GSA Data Repository Widespread dispersal and aging of organic carbon in shal-low marginal seas Rui Bao et al. Table DR1.

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1 GSA Data Repository Widespread dispersal and aging of organic carbon in shal-low marginal seas Rui Bao et al. Table DR1. Results of analysis for bulk organic carbon content and isotopic composition, and mean grain size of surface sediments in the CMS. Freeze-dried bulk sediment samples and corresponding grain size fractions were analyzed for OC content and stable carbon isotopic composition on a Vario MICRO cube elemental analyzer (Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH) and a VisION stable isotope mass spectrometer (Isoprime Ltd, UK) against calibrated standard materials. Acid-treated samples were prepared via sealed tube combustion and analyzed directly as CO 2 gas (Ruff et al., 2007) or graphitized using an automated graphitization system (Wacker et al., 2010a). Samples were analyzed for 14 C using a MICADAS Accelerator Mass Spectrometer (Wacker et al., 2010b) and calibrated against standard Oxalic Acid II (NIST SRM 4990C) and in-house radiocarbon blank CO 2 or anthracite coal. Samples for 14 C were analyzed directly as CO 2 gas (G) or as solid graphite (S). 14 C precision for solids was better than ±5 on a modern standard and better than ±10 for gas. TOC was measured to a precision of better than 0.03%. No. Station Longitude ( o E) Latitude ( o N) Depth [m] G/S R/V Collected year Sediment depth (cm) Fm 14 C org ( ) TOC (wt%) Mean grain size (µm) Reference 1 A S Dongfanghong II This study 2 B G Dongfanghong II This study 3 B S Dongfanghong II This study 4 B S Dongfanghong II This study 5 B S Dongfanghong II This study 6 B S Dongfanghong II This study 7 B S Dongfanghong II This study 8 B S Dongfanghong II This study 9 B S Dongfanghong II This study 10 B S Dongfanghong II < This study 11 B S Dongfanghong II This study 12 B S Dongfanghong II This study 13 B S Dongfanghong II This study 14 B G Dongfanghong II This study

2 15 B S Dongfanghong II This study 16 B S Dongfanghong II This study 17 B S Dongfanghong II This study 18 B S Dongfanghong II This study 19 B S Dongfanghong II This study 20 B G Dongfanghong II This study 21 B S Dongfanghong II This study 22 B G Dongfanghong II This study 23 B S Dongfanghong II This study 24 B S Dongfanghong II This study 25 B S Dongfanghong II This study 26 B S Dongfanghong II This study 27 B S Dongfanghong II This study 28 C G Dongfanghong II This study 29 D G Dongfanghong II This study 30 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 31 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 32 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 33 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 34 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 35 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 36 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 37 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 38 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 39 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 40 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 41 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 42 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 43 DH S Dongfanghong II This study

3 44 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 45 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 46 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 47 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 48 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 49 DH G Dongfanghong II This study 50 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 51 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 52 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 53 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 54 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 55 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 56 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 57 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 58 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 59 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 60 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 61 DH G Dongfanghong II This study 62 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 63 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 64 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 65 DH G Dongfanghong II This study 66 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 67 DH S Dongfanghong II This study 68 E S Dongfanghong II This study 69 E S Dongfanghong II This study 70 E S Dongfanghong II This study 71 E S Dongfanghong II This study 72 E S Dongfanghong II This study

