Yucca Mountain: High-Level Nuclear Waste Site. Objective. How much nuclear waste do we generate? Nuclear Waste Defined

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Yucca Mountain: High-Level Nuclear Waste Site by: Anthony Ricco Urbs/Geog 515:Race, Poverty, And the Environment (Spring 2004) Raquel Pinderhughes Urban & Environmental Studies Programs, SFSU Public

Objective This presentation focuses on the environmental, social, and public health issues related to Yucca Mountain, high-level nuclear waste site in southern Nevada.

environmental impacts and risks of the site by explaining the problems associated with it -Convey the Social Justice issues www.ymp.

Nuclear Waste-a gas, liquid, or solid containing radio- nuclides.

High- level nuclear waste is defined as waste containing more than 95% radioactive components. The majority of this waste comes from energy production at commercial nuclear power reactors.

As of today, there is no real solution for the storing of the radioactive material for as long as it is hazardous; nuclear waste which takes more than 250,000 years to decay.

As of 2003, the US accumulated 49,00 metric tons of nuclear spent fuel from nuclear reactors.

1 Yucca Mountain: High-Level Nuclear Waste Site by: Anthony Ricco Urbs/Geog 515:Race, Poverty, And the Environment (Spring 2004) Raquel Pinderhughes Urban & Environmental Studies Programs, SFSU Public has permission to use the material herein, but only if author(s), course, university, and professor are credited. Objective This presentation focuses on the environmental, social, and public health issues related to Yucca Mountain, high-level nuclear waste site in southern Nevada. It is designed to: -Explain what nuclear waste is -Explain the public health effects of nuclear waste -Explain why Yucca Mountain was proposed as a storage site for nuclear waste -Convey the environmental impacts and risks of the site by explaining the problems associated with it -Convey the Social Justice issues - Reveal some of the politics dealing with Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Defined How much nuclear waste do we generate? We start by analyzing nuclear waste. Nuclear Waste-a gas, liquid, or solid containing radio- nuclides. Nuclear waste is the most deadly substance created by mankind because it s the most cancerous substance known to man There are two types of nuclear waste, high-level and low-level. High- level nuclear waste is defined as waste containing more than 95% radioactive components. The majority of this waste comes from energy production at commercial nuclear power reactors. Other waste comes from the production of nuclear weapon and the testing of them. Low-level waste comes from households products like paint, paint thinner, batteries, and other car products. As of today, there is no real solution for the storing of the radioactive material for as long as it is hazardous; nuclear waste which takes more than 250,000 years to decay. The only way to deal with it has been to store the waste for one year at a time under vulnerable conditions. As of 2003, the US accumulated 49,00 metric tons of nuclear spent fuel from nuclear reactors. To put this in perspective, if we were to take all the nuclear waste produced to date in the United States and stack it side-by-side, end-toend, it would cover an area about the size of a football field to a depth of about ten feet. (ocrwm.doe/gov) Health Effects from the Exposure of Nuclear Waste Geography Nuclear waste contains atoms that are unstable. As these atoms change to become more stable, they give off invisible energy waves or particles called radiation. There are several types of radiation, and all types cause cancer and inherited birth defects. Radiation is measured in how strong the dose of radiation, which is usually measured in rems or sievert (100 rem(msu)=1 sievert(sv)). An exposure of 100sv will cause death within days, 10-50sv will cause death from gastrointestinal failure in one to two weeks, and with an exposure of 3-5sv will cause red marrow damage (Energy and the Environment by John May). Severe exposures also may results in burns, vomiting, hemorrhage, blood changes, hair loss, increased susceptibility to infection, and death. Lowlevel exposure symptoms are thyroid cancer, leukemia, breast cancer, skin cancer, and eye cataracts. Radiation from nuclear waste also causes DNA mutations that change individuals genes and can be passed on to future generations. The average dose for a nuclear worker is 50 msv per year. Yucca Mountain is located 90 miles northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada. Geographically located in the midlatitude desert, the climate is warm and dry, and there is an average of 6 inches of rain per year. Yucca Mountain is also in Nye County, the largest county in the U.S. The Federal Government owns the majority of the county and the state of Nevada. 1

What is Yucca Mountain? Why was Yucca Mountain proposed as a storage site? www.wnfm.

