FISHERIES TSUNAMI EMERGENCY PROGRAMME INDONESIA

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1 FISHERIES TSUNAMI EMERGENCY PROGRAMME INDONESIA Assessment of the fisheries sub-sector after the earthquake of 28 th March 2005 in Nias and South Nias Districts. by Jean Gallene, Fisheries Technologist June 2005 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

2 Assessment of the fisheries sub-sector after the earthquake of 28 th March 2005 in Nias and South Nias Districts By Jean Gallene Fisheries Officer Consultant Indonesia, June 2005 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Table of Contents 1. Background Findings Strategy applied for the second assessment of Nias and South-Nias Districts from 1rst to 12 June Approach used for field activities Targeted number of fishing villages in Nias- South Nias Districts Fishermen population Limited knowledge of the local resources Fishing gear in use Fishing operations aspects Fish landing and processing Progressive change in motorization and boat building activities Itinerary Background Following the first earthquake/tsunami of 26th December 2004, a joint survey (FAO/Provincial Fisheries Office and District Fisheries Office was carried out, revealing that 336 fishers were in need of rehabilitation of their fishing unit in Nias and South-Nias Districts. FAO responded by ordering the basic fishing material accordingly through national-international bidding. However, as a second earthquake affected Nias island (Nias District and Southern Nias District including Pulau Batu archipelago with Pulau Tello and adjacent isles on March 28 th 2005, it was evident that the first assessment was becoming obsolete, and that a complementary survey was compulsory so as to get an updated picture of the impact of the tragic event and, as a result, the real needs within the fisheries sub-sector. Following the earthquake/tsunami on the 26 th December 05, Nias island coast line was affected mostly on the West coast: Sirombu area, and North-western coast: Lahewa /Moawo/Afulu areas. The fishing fleet was hit only in these areas, as well as some in the southern part of the island [Teluk Dalam area belonging to Southern Nias District together with Pulau Batu archipelago],reachable after about 6-7 hours trip by fishing boat from Teluk Dalam. However, following the second strong earthquake of the last 28 th March 05, the whole perimeter of coastline of Nias island was affected, as well as some sites in Pulau Tello (located in Pulau Batu archipelago), as it was earlier reported by a PFS North Sumatra field visit soon after the second earthquake. During this visit, a few fishing villages were contacted).

3 2. Findings As a result, the present assessment revealed and confirmed the magnitude of the damages in the fisheries sub-sector and that a considerable number of fishing units heavily damaged or destroyed will have to be added to the ones already identified as a consequence of the tragic events of December 26 th 04 and March 28 th The present survey shows a number of 1062 canoes to be replaced, that is about 40% of the total small-scale fishing fleet. That is around 650 motorized canoes and about 412 smaller nonmotorized canoes with 5 meters LOA approximately. Figure 1. Comparisons of needs for motorized and non-motorized canoes for both Districts 39% Total number of motorized canoes for both districts 61% Total number of non-motorized canoes for both districts 2.3 In Gunung Sitoli, Nias Capital town and harbour, and adjacent fisheries landing sites, in some places (G.Sitoli landing site located in the river inlet), houses collapsed on the canoes and other fishing vessels, damaging or destroying them partially or completely. 2.4 One may question why so many canoes were damaged during the second earthquake, as [officially] there was no tsunami involved! The answer is that, as noted during the present survey, in the majority of the coastal best, even if the phenomena was not called tsunami, waves of more than 2 meters high reached many coastal villages and landing sites, provoking substantial damages to the small fishing fleet laying at beach level. 2.5 Further damages to fishing villages is evident also in areas where landing sites are flooded under about two meters of water due to tectonic movements and in other areas land rises up putting the landing sites now far from the original places, thus affecting the fisheries activities in this areas. 2.6 Among many, the team visiting Tagaule village in the South eastern part on Nias island has to walk on muddy water for more than a kilometre to reach the provisional camp, as the village is now permanently flooded. 2.7 In some others areas in the Northern part of Nias island, the tectonic movements of the ground lifted up considerable coastal areas, in some other, soil sank for more than a meter, breaking the coastline and preventing landing operation in these areas. This provoked waves up to 2 meters high according to witnesses. There were many canoes washed out or severely damaged. 2.8 As a result, a Fisheries Team composed of FAO/PFS/Nias Fisheries District Office Staff was fielded in order to undertake an assessment of the number of fishing units to be rehabilitated, number and type of fisheries infrastructures damaged, or in need of rehabilitation, estimated costing for all aspects to be targeted, logistic identification facilities available locally, and other miscellaneous needs and contingencies foreseen, etc.

