Sustainable Transport in Developing Cities -Factors for Success Manfred Breithaupt GIZ Water, Energy, Transport Seite 1
Outline Liveable Cities & Urban Life Failures in Urban and Transport Planning Concept of Sustainable Transport International Experiences Perspective Source: Xie/GTZ 2007, Beijing Page Seite 2
Liveable Cities & Urban Life What means Liveable? A liveable city is a city that provides a high quality of life for its citizens This requires: Economic strength Social balance Ecological viability All these elements are interdependent London Brussels Vienna Page Seite 3
Liveable Cities & Urban Life What influences Liveability? Direct transport related factors: Infrastructure Accessibility Quality of architecture Urban design Public Transportation Public places...etc. Other factors: Safety/Crime Schools and education Recreation Political stability Availability of goods/services Economic/Business conditions Page Seite 4
Liveable Cities & Urban Life Rankings of Quality of Living (1) Mercer Quality of Living Survey 2010 Top 10 (worldwide): Vienna, Austria (1st) Zurich, Switzerland (2nd) Geneva, Switzerland (3rd ) Vancouver, Canada (tied 4th) Auckland, New Zealand (tied 4th) Düsseldorf, Germany (6th) Frankfurt, Germany (7th) Munich, Germany (7th) Bern, Switzerland (9th) Sydney, Australia (10th) Source: VBZ Zurich, 2009, http://vbz.ch. Vienna Zurich Munich Source: Mercer, 2010. Page Seite 5
Liveable Cities & Urban Life Rankings of Quality of Living (2) Mercer Quality of Living Survey 2010 Asia Pacific region Melbourne, Australia (18th) Brisbane, Australia (36th) Perth, Australia (21th) Tokyo, Japan (40th) Canberra, Australia (26th) Kobe, Japan (tied 41th) Singapore (28th) Yokohama, Japan (tied 41th) Adelaide, Australia (32th) Osaka, Japan (51th) Source: Mercer, 2010 Page Seite 6
Failures in Urban and Transport Planning Trends in many cities Rapidly increasing car ownership and use Declining mode share of public transport, walking, and cycling Declining city centres; rapid decentralisation into caroriented suburban sprawl Focus was given to road design: More infrastructure for cars More space for motorized vehicles Unsustainable focus Source: Xie/GTZ 2006, Beijing Page Seite 7
Failures in Urban and Transport Planning Some effects Worsening air pollution & noise Congestion in the urban area of Shanghai Poor and deteriorating road safety Increased congestion Deteriorating operating conditions for public transport Pedestrians and cyclist increasingly marginalised by private motor vehicles > Less liveable cities Source: Peñalosa/ITDP 2007 Shanghai Page Seite 8
Bangkok developed an extensive roadway network, but road construction could not keep up with demand. Road building is an expensive way of dealing with travel demand. Source: Karl Fjellstrom Page Seite 9
Failures in Urban and Transport Planning Cars parked on sidewalks, or parking bays where there should be sidewalks, are symbols of inequality and lack of democracy (Peñalosa) For cars Quality sidewalks are a symbol that shows that citizens who walk are as important as those who have a car (Peñalosa) Source: Peñalosa/ITDP 2007 For people A Paradigm Shift is needed Page Seite 10
Urban life takes place in public spaces, not in cars on roads. Most of what provides joy and is memorable in a city are its pedestrian spaces. - Peñalosa/ITDP Source: Peñalosa/ITDP Source: Xie/GTZ 2007, Shanghai Page Seite 11
Sustainable Urban Transport Affordable Accessible (by all) Equitable Environmentally Friendly People Oriented Attractive Has a positive effect on the city and its inhabitants Is this ever possible? Page Seite 12
Tackling the Problem Traditional focus was given to road design: More infrastructure for cars, more space for motorized vehicles, unsustainable focus Source: City of Münster Page Seite 13
Why public transport priority? Corridor Capacity (people per hour on 3.5 m wide lane in the city - pphpd) Mixed Traffic Regular Bus Cyclists BRT single lane Pedestrians Light Rail BRT double lane Heavy Rail (e.g. Hong Kong) Suburban Rail (e.g. Mumbai) 2 000 9 000 14 000 20 000 Source: Botma & Papendrecht, TU Delft 1991 and own figures 19 000 22 000 43 000 80 000 100 000 Page Seite 14
Some modes of transport are greener than others Page Seite 15
Tackling the Problem The Push and Pull Approach (strong Focus on TDM measures required) The push and pull approach Source: Müller, P., Schleicher-Jester, F., Schmidt, M.-P. & Topp, H.H. (1992): Konzepte flächenhafter Verkehrsberuhigung in 16 Städten, Grüne Reihe des Fachgebiets Verkehrswesen der Universität Kaiserslautern No. 24. Page Seite 16