Since 1987, Yucca Mountain has been the only site looked at for a final permanent depository site for high-level nuclear waste.

The DOE planners insist the project will meet safety standards, including the Environmental Protection Agency limits on the amount of radioactivity released from the site for the next 10,000 years.

So why was Yucca Mountain been proposed as the final place for high-level nuclear waste?

Currently, nuclear waste is stored in above ground pools, scattered across the U.S. in 77 various sites. There were a few other reasons for why Yucca Mountain was proposed.

Has a dry climate (rain and water can corrode containers), and lastly because it has an extremely deep water table that is at least 800 to 1,000 feet below were they would keep the waste.

2 What is Yucca Mountain? Why was Yucca Mountain proposed as a storage site? Yucca Mountain, an area in the Southern Nevada desert, was a proposed site for nuclear waste storage over twenty years ago. Since 1987, Yucca Mountain has been the only site looked at for a final permanent depository site for high-level nuclear waste. The Department of Energy plans by the end of the year(2004) to seek an operating license, build, and entomb the nation s most highly radioactive waste. The DOE planners insist the project will meet safety standards, including the Environmental Protection Agency limits on the amount of radioactivity released from the site for the next 10,000 years. The correct name given to this type of site by the EPA, was a Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, otherwise know as WIPP. So why was Yucca Mountain been proposed as the final place for high-level nuclear waste? The first reason was that all scientists dealing with the issue of nuclear waste agreed that it was safer to dispose of the waste deep underground, in one location. Currently, nuclear waste is stored in above ground pools, scattered across the U.S. in 77 various sites. There were a few other reasons for why Yucca Mountain was proposed. It is a remote location and a long distance from any big population centers. Has a dry climate (rain and water can corrode containers), and lastly because it has an extremely deep water table that is at least 800 to 1,000 feet below were they would keep the waste. Russell Dyer, planner for Yucca Mountain stated that, we expect that, over millennia, the mountain s ancient volcanic rock will isolate the radioactivity and its geology will filter contaminated water before it reaches the water table. He also stated, if we had any indication that it would not be a safe system, then we would not be going forward. Problems:Water Contamination Problems: Climate Change US nuclear regulatory com. The Department of Energy s Viability Assessment report showed that water moves very rapidly through the rocks of Yucca Mountain, meaning that if the canisters begin to fail, radioactive waste will get into the groundwater and contaminate the whole water table in the region. The water table is 1,000 feet below the repository. It was wet 10,000 years ago in the Nevada desert where the federal government plans to bury the nation s nuclear waste, and climate change could make it wetter again in about 600 years. Geologists and climatogist say there is going to be a change in the climate in about 600 years, so there will be a change in the amount of water delivered to Yucca Mountain. Known that the climate will change, they cannot predict how wet it could get at the dry Yucca Mountain site during the more than 10,000 years the nation s nuclear waste is expected to remain radio active there. Problems: Air Pollution Problems: Earthquakes Early on, scientists were able to come up with the conclusion that portions of rock in Yucca Mountain will allow radioactive gas to escape as the waste decomposes. The primary gas released would be carbon-14 and it is estimated that global impact over time will result in 25,000 additional cancers, as stated by the Nuclear Information and Resource Service. Earthquakes have also been a big concern with Yucca Mountain. The area were Yucca Mountain resides is laced with faults, but scientists say that the faults have not been active in a least one million years. In 1992, a magnitude 5.6 quake struck not far from Yucca Mountain. The quake registered 2,000 aftershocks (Spotts, 2002). These aftershocks cause concern because they too can affect the long-term storage. (Spotts, 2002) 2

Problems: Volcanic Activity Problem: Transportation www.volcano.und.nodak.edu/ Crater Flat, a volcano, is located 10 miles southeast from Yucca Mountain.

