90 Experienced 0 6 Upgrade best spearmen Superior Protected Short Spear - - Tribal Loose Javelin 18 Experienced 0 4,6 Skirmishing Uchelwyr Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Javelin 12 Experienced 12 6,9 Javelinmen Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Javelin 48 Archers Bow 18 Only before 600 A.D. - Devastating 0 6,8,9 Regrade spearmen Average Protected - Combat Shy Tribal Loose - Chargers 36 - Devastating 0 6 Regrade best spearmen Superior Protected - - Tribal Loose - Chargers 18 Allies Dublin allies - Norse Irish (Any Instinctive) Viking allies (Any Instinctive) Saxon allies - Early Anglo-Saxon or Middle Anglo-Saxon (Any Instinctive) Notes No more than one TuG of best spearmen is permitted in each command.

Early Welsh Historical Notes The Early Welsh list covers the time from the Roman departure from Wales and the rise of Merfyn Frych to the throne of Gwynedd. In that time there was a gradual consolidation of power into increasingly hierarchical kingdoms. The end of the period is from when the modern England Wales border would take its near-final form, a line broadly followed by Offa's Dyke, a late eighth-century earthwork. Successful unification into something recognisable as a Welsh state would come in the next era under the descendants of Merfyn Vrych. Wales was divided into a number of separate kingdoms, the largest of these being Gwynedd in northwest Wales and Powys in east Wales. Gwynedd was the most powerful of these kingdoms in the 6th century and 7th century. The seventh and eighth centuries were characterised by ongoing warfare by the northern and eastern Welsh kingdoms against the intruding Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Northumbria and Mercia. From the 8th century on, Wales was by far the largest of the three remnant Brythonic areas in Britain, the other two being the Hen Ogledd (in southern Scotland) and Cornwall.

Middle Anglo-Saxon Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 701 A.D. to 1016 A.D. Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard Internal Allied Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified; Poor or Average Training and Quality Protection Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Optional Max - 6 6 Hird Superior Protected Short Spear Shieldwall Shove Formed Close - 18-32 6,8,9 Select Fyrd Average Protected Short Spear Shieldwall Combat Shy Tribal Close - 120-0 8,9,10 Great Fyrd Poor Unprotected Short Spear Shieldwall Combat Shy Tribal Close - 48 Saxon archers Bow 18 Scouts Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Javelin 9 Wreocensaete or Magonsete - 0 4,6 cavalry (Mercian kingdom Average Protected Short Spear - Melee Expert only) - 8 Allies Viking allies - Only after 1011 A.D. (Any Instinctive) Notes Internal allies represent another kingdom and are not allowed from 959 A.D. UG Size

Historical Notes Middle Anglo-Saxon Most of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms came under the overlordship of Egbert of Wessex in 829. This list covers the Kingdoms of Wessex, Mercia, East Anglia and Northumbria from the accession of Edwin of Northumbria until united as England under Edgar in 959, and then under Ethelred the Redeles until the Danish conquest and accession of Knut (King Canute) in 1016. A considerable increase in the size of Anglo-Saxon shields around the 8th century is assumed to reflect a change to shield-wall tactics. A Saxon boy was given a spear and shield on his 12th birthday, taking his place in the rear ranks or to guard the baggage. Hird include Earls, Thegns, Gesiths and all hearth troops. The Aberlemno stone, believed to depict the battle of Nechtanesmere in 685, shows helmeted cavalry attacking Pictish spearmen. The end of the Anglo Saxon Kingdoms was a gradual process. The 9th century Viking raids that led to the establishment of a Danish-controlled enclave at York, and ultimately to the Danelaw, gained considerable advantage from the petty rivalries between the old kingdoms. The need to unite against the common enemy was recognised, so that by the time Alfred of Wessex resisted the Danes in the late 9th century, he did so essentially as the leader of an Anglo-Saxon nation. Successive kings of Wessex (and especially Athelstan) progressively reinforced the English unitary state, until, with the simultaneous dissolution of Mercia and submission of Northumbria upon Edgar's succession in 959, the old constituent kingdoms in effect became consolidated into one.

