OPTIMIZATION OF PEDALING POWER THROUGH NON-CIRCULAR CHAIN RING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

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1 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 8, Issue 3, March 2017, pp Article ID: IJMET_08_03_041 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed OPTIMIZATION OF PEDALING POWER THROUGH NON-CIRCULAR CHAIN RING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW Mahesh S. Gorde Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Jawaharlal Darda College of Engineering. & Tech, Yavatmal (M.S.), India Dr. A.B.Borade Head of Mechanical Engineering. Dept. Jawaharlal Darda College of Engineering & Tech. Yavatmal (M.S.), India ABSTRACT Throughout history human power has commonly been applied through the use of the arms, hands, and back. But due invention of the bicycle, legs also taken into considerations as normal means of developing power from human muscles. By using leg pedaling mechanism person can able to produce four time more power than handcranking. The most efficient mechanism to harvest human energy appeared in the late 19th century is pedaling. In some respects Pedal operated technology is a fitting symbol of appropriate technology: it can be applied in numerous ways to satisfy a variety of conditions. Yet pedal technology, as the subject of serious research, is in the infant stage where inventions appear to feed the field by the day. In this paper we try to attempts to provide reader a complete picture of recent development in the field of optimization of Pedaling power through Non-circular chain ring by a systematic literature review. Key words: Optimization, Pedaling Power, Bicycle Cite this Article: Mahesh S. Gorde and Dr. A.B.Borade, Optimization of Pedaling Power through Non-Circular Chain Ring: A Systematic Review, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 8(3), 2017, pp INTRODUCTION The most efficient mechanism to harvest human energy appeared in the late 19th century is pedaling. In some respects Pedal operated technology is a fitting symbol of appropriate technology: it can be applied in numerous ways to satisfy a variety of conditions. Yet pedal technology, as the subject of serious research, is in the infant stage where inventions appear to feed the field by the day. Pedaling seems to be a relatively simple activity, as contrasted with editor@iaeme.com

2 Optimization of Pedaling Power Through Non-Circular Chain Ring: A Systematic Review running for example. However, as pointed out by Gregor et al. (1), and somewhat implied by hull and Jorge(2), and Bolourchi and Hull(3), the mechanis and biomechanics of pedaling is not yet fully understood. There is no consensus about what characteristic are desirable in pedaling device, or what load may be expected, or how the pedaller should control muscle tensions to produce power with the greatest efficiency and comfort. Energy conservation is a topical issue and this design proffered an efficient method of doing so. Throughout history human power has commonly been applied through the use of the arms, hands, and back. But due invention of the bicycle, legs also taken into considerations as normal means of developing power from human muscles. By using leg pedaling mechanism person can able to produce four time more power than hand-cranking. The bicycle is almost unique among human-powered machines in that it uses human muscles in a near-optimum way. The bicycle rider undergo heavy physical stress during riding of bicycle. In India, bicycles are one of the most important means of transportation. In the past years, the changes that took place in the design of the bicycle have not been very prominent. Several studies have been carried out on use of eccentric & non-circular chain rings in bicycle. Many researcher focused on improvement of operating efficiency of bicycle using various type of chain rings viz. Q-ring, O symmetric-harmonic ring, Ovum ring, Ogival ring, LM- super ring, Polchlopek oval ring etc. Most of the studies shows the comparison of any one type of non-circular chain ring with circular chain ring. A literature review has been done on recent developments in the areas of pedal operated bicycle. 