4 73 F S Dongfanghong II This study 74 F S Dongfanghong II * 14.3 * This study 75 F G Dongfanghong II * 157. * This study 76 F S Dongfanghong II * * This study 77 F S Dongfanghong II * 19.6 * This study 78 F S Dongfanghong II * 66.6 * This study 79 F S Dongfanghong II * 84.5 * This study 80 F S Dongfanghong II * * This study 81 F S Dongfanghong II * 14.3 * This study 82 F S Dongfanghong II * 15.1 * This study 83 F S Dongfanghong II * 14.9 * This study 84 F S Dongfanghong II * * This study 85 F S Dongfanghong II * * This study 86 F S Dongfanghong II * * This study 87 F S Dongfanghong II * * This study 88 F S Dongfanghong II * 27.0 * This study 89 F S Dongfanghong II * 10.4 * This study 90 F S Dongfanghong II * 87.9 * This study 91 F S Dongfanghong II * * This study 92 F S Dongfanghong II * * This study 93 F S Dongfanghong II * * This study 94 F S Dongfanghong II * * This study 95 F S Dongfanghong II * * This study 96 F S Dongfanghong II * 18.6 * This study 97 F S Dongfanghong II * 29.9 * This study 98 F S Dongfanghong II * * This study 99 F S Dongfanghong II * * This study 100 F S Dongfanghong II * 13.4 * This study 101 F S Dongfanghong II * 44.6 * This study

5 102 FE S Dongfanghong II * * This study 103 FE S Dongfanghong II * * This study 104 FP S Dongfanghong II This study 105 FP S Dongfanghong II This study 106 H01B G Dongfanghong II This study 107 H S Dongfanghong II This study 108 H S Dongfanghong II This study 109 H S Dongfanghong II This study 110 H S Dongfanghong II This study 111 H S Dongfanghong II This study 112 H S Dongfanghong II This study 113 H S Dongfanghong II This study 114 H S Dongfanghong II This study 115 H S Dongfanghong II This study 116 H S Dongfanghong II This study 117 H S Dongfanghong II This study 118 H S Dongfanghong II This study 119 H S Dongfanghong II This study 120 H S Dongfanghong II This study 121 H S Dongfanghong II This study 122 H S Dongfanghong II This study 123 H S Dongfanghong II This study 124 H S Dongfanghong II This study 125 H S Dongfanghong II This study 126 H S Dongfanghong II This study 127 H S Dongfanghong II This study 128 H S Dongfanghong II This study 129 H S Dongfanghong II This study 130 H S Dongfanghong II This study

6 131 H S Dongfanghong II This study 132 H S Dongfanghong II This study 133 H S Dongfanghong II This study 134 HE S Dongfanghong II This study 135 HF S Dongfanghong II This study 136 KH-HR G Hakuhu Maru This study 137 KH-HR G Hakuhu Maru This study 138 KH-HR G Hakuhu Maru This study 139 KH-MT G Hakuhu Maru This study 140 KH-MT G Hakuhu Maru This study 141 KH-YR G Hakuhu Maru This study 142 KH-YR G Hakuhu Maru This study 143 KH-YR G Hakuhu Maru This study 144 KH-YS G Hakuhu Maru This study 145 KH-YS G Hakuhu Maru This study 146 KH-YS G Hakuhu Maru This study 147 LS G Dongfanghong II This study 148 ME1B S Dongfanghong II This study 149 ME G Dongfanghong II This study 150 ME G Dongfanghong II This study 151 ME G Dongfanghong II This study 152 ME G Dongfanghong II This study 153 P G Dongfanghong II This study 154 P G Dongfanghong II This study 155 P G Dongfanghong II This study 156 P G Dongfanghong II This study 157 P G Dongfanghong II This study 158 P G Dongfanghong II This study 159 P G Dongfanghong II This study

7 160 R01B G Dongfanghong II This study 161 R S R/V Jiang Yu * 41.1 * This study 162 R S R/V Jiang Yu * 23.9 * This study 163 S S Dongfanghong II * * This study 164 S S Dongfanghong II * * This study 165 S S Dongfanghong II * 20.9 * This study 166 S S Dongfanghong II * * This study 167 S S Dongfanghong II * 11.6 * This study 168 S S Dongfanghong II * 49.9 * This study 169 S S Dongfanghong II * 41.0 * This study 170 S S Dongfanghong II * 12.8 * This study 171 S S Dongfanghong II * 87.8 * This study 172 S S Dongfanghong II * * This study 173 S S Dongfanghong II * * This study 174 S S Dongfanghong II * 58.1 * This study 175 S S Dongfanghong II * * This study 176 S S Dongfanghong II * 84.8 * This study 177 S S Dongfanghong II * * This study 178 SE S Dongfanghong II * * This study 179 SE S Dongfanghong II * 36.2 * This study 180 Z G Dongfanghong II This study 181 Z S Dongfanghong II This study 182 ECS G Crusie # This study 183 ECS G Crusie # This study 184 ECS G Crusie # This study 185 ECS G Cruise # This study 186 ECS G Cruise # This study 187 ECS G Cruise # This study 188 ECS G Cruise # This study