4 3. Strategy applied for the second assessment of Nias and South - Nias Districts from 1st to 12th June A joint Team FAO- Provincial Fisheries Office of North Sumatra supported by the Nias /South Nias District Fisheries Officers carried out an in-depth assessment on the fisheries sub-sector in Nias and South Nias Districts from 1st to 12 th June The strategy consisted in fielding four groups of data collectors all around Nias Island and Southern Nias areas. See Figure 2. MAP of the in-depth field assessment of Nias and P.Tello archipelago, 1rst to 12th June Data was collected into two different questionnaires, i.e. (i) The first questionnaire was designed for technical specifications of the real needs to be tailored by sub-district, as every area (or a group of villages within the same zone) is accustomed to use a particular type of fishing gear, or specific mesh size according to the fish species targeted. (ii) The second questionnaire served for the collection of detailed technical specifications of wooden planks and ancillary materials directly related to boat-building construction and related local costs, as canoes lengths vary as per the financial capability of the owner, together with the motorization of the same type of canoe or not. 3.4 The purpose of the assessment was to provide the Indonesian Government and the concerned UN agencies involved (FAO and others) as well as NGOs targeting the Fisheries sub-sector, with detailed technical data on the real needs in term of non-food items, (canoes, engine and fishing gear package). Figure 2. MAP of the in-depth field assessment of Nias and P.Tello archipelago, 1rst to 12th June 05 Lahewa Lahewa Tuhemberua Team 1: Afulu Gunung Sitoli (Airport + Harbor) P.WUNG A Team 4 Alasa Ombolata Mendrehe Tetesua Sirombu Gido Hiliweto Idano Gawo Team 2 Sirombu Mendrehe KEP. HINAKO Lolowau Gomo Pulau Batu/P. Tello- Team 3 Operation carried out by Team 2 Lahusa Lagundi Teluk Dalam Teluk Dalam

5 4 3.5 Potential beneficiaries were identified for provision of fishing materials, propulsion systems (inboard engines) and small-scale fishing canoes from 3 to 11 meters LOA (Overall Length). Analysis of the data revealed that about 61% of the canoes with length comprised between 5,5m to 11 meters were motorized fishing units. Whereas, the most popular boat length seems to be between 5 to 7 meters LOA, with a majority of 6,5 meters LOA recorded among the destroyed canoes. See Table 2. Socio-economic implications therefore play an important role on the size of the fishing unit. 3.6 Detailed cost of materials for each type of canoes was collected and already provided to the FAO consultant Master Boat Builder Mr Michael Savins, as cost for materials, especially planking, vary as per the boat building area. 4. Approach used for field activities (i) The teams deployed was previously briefed in order to be prepared to work under difficult conditions, and effectively slept at village level in several occasions, whenever necessary. (ii) There was three foreseen ways of reaching the affected areas in Nias/Southern Nias Districts for an in-depth assessment of the consequences of the last earthquake of 28 th March Hiring motorcycle, as already done during the first assessment carried out last February 2005, and trying to reach the maximum of fishing villages by land, and this was the main means of transport used by all teams. However, in some occasions, it was necessary to use small canoes to reach some very isolated coastal villages or clusters of small islands. In some cases, there was no practicable road access (too muddy areas, preventing use of motorcycle, or various bridges broken, and the teams have to walk to reach targeted villages). 4.2 The second means of displacement suggested (which was effectively used) was to hire motorized fishing canoes about 6,60 to 9 meters long, to move teams along the coast line and landing in front of the affected fishing villages. 4.3 A combination of means of transports (motorcycle and boats) was in some occasions a viable solution to operate more efficiently from one area to another according to the local geographical configuration. 5. Targeted number of fishing villages in Nias- South Nias Districts If one looks at the poor quality maps available for Nias Island, there is no precise information on the real number of fishing villages available up to date. However, referring to the BOBP working paper WP/78, 1991, which mention that there are about seventy fishing villages [in 1991] along the Nias coastline, of which 26 are located in Gunung Sitoli and Tuhemberua sub districts, (North eastern part on Nias island), it was expected to target a maximum of seventy fishing villages. However, the mission visited 100 fishing villages or Dusun (Sub-villages included in this figure). Among these villages, 77 were identified with evident damages of infrastructures and destruction or partial damages of their fishing units, and thus in need of urgent support to re-establish their basic livelihood from fisheries activities. The road network is largely underdeveloped, and this aspect caused difficulties to reach many fishing villages. 6. Fishermen population Of the total population of Nias Island, some persons are directly involved in fishing, this includes the fishers, wholesale fish buyers, small-scale fishmongers, processing specialist for salting/drying fish, and marketing of fish and other ancillary activities. The exact number of fishers-farmers is difficult to assess since a considerable number of them, although declaring not having any plot of land (with the hope to get more support) are in fact owner or are renting some vegetable gardening area, or small plot of land/plantation with rubber trees, coconuts trees etc. 7. Limited knowledge of the local resources Knowledge of the marine resources in the coastal and offshore zones is limited. The last resource survey is more than 20 years old.