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE [1] Gave the brief idea about pedaling and its related issues. A normal person can generate four times more power by using pedaling. With the help of pedaling mechanism human can able to generate power up to 75 watts continuously operating pedal around 60 minutes. For non athletic person pedaling rate should be in the range of 50 to 70 revolutions per minutes. Design variations in crank length, shape of chain rings, three common position on pedaling as well as its effect on pedaling power has been discuss. [2] Focused on the effect of gravitational forces and inertia forces acting on the leg while pedaling. The experimental investigation was carried out for finding whether the leg weight or inertia affect on pedaling or not. After investigation it was found that for wide range of condition joint moments in seated pedaling i.e. leg weight or inertia does not affect on pedaling, it simply reflect the pedaller s effort to produce power effectively. [3] Investigated the three-dimensional (3-D) pedaling kinematics using a noncircular chain ring system and a conventional system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a noncircular chain ring system design for cycling on the 3-D pedaling kinematics of cyclists new to the system. Statistical significant differences in pedaling kinematics were found between the noncircular chain ring system evaluated and a conventional crank system. As this investigation was carried out on indoor wind-load cycling simulator (Cateye CS 1000, Cateye Co., Japan) the various factor in actual road condition are not consider in it. [4] Investigated kinetics and kinematics between circular and two different shapes of noncircular chain rings. With the help 14 cyclists pedaling on 90 rpm, two-minutes cycling trials using three chain rings ranging from circular to ovality of 1.10 and has been carried out. A significant increase of tangential pedal forces and hip joint moments were observed. Noncircular chain rings do not evidently seem to enhance performance, but facilitated conditions for muscle activation as well as a reduction of knee joint moments can occur. [5] Developed musculoskeletal model by using SIMM software.as most studies have sought to improve cycling performance by altering various aspects of the pedaling motion using novel crank pedal mechanisms and non-circular chain rings. However, most designs have been based editor@iaeme.com

3 Mahesh S. Gorde and Dr. A.B.Borade on empirical data and very few have provided significant improvements in cycling performance. In this research work author developed musculoskeletal model by using SIMM software. Forward dynamic simulation and dynamic optimization were used to determine the muscle excitation pattern and chain ring shape that maximized average crank power over the pedaling rate 60, 70, 90 rpm. Power during isokinetic pedaling conditions. The optimization identified a consistent non-circular chainring shape at pedaling rates of 60, 90 and 120 rpm with an average eccentricity of 1.29 that increased crank power by an average of 2.9% compared to a conventional circular chainring. The purpose of this study was to use a theoretical framework that included a detailed musculoskeletal model driven by individual muscle actuators, forward dynamic simulations and design optimization to determine if cycling performance (i.e., maximal power output) could be improved by optimizing the chainring shape to maximize average crank. [6] Investigated whether neuromuscular quantities were associated with preferred pedaling rate selection during submaximal steady-state cycling from a theoretical perspective using a musculoskeletal model with an optimal control analysis. Specific neuromuscular quantities of interest were the individual muscle activation, force, stress and endurance. To achieve this objective, a forward dynamic model of cycling and optimization framework were used to simulate pedaling at three different rates of 75, 90 and 105 rpm at 265 W. The pedaling simulations were produced by optimizing the individual muscle excitation timing and magnitude to reproduce experimentally collected data. The results from these pedaling simulations indicated that all neuromuscular quantities were minimized at 90 rpm when summed across muscles. In the context of endurance cycling, these results suggest that minimizing neuromuscular fatigue is an important mechanism in pedaling rate selection. A second objective was to determine whether any of these quantities could be used to predict the preferred pedaling rate. By using the quantities with the strongest quadratic trends as the performance criterion to be minimized in an optimal control analysis, these quantities were analyzed to assess whether they could be further minimized at 90 rpm and produce normal pedaling mechanics. The results showed that both the integrated muscle activation and average endurance summed across all muscles could be further minimized at 90 rpm indicating that these quantities cannot be used individually to predict preferred pedaling rates [7] Proposed a new PC prototype chain ring (non-circular) and theoretically it was found that it is more efficient than conventional circular chain ring.the main feature of the PC is that crank-arm alignment and lever-arm length change as a function