8 189 ECS G Cruise # This study 190 ECS G Cruise # This study 191 ECS G Cruise # This study 192 ECS G Cruise # This study 193 ECS G Cruise # This study 194 ECS-E G KEEPMASS Cruise # This study 195 ECS-E G KEEPMASS Cruise # This study 196 ECS-E G KEEPMASS Cruise # This study 197 ECS-E G KEEPMASS Cruise # This study 198 ECS-E G KEEPMASS Cruise # This study 199 ECS-E G KEEPMASS Cruise # This study 200 ECS-E G KEEPMASS Cruise # This study 201 ECS-E G KEEPMASS Cruise # This study 202 ECS-E G KEEPMASS Cruise # This study 203 ECS-E G KEEPMASS Cruise # This study 204 ECS-E G KEEPMASS Cruise # This study 205 ECS-E G KEEPMASS Cruise # This study 206 ECS-E G KEEPMASS Cruise # This study 207 ECS-E G KEEPMASS Cruise # This study 208 ECS-E G KEEPMASS Cruise # This study 209 ECS-E G KEEPMASS Cruise # This study 210 ECS-E G KEEPMASS Cruise # This study 211 ECS-E G KEEPMASS Cruise # This study 212 ECS-E G KEEPMASS Cruise # This study 213 TS-TS G Yan Ping This study 214 TS-TS G Yan Ping This study 215 TS-TS G Yan Ping This study 216 TS-TS G Yan Ping This study 217 TS-TS G Yan Ping This study

9 218 TS-TS G Yan Ping This study 219 TS-TS G Yan Ping This study 220 TS-TS G Yan Ping This study 221 TS-TS G Yan Ping This study 222 TS-X G Yan Ping This study 223 TS-X G Yan Ping This study 224 TS-X G Yan Ping This study 225 TS-X G Yan Ping This study 226 TS-X G Yan Ping This study 227 TS-X G Yan Ping This study 228 TS-X G Yan Ping This study 229 TS-X G Yan Ping This study 230 TS-X G Yan Ping This study 231 TS-X G Yan Ping This study 232 TS-X G Yan Ping This study 233 TS-X G Yan Ping This study 234 TS-X G Yan Ping This study 235 TS-X G Yan Ping This study 236 TS-X G Yan Ping This study 237 TS-X G Yan Ping This study 238 TS-Y G Yan Ping This study 239 TS-Y G Yan Ping This study 240 TS-Y G Yan Ping This study 241 TS-Y G Yan Ping This study 242 TS-Y G Yan Ping This study 243 TS-Y G Yan Ping This study 244 TS-Y G Yan Ping This study 245 TS-Y G Yan Ping This study 246 TS-Y G Yan Ping This study