Viking Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 793 A.D. to 1070 A.D. Sub-Generals 1-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard, Coastal Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Average Training and Quality Protection Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Optional Max - Melee Expert, Huscarls (before 900 A.D.) Superior Protected Short Spear Shieldwall Dismountable, 0 6,8,9 Formed Flexible - Integral Shooters 24 Huscarls (from 900 A.D.) - Dismountable, 0 6,8,9 Superior Protected 2-H Cut-Crush Shieldwall Formed Flexible - Integral Shooters 24 Devastating See - 0 Berserkers Superior Protected - Chargers, Melee - note Tribal Close - Expert 4 - Shieldwall, Hird Average Protected Short Spear Integral - 24 6,8,9 Tribal Close - Shooters 96 Seperately dependent archers Experienced 0 6,8 Average Protected - - Combat Shy Tribal Loose Bow 16 Irish warriors (only in Experienced 0 6,8,9 Average Unprotected Short Spear - Combat Shy Ireland) Tribal Loose Javelin 18 Irish kerns (only in Ireland) Poor Unprotected - Combat Shy - Javelin 18 Skirmishing archers Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Bow 18 Allies Cornish allies - Post-Roman British (838 A.D. to 900 A.D.) (Any Instinctive) English Rebel allies - Anglo-Danish (1066 A.D. to 1069 A.D.) (Any Instinctive) Irish allies - (Only in Ireland) (Any Instinctive) Scots allies - Early Scots (1069 A.D.) UG Size

Notes Viking Up to three TuGs of Huscarls or Hird may have 1 or 2 bases of berserkers to replace the normal bases. Such a TuG may be subject to forced charges as it contains elements with the Devastating Charge characteristic. Historical Notes Vikings were members of tribes, originally from Scandinavia, of Norse ancestry, who gained a reputation for their raids and piracy in many parts of Europe, especially England, Ireland, and Frankish territories. This list covers the period from 793 AD to the late 11th-century in Europe. In this era Viking activity started with raids on Christian lands in England and eventually expanded to mainland Europe, including parts of present-day Russia. While maritime battles were rare, Viking bands proved very successful in raiding coastal towns and monasteries due to their efficient ships, intimidating war-tactics, skilful hand-to-hand combat, and fearlessness. What started as Viking raids on small towns transformed into the establishment of important agricultural spaces and commercial trading-hubs across Europe through rudimentary colonization. Vikings' tactics in warfare gave them an enormous advantage in successfully raiding (and later colonizing) despite their small population in comparison to that of their enemies. Between 865 and 875 a coalition of Norse warriors known by the Anglo-Saxons as the Great Heathen Army, invaded the four Anglo-Saxon kingdoms that constituted England. It was only when Alfred the Great defeated the Vikings at the Battle of Edington that a treaty was agreed upon, whereby the Vikings were able to remain in control of much of northern and eastern England.

Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 850 A.D. to 1070 A.D. Sub-Generals 0-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Mountains, Forest Internal Allied Generals 0-1 Galwegian - Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified; Poor or Average Mandatory Optional Max - 0 4,6 Mounted warriors Average Protected Short Spear - Melee Expert - 8-6 6,8,9 Scottish Thegns Superior Protected Long Spear Shieldwall Orb Formed Close - 18-36 6,8,9 Spearmen Average Protected Long Spear Shieldwall Orb, Combat Shy Tribal Flexible - 120 Knights (only after 1052 - Charging Devastating Melee Expert, 0 4 Average Protected A.D.) - Lancer Chargers Dismountable 4 - Devastating 0 6,8,9 Galwegians Average Unprotected - Combat Shy Tribal Loose - Chargers 27 Experienced 4 4,6 Mounted skirmishers Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Javelin 12 Archers Bow 18 Javelinmen Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Javelin 18 Allies Viking allies (Any Instinctive) Post Roman British allies - before 920 A.D. (Any Instinctive) Notes Training and Quality Protection No more than one TuG of Thegns is permitted in each command. Knights dismount as Formed Close, Average, Protected, Long Spear, Shieldwall. Early Scots Shooting Skill Melee UG Size Version 1.01: 19th March 2017 SHALL Enterprises Ltd

Historical Notes Early Scots This list represents the first united Kingdom of the Scots. The long spear remains the main weaponry of the army with other arms in supporting roles. Numbers of heavier cavalry have increased and were in due course supplemented by small numbers of Norman knights welcomed into the country during the reign of Macbeth. Wild Galwegian foot were often present and are classed as internal allies. These troops had little protection and were decimated at the Battle of the Standard by missile fire. Version 1.01: 19th March 2017 SHALL Enterprises Ltd