of the crank angle during the pedaling cycle. The PC presents two features theorized to effect cycling performance, first one out of line of pedal cranks resulting in an decrease in the dead points, and second a change in crank arm length inducing a torque different from that of conventional chain rings during the down- and up-stroke of the pedaling cycle. To investigate this theory, author examined eight male cyclists who performed a 1-km all-out cycling test in the following order: SC, PC, and SC. Performance was measured as the time (s) to complete the 1-km test. Mechanical variables included torque (N m_1), crank velocity (rads_1), and power output (W). They performed statistical analysis using a two-way ANOVA for repeated measurements and Newman Keuls post hoc assessment. And the results shows that performance was similar for SC ± 6.69 s) and PC (73.33 ± 4.58 s). Torque, crank velocity, and power output were also similar throughout (P > 0.05). Finally they conclude that despite the theoretically benefits proposed by the inventors the new PC investigated in their study failed to improve cycling performance or mechanical variables during a supra maximal test when compared with SC. [8] Proposed a Novel Postural Assessment Method (NERPA) fit for product-process design, which was developed with the help of a digital human model together with a 3D CAD tool, which is widely used in the aeronautic and automotive industries. The power of 3D visualization editor@iaeme.com

4 Optimization of Pedaling Power Through Non-Circular Chain Ring: A Systematic Review and the possibility of studying the actual assembly sequence in a virtual environment can allow the functional performance of the parts to be addressed. Such tools can also provide us with an ergonomic workstation design, together with a competitive advantage in the assembly process. Author was presented the development, application, and first evaluation of a postural assessment method for specific application within a manual assembly environment, allowing for the comparison of different design alternatives produced in the design phases, a detailed design, and continuous improvement of the projects. The development of the proposed method has centered on using a digital human model (DMH) integrated with a 3D product-process design environment. This Novel Ergonomic Postural Assessment Method (NERPA) approach, as a modified version of the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) was developed for use in industrial manual assembly tasks typical in the automotive industry. [9] Described the optimization of a bicycle crank mechanism equipped with springs. The purpose of the springs is to cause an even torque development over the crank cycle by elimination of the so-called dead centers of the cycle. The field of virtual prototyping as manifested by technologies such as Computer-Aided Design, Finite Element Methods, and Computational Fluid Dynamics has had a very significant impact on modern product design. Hardly any advanced product today is designed without the use of some sort of computer simulation, and virtually any technical property of products can be analyzed, including strength, vibration, heat conduction, magnetism, flow, acoustics, and light reflection just to mention a few. However, one prominent property of products has been missing from the range of analysis facilities until recently: The mechanical influence of the product on the human body has not been in the range of analysis. This property also often called ergonomics does not seem like a very important addition at first glance. 3. IN THE LITERATURE REVIEW, THE CONTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS AUTHOR IN SHORT IS TABULATED AS FOLLOWS. Sr. No. Author Contribution 1 Wilson G.V.,1986 Pioneer of improvement of pedal operated power technology. This research paper gives sound idea about pedal Power. 2 Papadopoulos J.M. Focus on effect gravity forces and inertia forces acting on the,1987 leg. 3 Carpes F.P., 2009 Investigated the three-dimensional (3-D) pedaling kinematics using a noncircular chain ring system and a conventional system. 4 Strutzenberger G.,2012 Study the kinematics and kinetics between circular and two different shapes of non-circular chainrings. 5 Rankin J.W.,2008 A theoretical framework that included a detailed musculoskeletal model driven by individual muscle actuators, forward dynamic simulations and design optimization to determine if cycling performance. 6 Neptune R.R.,1999 A theoretical analysis of preferred pedaling rate. 7 Belen L., 2007 Develop a new PC prototype chainring (non-circular). 8 Alberto S., Rasmussen J., 2005 Presented a Novel Ergonomic Postural Assessment Method (NERPA) approach, as a modified version of the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA). Describes the ergonomic optimization of bicycle crank mechanism editor@iaeme.com