6 8. Fishing gear in use 5 The fishing gears are traditional and hook-and-lines predominate. The second gear by importance (already widely used than 14 years ago) is the monofilament gillnet with stretched mesh size varying from 0,5 to 2,8 inches. The monofilament gillnets are mainly used in subsurface for small to medium pelagic species, rastrellingers Sp., flying fish and associated species. In a few areas, fishers operate with trammel nets ready made, purchased in Medan. Such a gear is the same than the ones used widely in Malacca Strait side: (Langkat District and adjacent areas). 9. Fishing operations aspects Fishing in Nias Island consists mainly of small-scale fishing activities, with fishers using handlines, trolling lines, a few bottom long lines, occasionally cast nets and fish/crustaceans traps, except for the fishing operations of the so-called speedboats using driftnets and drift long lines, belonging small to medium companies based in Gunung Sitoli or Sibolga and Padang. 9.1 The private sector plays a major role in all sectors of the fishery. In the southern part, Teluk Dalam and Pulau Tello area, wooden planked fishing vessels meters LOA are operating large lift nets from large wooden vessels,12 to more than 16 meters LOA, associated with light attraction to target anchovies and squids. Their products are mainly exported to Sumatra. 9.2 The vast majority of the small-scale fishing canoes are privately owned. The construction of crafts, supply of fishing gear, engines and other requisites are handled by the private sector. The public sector is involved only in the supply of fuel at major fishing centres and in a few institutional credits at Gunung Sitoli. 9.3 In 1991, there were about 2500 fishing craft operating, mostly in the coastal zone, of which about 96 per cent were very small, non-motorized craft. The Post tsunami/earthquake field visit of an FAO mission in January 2005 revealed that the general aspect of the fishing fleet was slightly different, as the motorization is now more often seen at level of the 5 m to 6,50 meters LOA dugout and planked dugout canoes (enlarging canoe s volume by adding planks to the dugout hulls) than what was seen some 14 years ago during a FAO project for boatbuilding prototype of fishing canoes in Nias. Sails are much less used than in the past decade. 9.4 There seems to be a predominant boat length of around 6,50 meters LOA with about 61% of the small-scale canoes being motorized with a predominant 5,5HP gasoline engine, with the Honda and Yamaha Brand being the most preferred engines for this boat length category. (See Figure 2 for detailed information on boat sizes recorded during the assessment). 10. Fish landing and processing 10.1 According to the Provincial Fisheries Service statistics of 1986, the total production of marine products was in the order of 3400 t. This figure, however, does not include the catch of the fishing fleet based at Sibolga and Padang and which operates around Nias Island. Most of the marine catch is consumed in the fresh form. Only a fraction of the total catch is iced or processed into salted, dried fish. The irregular and or scarcity of ice supply is most probably the main factor for low quantity of fish iced at sea, as many fishers interviewed claimed that they use (when available) small ice bags from private fridges owners. (There is a need for the introduction of small to medium size ice plants (probably 2 to 5 tons/24hours ice blocks) in several costal Districts of Nias and South Nias, so as to improve quality of catch landed in Nias coastline, either for local consumption or export to elsewhere in Sumatra. A small quantity of high market value shrimps and lobsters is exported to Sibolga. Import of fish from Sumatra Island is in salted, dried form. A well managed ice plant by Fishing Port Authority produces 10 tons of 50 KG ice block/24 hours. This ice volume is sold in about one week time according to the Chief of Fishing Harbour. Ice blocks are sold at cost of IDR. 17,000 per piece, transport included from ice plant to fishing canoes.