AVOID/REDUCE SHIFT IMPROVE Reduce or avoid travel or the need to travel Shift to more environmentally friendly modes Improve the energy efficiency of transport modes and vehicle technology Integration of transport and landuse planning Smart logistics concepts Transport Demand Management Mode shift to Non- Motorized Transport Mode shift to Public Transport Low-friction lubricants Optimal tire pressure Low Rolling Resistance Tires Speed limits Eco-Driving (Raising Awareness) Shift to alternative fuels Page Seite 17
Avoid, Shift and Improve First decision: How far do you have to go? Example: Shopping Second decision: Which mode of transport will you (have to) use?? Third decision: Which type of vehicle + use?? Starting point: A household requires a wide range of goods, with varying frequency. 10 km 2 km Smart infrastructure planning: Reduces need for travelling! AVOID/REDUCE Encourage use of non-motorized and public transport! SHIFT Reduce car size and consider using alternative fuels! IMPROVE Page Seite 18
CO 2 emissions from passenger transport vs. modal split: Selected cities Share (%) of public transport, walking and cycling CO2 emissions (kg per capita per year) Houston 5% 5690 kg Montreal 26% 1930 kg Madrid 49% 1050 kg London 50% 1050 kg Paris 54% 950 kg Berlin 61% 774 kg Tokyo 68% 818 kg Hongkong 89% 378 kg Source: UITP Page Seite 19
Breaking the Trend Energy consumption and transport Modal share of walking, cycling and public transport Average energy consumption per person (MJ) 1995 2001 1995 2001 Athens 34,1 40,9 12.900 12.600 Geneva 44,8 48,8 23.600 19.200 Rome 43,2 43,8 18.200 17.100 Vienna 62 64 10.700 9.050 Cities which increased the modal share of walking, cycling and PT saw a decrease in the consumption of energy for passenger transport per capita. Source: UITP Page Seite 20
Main Components of Sustainable Transport Public Transport with priority over all other modes on the road Non-motorised transport Creating/conserving public space Integration TDM measures Do you see these factors here? Page Seite 21
Measures for Promoting Public Space Enhance the Attractiveness of Public Space (1) Walking areas, proper sidewalks, cycling network, and car-restricted zones More safety for citizens More pedestrian space More traffic calming measures Preserve architectural heritage and aesthetic value Hong Kong: with 89% among the highest PT mode share worldwide, However not enough high quality facilities for pedestrians Brandenburger Tor, Berlin Page Seite 22
Measures for Promoting Public Space Enhance the Attractiveness of Public Space (2) Less individual motorised transport Less car oriented infrastructure Improved public transport and non-motorised transport infrastructure Better information about PT usage and related marketing Better integration of public transport modes and between PT and NMT Worldwide longest pedestrian mall, Bogotá Page Seite 23
Measures for Promoting Public Space Car-restricted Zones Traffic calming: Traffic calming in Amsterdam Idea: Give both psychological and physical priority to pedestrians Design options: speed bumps, raised intersections, textured and coloured pavements, chicanes, neck downs, and pedestrian islands Shared space: Idea: Increase attention of motorists by lack of signage and road markings Shared Space, Netherlands Concept only applicable in areas with low traffic volume such as residential areas Page Seite 24
Major Chinese Cities Begin to Pedestrianize. Source: Slide developed by ITDP Page Seite 25
Measures for Promoting Public Space Provision of Cycling Infrastructure (3) Safety: (1) Coherence: Segregated bicycle lanes Connect all important origins and (4) Comfort: destinations Smooth pavement Integration with public transport (2) Directness: (5) Attractiveness: Direct routes and avoidance of detours Avoid deserted and isolated routes Page Seite 26
Public Bicycles Measures for Promoting Public Space Short term urban bicycle rental system Characteristics: Fast and easy access In most cases: possibility to drop another place than pickup location Free or low cost for users (See also Technical Paper #3 Public Bicycle Schemes: Applying the concept in developing cities. Free download at: www.sutp.org) Source: Jeroen Buis, 2008. Source: Jeroen Buis, 2008. Source: Jeroen Buis, 2008. Page Seite 27
Measures for Promoting Public Space Will our children find our cities as entertaining as playing a video game? Lyon s new waterfront with bike share Source: Slide developed by ITDP Page Seite 28
International Experiences Examples: Seoul Improving the level of service for citizens through changes of infrastructure Before After Source: Seoul Development Institute Page Seite 29
International Experiences Examples: Seoul Demolishing an urban highway created public space and valuable redevelopment opportunities Improved public space leads to increased quality of life Source: Breithaupt/GIZ 2009 Page Seite 30