5 Mahesh S. Gorde and Dr. A.B.Borade Sr. No. Author Contribution 10 Modak J.P., Muslim E., 2011 Use flywheel to store energy of in pedal operated mechanism. Developed the new concept of analysis i.e. virtual environment by using Jack 6.0 software rather than going for actual experimentation. 4. PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW OF VARIOUS NON-CIRCULAR CHAIN RINGS AS SHOWN IN TABLE O.symetric-Harmonic Q-Ring (Rotor) Polchlopek oval Ovum Ogival LM-Super 5. CONCLUSION Many research are carried out to optimized operating power & increased operating efficiency of the bicycle using Non-circular chain ring. This paper gives overall review of Optimization of operating power in the Bicycle using Non-circular chain ring. But still noncircular chain ring is not in use because of some practical problem so this area having a lot of scope for research. REFERANCES [1] Wilson G. V, Understanding Pedal Power, A Technical Paper-51, Published in Volunteers in Technical Assistance, ISBN: , USA. (1986). [2] Papadopoulos J.M., Forces in Bicycle Pedaling, Biomechanics in Sport, ASME, [3] Carpes F. P. Cycling with noncircular Chainring system changes the three-dimensional kinematics of the lower limbs, Sports Biomechanics November 2009; Vol. 8 (4). [4] Gerda S, Pedal forces, Lower limb Joint kinematics and kinetics in cycling with circular and non-circular chainring, 30 th Annual conference of Biomechanics in sports Melbourne [5] Rankin J.W, A theoretical analysis of an Optimal Chainring shape to maximize crank power during isokinetic pedaling, Elsevier Science, Journal of Biomechanics 2008; Vol editor@iaeme.com

6 Optimization of Pedaling Power Through Non-Circular Chain Ring: A Systematic Review [6] Neptune R.R, A theoretical analysis of preferred pedaling rate selection in endurance cycling, Elsevier Science, Journal of Biomechanics 1999; Vol.32. [7] Belen L. Cycling performance and mechanical variables using a new prototype Chainring Springer-Verlag 2007; Vol 07. [8] Alberto S, Novel Ergonomic Postural Assessment Method (NERPA) Using Product- Process Computer Aided Engineering for Ergonomic Workplace Design, PLOS ONE, August 2013, vol.8(8). [9] Rasmussen J, Ergonomic optimization of a spring-loaded bicycle crank, 6th World Congresses of Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization Rio de Janeiro, 30 May - 03 June 2005, Brazil. [10] Modak J.P, Design and development of a human-powered machine for the manufacture of lime-flyash-sandbricks, Human Power, Technical Journal of the IHPVA 1998; Vol.13 (2). [11] Muslim E., Ergonomic evaluation of a folding bike design using virtual environment modeling, International Journal of Technology 2011; Vol.2. [12] Spicer J.B., Effect of Frictional loss on Bicycle chain drive efficiency, Biomechanics in Sport, ASME 2001; Vol.23. [13] Zikiuddin K.S., Human Power: An Earliest Source of Energy and Its efficient use, IJSSBT 2012; Vol.1. [14] Hue O, Enhancing cycling performance using an eccentric Chainring, Med. Sci. sports Exerc 2001; Vol.33 (6). [15] A.R. Lende, Modelling & Simulation of Human Powered Flywheel Motor For Field Data in the course of Artificial Neural Network- A Step forward in the development of Artificial Intelligence, IJRET 2013; vol. 02 (12). [16] Ohara C.R, Effects of Chainring Type (Circular vs. Rotor Q-Ring) on 1km Time Trial Performance Over Six Weeks in Competitive Cyclists and Triathletes, International Journal of Sports Science and Engineering 2012; Vol. 06 (01). [17] Gonzalcez H, Multivariable Optimization of Cycling Biomechanics, J. Biomechanics 1989; Vol. 22 (11), Great Britain. [18] Zhongxia X, Optimal Design of Bicycle Frame Parameters Considering Biomechanics, Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 2011; Vol. 24. [19] Mushir Ali., Socio- Economic analysis of rickshaw pullers in urban centres: A case study of Uttar Pradesh, India, IJARMSS 2013; Vol.2(1). [20] L. Malfait, M.Mech. Eng, Why do appropriate non-circular chainrings yield more crank power compared to conventional circular systems during isokinetic pedaling?, January [21] Mr.Sc. Mevlan bixhaku and Prof. Dr. Marija Malenkovska, Analysis of Key Factors That Affect Bicycle Level of Service, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), Volume 4, Issue 5, September - October (2013), Pp [22] Somya Agarwal and Naga Swetha Pasupuleti, Commuters Choice for Valuing Bicycle Facilities - An Adaptive Comprehensive Survey for the City of Noida. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(5), 2016, pp [23] Modak J. P, Human Powered Flywheel Motor, Concept, Design & Applications, (Engg. & Tech.) Thesis submitted to Nagpur University, Dec editor@iaeme.com