7 6 Several landing sites are badly damaged (Sirombu, Lahewa etc.) because of the consequences of tsunami-earthquake shocks. The exact costs for rehabilitation of these infrastructures will have to be done by port infrastructure specialists, when financing will be made available, as this kind of activity may constitutes a separated project due to the magnitude of the investment to be considered. However, basic repairs by gabions and stones can be carried out as part of basic activities including environmental concerns/erosion, etc. of any forthcoming project. 11. Progressive change in motorization and boat building activities The effort to motorize and introduce new fishing craft commenced in the early 1980s. Furthermore, some fifteen year ago an FAO project provided short technical support to local boat-builders, where three prototypes were built out. This was followed by the construction of some 20 units, and since then, no other similar canoe were built on the models provided. When asked why, some fishers and boat builders replied that the canoes with flat bottom type were not suitable during the windy season, and that the way of building it was too complicated and time consuming, resulting to higher costs than a traditional type of the same length. However, the smallest one [Vee Shaped] was adapted by some former carpenters trainees and used in the northern part on Nias for trollinglines activities. 12. Itinerary 12.1 With the purpose of undertaking an assessment of the real needs within the fisheries subsector following the earthquakes/tsunami, a team composed of five persons (four Fisheries Officers from PFS, based in Medan, plus Jean Gallene FAO fisheries consultant) travelled by airplane on the first June afternoon from Medan to Gunung Sitoli (Nias island), and initiated the field work from Gunung Sitoli, from the second day early morning. The survey was completed by working in Pulau Batu archipelago (Pulau Tello). As the main activities and heavy damages are known to be concentrated in Nias island, and that the majority of the UN Agencies/National and Local Administration, NGOs, are located in Gunung Sitoli, upon arrival in Nias, a detailed briefing was provided to District Fisheries Officers and PFS Fisheries Officers involved in the assessment, on the way to operates and fill questionnaires The Team was then split into four groups and headed to the field from the second day morning Having completed the survey for the south-eastern part of Nias island, a team composed of Mr Wahyu Widayat (PFS Fisheries Officer) and Jean Gallene FAO Fisheries Consultant) travelled by small airplane to Pulau Tello. Local support was provided by Port Authorities Chief was well appreciated. Meetings with fishers were arranged in advance. There is presently no Dinas Perikanan Fisheries Officer posted there. However, due to scarcity of transport, no airplane or ferry or ship operating regularly from Pulau Tello to Teluk Dalam (Southern tip of Nias), the team has to embark in a small ship and sail for 15 hours up to Sibolga, west coast of Sumatra, wait the entire day in Sibolga, to be able to travel by ferry for 10 hours from Sibolga to Gunung Sitoli (Nias main harbour), to joint the rest of the team and proceed with data analysis, and other assessment tasks At the end of the field work, the partial analysis of the data was done in Gunung Sitoli, while supported by the District Fisheries Officers having participated to the mission. Before returning to Medan on 12 th June, The Manager of the Japanese NGO LIFE, Mr Uchida Kisaku, [LoA with FAO for distribution of fishing packages in North Sumatra province, Nias/South Nias included] visited Gunung Sitoli, in order to verify the convenience /availability of a warehouse previously identified by the mission, and at the same time met with the mission. The final data were cleared upon arrival in Medan during a two day common work with the PFS team participating in the mission At the end of the survey, the relay was immediately passed on to the Japanese NGO LIFE with whom FAO, PFS North Sumatra and Nias-South Nias Districts Fisheries Offices, together with a local NGO Yayasan Melati proceeded with distribution of 336 fishing packages in the villages mentioned hereunder.