Example: Bogotá International Experiences Bogotá chose not to embark on a planed US $ 10 billion highways program and instead decided to restrict car use and create quality public transport. (Peñalosa/ITDP, former mayor of Bogotá) Source: Peñalosa/ITDP Page Seite 31
International Experiences Examples: Bogotá Restrict car use Providing high quality public transport (BRT Transmilenio) Page Seite 32
Bogota s Busway and Pedestrian Street Source: Slide developed by ITDP Page Seite 33
Mayor Peñalosa of Bogota proved its not just for the rich. 300km of bike lanes built from 1998 to 2002 Source: Slide developed by ITDP Page Seite 34
Mexico City emulates Bogota Source: Slide developed by ITDP Page Seite 35
International Experiences The case of Curitiba: land use and transport Page Seite 36
Johannesburg adopted BRT as its long-term mass transit solution In August 2009 started the first BRT line connecting Soweto to downtown Page Seite 37
Examples: BRT in China International Experiences Source: Slide developed by Lloyd Wright Page Seite 38
International Experiences Examples: New BRT in Guangzhou (high capacity bus lane) Page Seite 39
Examples: Vienna Public Transport and NMT Integrated Transport Policy: PT, NMT and IMT PT is provided by busses, trams and subway lines Modal Share of PT 36% International Experiences More than 2/3 of journeys are done by PT and NMT Vienna top ranked in quality of living surveys conducted by the British consultancy firm Mercer in 2009 and in 2010 Source: City of Vienna, 2009, http://www.wien.gv.at. Page Seite 40
International Experiences Modal-split 1 Examples: Berlin Cycling public transport 27% bike 10% walk 25% car 38% 1 Modal share of bike in Germany: 10 % on average, Münster highest with 37 % Dense cycling network: segregated and non-segregated bicycle lanes, cycling on bus lanes, cycling streets, cycling share contin. on rise 12 radial routes from the city centre to the outskirts and 8 connecting tangential routes Public bikes and Bike taxis Page Seite 41
International Experiences Examples: Copenhagen Car-free Development Until 1962 all streets in the city centre were used by cars; all squares were used as car parks In November 1962 Copenhagen s main street, Strøget has been pedestrianised Today: 96 000 m² car free space (33% streets, 67% squares) Today 37% of trips by bicycle Vibrant city centre that attracts visitors throughout the year Source: Wikimedia, Olga Itenberg, 2009, Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 License Strøget, Copenhagen Source: Reclaiming city streets for people - Chaos or quality of life?, EC. Page Seite 42
Integration (Physical and fares) Not enough attention given to integration in many DCs: Physical integration allows seamless travel between modes Integration between cycling and public transport encourages the use of both the modes Integration increases ridership which supports PT operation Fare integration lessens the burden on the commuter in buying multiple tickets INSSA SA Page Seite 43
Benefits of these Solutions International Experiences Often achievable at low cost High impact: reduction of pollution and travel times, accidents; less environmental costs More compact cities, socially integrated Development of local commerce and industry More attractive cities that ease location of businesses/professionals and urban development Source: VBZ Zurich, 2009. Source: Geert Snoeijer, Project for Public Spaces, https://www.pps.org. Vienna Zurich Amsterdam Page Seite 44
Europe: Zurich Vienna Berlin Nuremberg Amsterdam Groningen Non-European Cities: Bogotá Curitiba Seoul International Experiences Singapore Copenhagen Freiburg Bremen Muenster All of these successes featured an integrated and packaged approach: 1. High-quality public transport 2. Improved conditions for walking and bicycling 3. Effective integration of modes 4. Supportive land-use policies 5. Car-restriction measures Page Seite 45
Leadership Perspective World s best systems were developed with high levels of political support Enrique Peñalosa Former mayor of Bogota With strong political will, anything is possible Lee Myung-bak Mayor of Seoul Jaime Lerner Former mayor of Curitiba Page Seite 46
For more information and documents www.sutp.org www.sutp.cn www.gtz.de/transport www.gtz.de/fuelprices www.gtz.de/climateandtransport Page Seite 47
Manuals for Training courses Training course manuals Bus Rapid Transit Public Awareness and Behavioural Change Non-motorised Transport Cycling-inclusive Policy Development: A Handbook Travel Demand Management Mass Transport Options Bus Regulation and Planning Financing Urban Transport Page Seite 48
Write to us for any assistance on making Sustainable Urban Transport a reality in your city GIZ SUTP project sutp@sutp.org transport@gtz.de Page Seite 49