10 247 TS-Y G Yan Ping This study 248 TS-Z G Yan Ping This study 249 TS-Z G Yan Ping This study 250 TS-Z G Yan Ping This study 251 A G Dongfanghong II This study 252 A G Dongfanghong II This study 253 C G Dongfanghong II This study 254 D G Dongfanghong II This study 255 D G Dongfanghong II This study 256 E G Dongfanghong II This study 257 E G Dongfanghong II This study 258 F G Dongfanghong II This study 259 F G Dongfanghong II This study 260 G G Dongfanghong II This study 261 G G Dongfanghong II This study 262 G G Dongfanghong II This study 263 H G Dongfanghong II This study 264 I G Dongfanghong II This study 265 K G Dongfanghong II This study 266 L G Dongfanghong II This study 267 M G Dongfanghong II This study 268 M G Dongfanghong II This study 269 M G Dongfanghong II This study 270 N G Dongfanghong II This study 271 P G Dongfanghong II This study 272 P G Dongfanghong II This study 273 P G Dongfanghong II This study AS G Dongfanghong II This study 275 B G Dongfanghong II This study

11 276 D G Dongfanghong II This study 277 D G Dongfanghong II This study 278 E G Dongfanghong II This study 279 F G Dongfanghong II This study 280 H G Dongfanghong II This study 281 H G Dongfanghong II This study 282 J G Dongfanghong II This study 283 J G Dongfanghong II This study 284 J G Dongfanghong II This study 285 J G Dongfanghong II This study 286 K G Dongfanghong II This study 287 M G Dongfanghong II This study 288 M G Dongfanghong II This study 289 O G Dongfanghong II This study 290 O G Dongfanghong II This study 291 P G Dongfanghong II This study 292 B2 SW G Dongfanghong II This study 293 B G Dongfanghong II This study 294 B G Dongfanghong II This study 295 B G Dongfanghong II This study 296 B G Dongfanghong II This study 297 B G Dongfanghong II This study 298 B G Dongfanghong II This study 299 B G Dongfanghong II This study 300 B G Dongfanghong II This study 301 B G Dongfanghong II This study 302 B G Dongfanghong II This study 303 B G Dongfanghong II This study 304 B G Dongfanghong II This study

12 305 B G Dongfanghong II This study 306 B G Dongfanghong II This study 307 B G Dongfanghong II This study 308 B G Dongfanghong II This study 309 B G Dongfanghong II This study 310 B G Dongfanghong II This study 311 B G Dongfanghong II This study 312 B G Dongfanghong II This study 313 B G Dongfanghong II This study 314 B G Dongfanghong II This study 315 H G Dongfanghong II This study 316 H G Dongfanghong II This study 317 H G Dongfanghong II This study 318 H G Dongfanghong II This study 319 Hailong G Dongfanghong II This study 320 H G Dongfanghong II This study y l k K11A KP-05-B KP-3B KP-5A

13 329 KP-6B KP-B NE441w TS TS ECS ECS ECS ECS M M M M M M M M M Li et al., (2012) Li et al., (2012) Li et al., (2012) Li et al., (2012)

14 347 M R R R R S S S S S S S * indicates data from Zhu et al. (2011). # indicated data from Kao et al. (2003).

15 Table DR2 Organic carbon contents (OC%), and δ 13 C org, and 14 C org values ( ) in grain size fractions. Station Longitude ( o E) Latitude ( o N) Water depth (m) < 20 µm µm µm OC (%) δ 13 C org 14 C org OC (%) δ 13 C org 14 C org OC (%) δ 13 C org 14 C org B B B B H01B P * * * MZ13A DH ME * * ME DH DH H H

16 H P Note: * indicates that the 14 C measurements were analyzed directly as solid graphite. Others were analyzed as CO 2 gas. The precisions were same as the bulk measurements. δ 13 C org values were determined to a precision of better than ± 0.1 and TOC contents to better than ± 0.03 %. Bulk 14 C org at B28 station is The H20, H21, H23, P01 samples from the highly energetic regimes were further analyzed for 14 C org contents at available coarser fractions (> 63 µm). For H20 sample, the 14 C org values of µm, µm, µm, and 500 µm fractions were-768.3, , and , respectively; for H21 sample, the 14 C org values of µm, µm, and µm were , and , respectively; for H23 sample, the 14 C org values of µm, µm, and µm were , , and , respectively; for P01 sample, the 14 C org values of µm was

17 Figure DR1: Satellite images showing extensive areas of relatively-high turbidity water due to resuspended particles in the water column (a: October 3, 2000, SeaWiFS; b: March 26, 2012, MODIS) (courtesy from NASA).