8 Table 1 Fishers targeted by village for first distribution of fishing gear District Sub-District Village name Number of beneficiaries 7 Nias District South Nias District Afulu Faekuna 20 Moawo 25 Sirombu Sirombu 25 Sinene' Eto 13 Lahawa 3 Pulau Bogi 5 Imana 7 Kafo-Kafo 10 Balowondrate 7 Halomona 5 Bawasawa 5 Hinako 3 Tuwa-Tuwa 1 Idanogawo Bozihona 77 Bawalato Tagaole 51 Bawalato Botuenga 15 Total Nias District 272 Teluk Dalam Lagundri 36 Hilimaeta Niha 22 Pasir Putih 6 Total South Nias = 336 beneficiaries for the first distribution of fishing gear Table 2 Number of boats with and without engines required in Nias and S. Nias Districts N of canoes % Nias District BWE (boat without engine) % Nias District IBE (Inboard engine) % Total canoes needed in Nias District 917 South Nias District BWE (Boat without engine) 36 3% South Nias District IBE (Inboard engine) % Total canoes needed in South Nias District 145 Total Number of motorised for both Districts 652 Total number of non-motorised for both Districts 410 TOTAL NEEDED 1,026 Motorized and Non motorized canoes per districts South Nias District IBE; 109; 10% South Nias District BWE; 36; 3% Nias District IBE; 543; 52% Nias District BWE; 374; 35% Nias District BWE (boat without engine) Nias District IBE (Inboard engine) South Nias District BWE (Boat without engine) South Nias District IBE (Inboard engine) N of canoes Nias District Nias District IBE BWE (boat (Inboard engine) without engine) South Nias District BWE (Boat without engine) South Nias District IBE (Inboard engine)

9 Table 3 Quantity of units by boat size for Nias and South Nias Districts 8 Boat length LOA (meters) of lost or destroyed ones * Total Quantity of canoes recorded by length , Number of Units ,65 5 5,25 5,5 5,6 5,7 5,95 6 6,05 6,1 6,15 6,25 6,5 6, Misc. Table 4 Already distributed, or on-going boat-building operations through Donors and NGOs in Nias/South Nias Districts Number of canoes Origin 5 DKP All operational (purchased from Sibolga area) 2 NGO YEU All operational (Purchased in Sibolga area) Status 40 PRIVATE DONATION 25 NGO DELASIGA 30 TELUK DALAM AREA 100? PULAU TELLO Built locally (G. Sitoli area) majority of canoes are abandoned at beach level and engines removed, as fishers claims that they will need from IDR. 800, 000 to 1,5 million, to adapt and makes the hulls safer before to operates the units + 15 units to be delivered to Sirombu area. (Comment of fishers: hulls are OK but engine not strong enough) thus limited use of the fishing units Initially 150 canoes of about 5,50 meters LOA were to be ordered, but the Donor having suffered heavy damages himself, reduced the number of hulls to 30 units, (slow ongoing boatbuilding operation noted by the mission) 100 units were ordered to Pak Ali Pendi in P.Tello, (supposed to be delivered to Lahewa area) but, as the NGO (Name not declared by the boat builder for personal reasons), did not provide the boat builder with a cash money advance, the boat builder refused to start the boatbuilding operation

10 9 13. Conclusions and recommendations 13.1 Conclusions This assessment should have been carried out at least at the beginning of April 2005, in order to save precious time in the practical approach to be adopted toward future field activities. This would have probably avoided wild boat building activities with poor handling practices elsewhere in both Districts visited. Even if the emergency relief operation is officially over, the present in-depth assessment revealed that there is urgent needs for a global road network and bridges rehabilitation, as well as many other public infrastructure, hospitals, Puskesmas (field medical posts), Schools, Offices, electrical and telephone network, safe drinking water/distribution points (which are presently under the attention of the Spanish and Dutch Red Cross Society, etc. Therefore, the above comments describes facts that will need a long term global effort, national as international to put the global socio-economic context into a routine daily task for Nias and South Nias inhabitants, and renew with economic growth, fisheries sector included Recommendations FAO have been undertaking this field work in order to prepare a specific immediate action plan in support to both post-cataclysms needs. As a result, the findings should be followed up by an immediate undertaking of field operation such as training in boat building operations/re-motorization, followed up immediately by progressive safe boat building practices as well as delivery of adapted fishing packages, if one want to obtain some visible results on the affected grounds, and contributes to the rapid recovery of the dramatically affected and impoverished small-scale fishing sector. 14. Persons met For practical reasons, persons met more were more than 1200; they will not be mentioned in this report. In the data base alone 1062 names of beneficiaries are mentioned by District, Sub-District and village. The database is already remitted to FAOR Office Jakarta, Post-tsunami Response Team, (Mr Angus Graham), and a copy could be sent on demand. 15. Miscellaneous The contract of the international Fisheries Consultant was for a month time only, ending on June 11 th However, due to the additional activities foreseen for supporting the Japanese NGO LIFE and further drafting of a project proposal, the consultant benefited of a PSA contract of ten days, in order to participate to the drafting of this project proposal for Nias/South Nias districts under the supervision of Mr Angus Graham in FAOR Office Jakarta. The questionnaire forms are not attached for practical reasons (as they represent 10 more pages to be inserted), but could be forwarded to interested persons whenever needed.