This field has been relatively quiet recently, but the period could be near the end. www.doe.gov www.google.

Accidents can occur during transportation and radioactive waste can contaminate homes, neighborhoods, agricultural areas, and major business areas.

, traveling through dozens of hugely populated metropolitan areas like Denver, Colorado and Sacramento, California.

Gary Lanthrum, director of the DOE s office of National Transportation, testified that since the 1960 s, the Energy Department has safety moved about 3,000 shipments of spent nuclear

It is said that it will take 10,500 truck trips or 3,000 trainloads to get the nuclear waste to Yucca Mountain. www.phatmax.

That is the reason why transportation data is kept secret and guards are used during shipments and to guard the site. Worker Health Issues Worker Health Issues www.reviewjournal.

Harry Reid, is accusing the DOE of rushing to build the repository while failing to protect workers from potentially toxic silica dust.

3 Problems: Volcanic Activity Problem: Transportation Crater Flat, a volcano, is located 10 miles southeast from Yucca Mountain. Crater Flat along with Yucca Mountain is said to be part of a huge volcanic field that is in the area. This field has been relatively quiet recently, but the period could be near the end. There are a lot of problems dealing with transportation of the waste to Yucca Mountain. The main way the nuclear waste would be transported would be by rail or by truck. Accidents can occur during transportation and radioactive waste can contaminate homes, neighborhoods, agricultural areas, and major business areas. Dangerous chemicals can also go into the air and people can ingest them causing lots of different health effects. Waste will be transported from all around the U.S., traveling through dozens of hugely populated metropolitan areas like Denver, Colorado and Sacramento, California. Transportation Problem: Terrorism The state of Nevada is fighting the transportation plan in federal court, in attempt to stop the project in Congress. Gary Lanthrum, director of the DOE s office of National Transportation, testified that since the 1960 s, the Energy Department has safety moved about 3,000 shipments of spent nuclear fuel a combined 1.7 million miles with no injuries because of release of radioactivity. It is said that it will take 10,500 truck trips or 3,000 trainloads to get the nuclear waste to Yucca Mountain. Terrorism could also be a concern and a problem with the site and the transportation of the waste to the site, especially after September the 11 th. That is the reason why transportation data is kept secret and guards are used during shipments and to guard the site. Worker Health Issues Worker Health Issues Nevada s Senator Harry Reid has called for a shut down of Yucca Mountain until officials determine whether rock tailings pose a health hazard. Harry Reid, is accusing the DOE of rushing to build the repository while failing to protect workers from potentially toxic silica dust. DOE spokesman Joe Davis stated, the federal agency has compiled with air safety standards at the site. The State of Nevada has authority under the federal Clean Air Act to inspect tailing mounds as a possible air quality hazard. The states action came after former Yucca Mountain workers blamed lung problems on toxic dust inhaled during tunneling, and the DOE acknowledged that workers might have been exposed to fibrous silica dust. (RGJ, Reid Calls for Yucca Closure, Ken Ritter) Estimates are that more than 1,200 employees have been exposed to potentially dangerous amounts of silica dust while working at the site. Inhalation of silica dust can lead to silicosis, a potentially fatal lung disease. Three people have been diagnosed, and one of those has died from the disease. (citizen.org) 3

Social Justice Issues Social Justice Issues Yucca Mountain is called Serpent Swimming West in the Shoshone Native Indian language, which grew out of the fact and evidence that the area is one of the

It is the place where the Shoshone people have gathered and continue to gather traditionally in the spring and fall to worship. This area is as sacred to these people as the Vatican is to Christians.

Photo by Gary Thompson. Yucca Mountain is located within Newe Sogobia, the sovereign territory of the Western Shoshone as recognized in the 1863 Treaty of Ruby Valley. (www.honorearth.org) ww.

The United States has detonated more than 1,200 atomic bombs in their territory.

(greenaction.org) More Social Justice Politics dealing with Yucca Mountain.