Norse-Irish Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 900 A.D. to 1167 A.D. Sub-Generals 0-2 Any Instinctive Terrain Coastal Internal Allied Generals 0-2 Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Average Training and Quality Protection Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Optional Max - Dismountable, 0 6,8,9 Nobles and retainers Superior Protected 2-H Cut-Crush Shieldwall Formed Flexible - Integral Shooters 18 Experienced 24 6,8,9 Warriors Average Unprotected Short Spear - Combat Shy Tribal Loose Javelin 120-0 Upgrade warriors with axe Average Unprotected 2-H Cut-Crush - - Tribal Loose - Any - 0 6,8,9 Mercenaries Superior Unprotected 2-H Cut-Crush - - Tribal Loose - 9 Experienced 0 6,8,9 Kerns Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Javelin 40 Experienced 12 6,8,9 Levies Poor Unprotected - Combat Shy - Javelin 40 Experienced 0 6 Archers Bow 6 Experienced 0 6 Slingers Sling 6 Allies Viking allies (Any Instinctive) Historical Notes The Norse are first recorded in Ireland in 795 when they sacked Lambay Island. Sporadic raids then continued until 832, after which they began to build fortified settlements throughout the country. Norse raids continued throughout the tenth century, but resistance to them increased. The Norse established independent kingdoms in Dublin, Waterford, Wexford, Cork and Limerick. These kingdoms did not survive the subsequent Norman invasions, but the towns continued to grow and prosper. The Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland and Henry II's claim to the title of Lord of Ireland effectively spelled the end of the Norse Irish, as a Norman system of government and the dominance of England gradually spread through Ireland. UG Size

Anglo-Danish Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 1014 A.D. to 1071 A.D. Sub-Generals 1-3 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified; Poor or Average Training and Quality Protection Shooting Skill Melee Mandatory Optional Max - Dismountable, 0 6,8,9 Huscarls Superior Protected 2-H Cut-Crush Shieldwall Formed Flexible - Integral Shooters 24-24 6,8,9 Select Fyrd Average Protected Short Spear Shieldwall Combat Shy Tribal Close - 72-0 6,8,9 Great Fyrd Poor Unprotected Short Spear Shieldwall Combat Shy Tribal Close - 48-0 10,12 Fyrd dregs Poor Protected - - Combat Shy Tribal Close - 36 Normans (1042 A.D. to 1065 - Charging Devastating 0 4,6 Average Protected Melee Expert A.D.) - Lancer Chargers 6 Archers Bow 9 Slingers Sling 9 Javelinmen Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy Javelin 9 Allies Scots Exile allies - Early Scots (1042 A.D. to 1054 A.D.) (Any Instinctive) Viking allies (Any Instinctive) Welsh allies (Any Instinctive) UG Size

Historical Notes Anglo-Danish The Danelaw is a historical name given to the part of England in which the laws of the Danes held sway and dominated those of the Anglo-Saxons. From 1016 to 1035, Cnut the Great ruled over a unified English kingdom, itself the product of a resurgent Wessex, as part of his North Sea Empire, together with Denmark, Norway and part of Sweden. Cnut was succeeded in England on his death by his son Harold Harefoot, until he died in 1040, after which another of Cnut's sons, Harthacnut, took the throne. Since Harthacnut was already on the Danish throne, this reunited the North Sea Empire. Harthacnut lived only another two years, and from his death in 1042 until 1066 the monarchy reverted to the English line in the form of Edward the Confessor. Edward died in January 1066 without an obvious successor, and an English nobleman, Harold Godwinson, took the throne. In the autumn of that same year, two rival claimants to the throne led invasions of England in short succession. First, Harald Hardrada of Norway took York in September, but was defeated by Harold at the Battle of Stamford Bridge, in Yorkshire. Then, three weeks later, William of Normandy defeated Harold at the Battle of Hastings, in Sussex and in December he accepted the submission of Edgar the Ætheling, last in the line of Anglo-Saxon kings, at Berkhamsted. This list ends at the completion of the Norman Conquest