11 10 Table 5 Six month work plan for follow-up activities Year 2005 JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER Activity foreseen according to financing availability In-depth Assessment of the real needs for the victims of tsunami eathquake of Dec.26th 2004 and 28th March 2005 in Nias and South Nias Districts, (FAO / PFS (Provincial Fisheries Service of North Sumatra) with the support of Districts Fisheries Officers of Nias/South Nias. Participation in the Donor Conference for victims of Tsunami/earthquake of North Sumatra province in Medan on 15th June 05, together with Mr Jeremy Turner FIIT Chief Distribution of 336 fishing gear packages to victims of the first tsunami (26th Dec. 04) in Nias and South Nias Districts (Both being located in North Sumatra province) FAO/PFS/Japanese NGO LIFE Distribution of the fishing gear packages to victims of tsunami in Serdang Bedagei (88 beneficiaries), Tapanuli Tengah (44 beneficiaries), and Mandailing Natal (51 beneficiaries) (All areas located in North Sumatra Province) FAO/PFS/Japanese NGO LIFE Reporting for the Above assessment mission Assessment data analysis Drafting of lists of additional beneficiaries victims of the second earthquake of 28th March 05 identified during the assessment of June 05 Drafting lists of fishing gear items for forthcoming procurements (to support FPOs activities) designated for the 543 additional beneficiaries located in Nias /South Nias Districts FAO procurement and FPOs dispatched to different potential suppliers Leaves without pay Estimated reception of the fishing gear materials Technical support (preparation of the Certificate of Remittance, individual and collective) to the designated NGO for starting distribution of the fishing gear packages to beneficiaries in Nias /South Nias. (A 2 weeks distribution process) Local procurement of safety-at-sea basic materials (life jackets) and immediate distribution ot beneficiaries Preparation of a technical booklet on Safety-at-sea in English and Bahasa Indonesia together with National Fisheries Consultant Field sensitization / workshop on safety at sea for smallscale fishers in Nias-South Nias, including capacity building on safety-at-sea matters for the Nias-South Nias Fisheries Officers Reporting on the safety-at-sea training Assess seaworthiness of fishing canoes newly built under FAO lead, while participating to fishing trips, wherever needed in Nias/South Nias affected areas Reporting on the seaworthiness of newly built fishing canoes Micro-project on coastal fish aggregating devices in two different areas where non-motorized canoes are operated M& E field work on the impact of the progressive distribution of the fishing gear/fishing units to stakeholders for all North Sumatra FAO supported activities Reporting on the findings of monitoring activities Mid-term review of the field activities and reporting

12 Pictures of some areas visited during the assessment Picture 1. A view of poor boat building practices with disproportionate dimensions and distances inbetween propeller and rudder, etc. Teluk Dalam area. 11 Southern Nias-Teluk Dalam, 6 meter dugout planked canoe 390 mm 105 mm 20mm between keel and propeller blade 150 mm 1,17 M. 310 mm Picture 2. Post-tsunami canoes wreck in Lagundri area

13 Picture 3. Remaining part of a fishing canoe in Tagaule, South-Eastern Nias 12 Picture 4. Part of the former fishing village of Tagaule, now under two meters of water due to post-earthquake sinking ground