4 Social Justice Issues Social Justice Issues Yucca Mountain is called Serpent Swimming West in the Shoshone Native Indian language, which grew out of the fact and evidence that the area is one of the most seismically active and is moving. Yucca Mountain is a place of deep spiritual and religious significance to the Western Shoshone and Pauite tribes. It is the place where the Shoshone people have gathered and continue to gather traditionally in the spring and fall to worship. This area is as sacred to these people as the Vatican is to Christians. Western Shoshones Joe Kennedy, left, and Ian Zabarte stand inside the exploratory tunnel in Yucca Mountain with Kami Sue Miller of the Moapa Band of Paiutes. Photo by Gary Thompson. Yucca Mountain is located within Newe Sogobia, the sovereign territory of the Western Shoshone as recognized in the 1863 Treaty of Ruby Valley. ( ww.honorearth.org) The Nevada Test Site was carved out of their territory and today, the Western Shoshone Nation is the most bombed nations on earth. The United States has detonated more than 1,200 atomic bombs in their territory. High rates of cancer and illness related to atomic fall-out plague the people, who suffer from this historic injustice without any government health assessment, rectification or medical aid.(greenaction.org) More Social Justice Politics dealing with Yucca Mountain. Because of their proximity to Yucca Mountain, the Timbisha Shoshone Tribe and the Duckwater Shoshone Tribe near Ely filed requests last year with the Interior Department seeking affected Indian tribe status. But after more than 14 months, the Interior Department has not acted on their requests, casting doubt in the mind of native Americans that they will be treated fairly as the licensing period approaches. ( The Department of Energy had to get some answers because they were receiving pressure from Congress and also getting a lot of heat from environmentalist groups and the general public. So, the Department of Energy decided to hire a research team to answer the question for once and fore all. After lots of research and nearly $7 million dollars of federal money spent, the research team responded, Yucca Mountains performance may be beyond the analytic capabilities of any scientific and engineering team. This meaning that the question cannot be answered, because there is no answer. Only predictions can be made what will happen to the site over tens of thousands of years. They can t predict things like the changing of the rocks chemistry in the mountains, fault activity, volcanic activity, or seepage. The challenge for modeling Yucca Mountain is equal to..modeling climate change. (Spotts,april18,02) Politics Continued Politics Continued Politicians believe that the question if Yucca Mountain should be a depository site or not, should depend solely on science say s Kevin Crowley, Director of the National Research Council s radioactive waste management board. But then Kevin goes to say, But in the end, it is our elected officials who must make a judgement on how much uncertainty is acceptable. What is safe and when do we have enough information? are questions scientists cannot answer. The groups and organizations associated with the research team hired by the Department of Energy sent a petition to the Secretary of Energy. The petition was to disqualify Yucca Mountain, because it clearly didn t meet the guidelines and would fail to safely hold the nuclear waste. Instead of acting on the petition the Department of Energy decided to lobby for changes to The Suitability Guidelines. 4

Politics: Litigation Politics: Litigation www.sfgov.

says Energy Secretary Spencer Abraham and the DOE violated federal law by failing to provide oversight funds to the state and to local governments affected by the proposed dump.

case for an unsuitable site, Sandoval said. It defies law, and it strangles our ability to account for the health and safety of Nevadans.

(RGJ, Nevada files new suit over Yucca nuke waste project, 3/1/804) The state of Nevada is also suing the Department of Energy and National Environmental Protect agency.

history, took final agency action on a major federal project without first issuing a record of decision. This was the worst violation of any in the 31 years NEPA has been in place.