18 n=12 a b n=4 P01 14 C org ( ) < c Grain size fraction (µm) H21 H23 H20 < >500 Grain size fraction (µm) Sample Mass percentage of grain size fraction (%) Bulk 14 C org ( ) < >500 Calculated Measured P H < H < H

19 Figure DR2: (a): Individual inner-shelf samples selected for further analysis of 14 C org among the three grain size fractions (n=12), corresponding to the black circles in the Figure 2B. In order to simplify the figure, symbols for each grain size fraction are not drawn, but different samples are indicated as different colored lines or line options. (b): 14 C org variation among the different grain size fractions from < 20 µm to > 500 µm for four samples (P01, H23, H21, H20) from highly energetic regimes, corresponding to the black squares in the Figure 2B. (c): The mass percentage, estimated by the volume proportion of grain size measured using a Mastersizer 2000 analyzer (Malvern Instruments Ltd). The calculated 14 C org values are lower than measured ones. Discrepancies mainly reflect measurement of bulk samples, which were homogenized in despite observable broken shell materials, while such large shells (d.m. >2 mm) were picked out prior to grain size analysis (McCave et al., 1995), leading to a corresponding mass percentage increase in finer fractions and indirectly causing the offset between calculated and measured bulk 14 C org. References: Li, X.X., Bianchi, T., Allison, N. A., Chapman, P., Mitra, S., Zhang, Z. R., Yang, G. P., and Yu, Z. G., 2012, The composition, abundance and age of organic matter in surface sediments from the inner shelf of the East China Sea: Marine Chemistry, v , p , doi: /j.marchem Kao, S.J. Lin, F.J. and Liu, K.K. 2003, Organic carbon and nitrogen contents and their isotopic compositions in surficial sediments from the East China Sea shelf and the southern Okinawa Trough: Deep Sea Research II, v. 50, p , doi: /s (03) Kao, S.J., Hilton, R., selvaraj, K., Dai, M., Zehetner, F., Huang, J. C., Hus, S. C., Sparkes, R., Liu, J., and Lee, T.Y., 2014, Preservation of terrestrial organic carbon in marine sediments offshore Taiwan: mountain building and atomosphereic carbon dioxide sequestation. Earth Surface Dynamics, v. 2, p , doi: /esurf McCave, I.N., Manighetti, B., and Robinson, S.G., 1995, Sortable silt and fine sediment size /compostion slicing: Parameters for palaeocurrent speed and palaoceanography. Paleoceanography, v. 10, p , doi: /94pa Ruff, M., Wacker, L., Gaggeler, H., Suter, M., Synal, H., and Szidat, S., 2007, A gas ion source for radiocarbon measurements at 200kV: Radiocarbon, v.49, p Wacker, L., Nemec, M., and Bourquin, J., 2010a, A revolutionary graphitization system: Fully automated, compact and simple: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B, v. 268, p , doi: /j.nimb

20 Wacker, L., Bonani, G., Friedrich, M., Hajdas, I., Kromer, B., Nemec, N., Ruff, M., Suter, M., Synal, H., and Vockenhuber, C., 2010b, MICADAS: routine and high-precision radiocarbon dating: Radiocarbon, v. 52, p Wu, Y., Eglinton, T., Yang, L., Deng, B., Montluçon, D., and Zhang, J., 2013, Spatial variability in the abundance, composition, and age of organic matter in surficial sediments of the East China Sea: Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, v. 118, p , doi: /2013JG Zhu, C., Wang, Z. H., Xue, B., Yu, P. S., Pan, J. M., Wagner, T. and Pancost, R., D., 2011, Characterizing the depositional settings for sedimentary organic matter distributions in the Lower Yangtze River- East China Sea Shelf System: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 93, p , doi: /j.ecss