5 Politics: Litigation Politics: Litigation Just recently, Nevada state Attorney General, Brian Sandoval filed a lawsuit against the federal department of Energy over its proposed Yucca Mountain nuclear waste dump in Southern Nevada. The lawsuit filed in the Federal Court of Appeals in Washington, D.C. says Energy Secretary Spencer Abraham and the DOE violated federal law by failing to provide oversight funds to the state and to local governments affected by the proposed dump. (RGJ, Nevada files new suit over Yucca nuke waste project, 3/1/804) It s an outrage and, tragically, it s just the latest in along record of deception, rule bending and law-breaking in order to make case for an unsuitable site, Sandoval said. It defies law, and it strangles our ability to account for the health and safety of Nevadans. The DOE reduced Nevada s oversight grant from $5 million to only $1 million at a very critical time in the projects stage. (RGJ, Nevada files new suit over Yucca nuke waste project, 3/1/804) The state of Nevada is also suing the Department of Energy and National Environmental Protect agency. The big issue is that the DOE unlawfully hid it s environmental impact analysis from Nevada and Death Valley National Park, and for the first time in NEPA s (National Environmental Protection Act) history, took final agency action on a major federal project without first issuing a record of decision. This was the worst violation of any in the 31 years NEPA has been in place. The state of Nevada is suing the EPA, because they failed to follow standards of the Nuclear Waste Policy Act, the Energy Policy Act, and the Safe Drinking Water Act. EPA Concern Solutions A concern brought up by the Environmental Protection Agency, was that there needed to be a way to warn and defer humans in the future from entering the site and releasing the radiation inside of it. So EPA came up with an idea to warn and defer future humans by designing symbolic signs that they would be able to understand. They called these things Passive Institutional Controls, which are basically markers and methods designed to warn and inform future generations and civilizations about the location and purpose of the WIPP (EPA). The EPA then hired two groups of experts, the Futures panel and the Markers panel to examine the issue and come up with a design of effective markers. (Image of an Passive Institutional controls) The design team came up with a number of different located components, each had it s own message and communication. They included: an information center, two information storage rooms, a large berm, buried warning makers, and archives that were stored all around the site in different locations (EPA). There are few solutions that are possible. Solutions would be to reduce radioactivity levels, and this will decrease the unnecessary shipments. Waste could remain on-site were it was produced. With time, the wastes radioactivity will go down, the overall temperature will cool making it easier to deal with and a little bit safer (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission). The companies producing the waste would also be fully aware of the management of the waste, because they would have to deal with it directly. In fact, U.S. senator Richard Bryan introduced a bill, offering economic incentives for utilities to develop on-site cask storage facilities. Personal Insight REFERENCES I think that Yucca Mountain should never be opened and contain high-level nuclear waste. Obviously it s not safe to hold the waste for a long period of time. There are still other solutions out there, but only technology will get us these. Scientist should have the last say, not the politician. We should mandate laws making the companies producing the waste, responsible for their own waste and letting them figure out better ways to deal with it themselves. Make them pay the price for their production, not the taxpayers. Maybe they will realize that their waste is harmful and will reduce production of nuclear waste. I also think it was smart of the EPA to think about the future generations and to come up with ways to communicate and warn them. I do think that the waste could and should someway be used to make electricity, but just like waste to energy plants, there is always a by-product and we will still have to do something will that. This huge problem is just like any other environmental problem; it can never be avoided completely, just reduced. Honor The Earth (April 2004) Green Action (April 2004) Department of Energy (April 2004), Environmental Protection Agency, (April 2004) Nuclear Information and Resource Service (April 2004) Spotts, Peter (2002) How Safe Is Safe? The Christian Science Monitor Vol. 94, No. 101 Ritter, Ken DRI Staff say climate might not be stable at Yucca, Reno Gazette Journal(March10,2004) Ritter, Ken DOE drilled about plans for shipping nuke waste to Nevada, Reno Gazette Journal (March 6, 2004) Ritter, Ken Reid Calls For Yucca Closure, Reno Gazette Journal Death Valley US Energy and the Environment by John Ma y 5

6 Information *For more Information about Yucca Mountain visit the following sites: Yucca Mountain Project: Nuclear Regulatory Commission: Nevada s Agency for Nuclear Waste: 6

Yucca Mountain Update and Transportation Impacts Robert J. Halstead Office of the Governor Nevada Agency for Nuclear U.S. Conference of Mayors Winter

Yucca Mountain Update and Transportation Impacts Robert J. Halstead Office of the Governor Nevada Agency for Nuclear U.S. Conference of Mayors Winter Meeting Washington, DC January 24, 2018 Visit our website: