All About the Pacific Salmon Mini Books. Sample file

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1 All About the Pacific Salmon Mini Books

2 Created and designed by Debbie Martin All About the Pacific Salmon Mini Books The Whole Word Publishing The Word, the whole Word and nothing but the Word." Copyright July 2010 by Debbie Martin 3627 D St. Bremerton, Wa All rights reserved. Permission is hereby granted to the individual purchaser to reproduce his book in whole or in part for non commercial individual or classroom use only. Permission is not granted for school wide system wide reproduction of materials. Clip art : public domain

3 The Pacific Salmon What is a salmon? Salmon are fish that live part of their lives in fresh water, and part in the ocean. They hatch in a stream, live there for several months, and then swim to the sea, where they grow up. Then they migrate back to the streams where they were born, to lay their eggs. What is a salmon? Directions: Cut out booklet, fold in half. Write answer inside. Glue into lapbook.

4 Where does the Pacific salmon live? There are two groups of salmon. One is the Atlantic salmon. It lives in the North Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe. It travels up rivers that meet the sea on these two continents. Five species of Pacific salmon live in the North Pacific Ocean. Like the Atlantic salmon, they live in the ocean and also in the rivers of western North America and eastern Asia. (For this study we will just talk about the Pacific salmon.) Just so you know what it looks like, here is a picture of an Atlantic salmon. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Where does the Pacific salmon live? Directions: Cut out booklet, fold in half. Write answer inside. Glue into lapbook.

5 Below is a map of the North Pacific Ocean. Cut out the map and fold it in half. Put it in the pocket on following page. The North Pacific Ocean

6 Directions: Cut out pocket, fold in half. Lightly glue sides but not the top. Write on the front of the pocket Where Pacific Salmon Live. Fold map on previous page in half put into pocket. Glue into lapbook.

7 Five kinds of salmon live in rivers along the Pacific Coast of the United States: The Chinook Salmon The Chinook salmon is also known as the king salmon, tyee salmon, Columbia River salmon, black salmon, chub salmon, hook bill salmon, winter salmon, spring salmon, Quinnat salmon and blackmouth. Chinook are the biggest. Some can weigh over 100 pounds! Chinook salmon are highly valued, due in part to their relative scarcity compared to other salmon along most of the Pacific coast. Chinook salmon range from San Francisco Bay in California to the Bering strait in Alaska and the arctic waters of Canada and Russia (the Chukchi Sea). Cut out below Chinook salmon booklet. Fold in half. Describe the Chinook salmon inside. Glue into lapbook.

8 The Coho Salmon Coho salmon are also known as silver salmon or "silvers". It is the state animal of Chiba, Japan. During their ocean phase, Coho have silver sides and dark blue backs. During their spawning phase, the jaws and teeth of the coho become hooked. They develop bright red sides, bluish green heads and backs, dark bellies and dark spots on their backs.the traditional range of the coho salmon runs from both sides of the North Pacific ocean, from Hokkaido, Japan and eastern Russian, around the Bering Sea to mainland Alaska, and south all the way to Monterey Bay, California. Coho salmon have also been introduced in all the Great Lakes, as well as many other landlocked reservoirs throughout the United States. Cut out below Coho salmon booklet. Fold in half. Describe the Coho salmon inside. Glue into lapbook.

9 The Sockeye Salmon Sockeye salmon, also called red salmon or blueback salmon, are found in the Northern Pacific Ocean and rivers discharging into it. There are also completely landlocked populations of the same species, which are known as the kokanee. They are much smaller than the ones that go to the ocean. Sockeye salmon is the third most common Pacific salmon species, after pink and chum salmon.the name "sockeye" is believed to be a folk adaptation of its name in Halkomelem the language of the indigenous people that live along the lower reaches of the Fraser River in Canada. During their spawning phase, the jaws and teeth of the coho become hooked. They develop bright red sides, bluish green heads and backs, dark bellies and dark spots on their backs. Sockeye salmon, unlike other species of Pacific Salmon feed extensively on zooplankton. (Zooplankton are tiny invertebrates that float freely throughout the seas and other bodies of water.) Sockeye salmon feed on zooplankton during both freshwater and saltwater life stages.their many gill rakers strain the plankton from the water. This diet may be the reason for the striking hue of their flesh. They also tend to feed on small aquatic organisms such as shrimp. They also eat insects. Cut out above Sockeye salmon booklet. Fold in half. Describe the Sockeye salmon inside. Glue into lapbook.

10 The Pink Salmon The Pink (or humpback) Salmon is the smallest and most abundant of the Pacific Salmon, at 3 to 5 pounds. In the ocean, pink salmon are bright silver fish. After returning to their spawning stream, their coloring changes to pale grey with a yellowish white belly (although some turn an overall dull green color). The Pink salmon has a white mouth with black gums, large oval-shaped black spots on the back and v-shaped tail, and an anal fin with soft rays. During their spawning migration (when they lay their eggs), males develop a pronounced humped back, and are sometimes called "humpies". The Pink salmon is native to Pacific and Arctic coastal waters from the Sacramento River in northern California to the Mackenzie River in Canada; and in the west from the Lena River in Siberia to Korea. Populations in Asia occur as far south as Hondo Island in Japan. Pink salmon were introduced into the Great Lakes; this is the only location where they have been successfully introduced into an entirely fresh water environment. In the Great Lakes, they are most common in Lake Superior but are rare in Lake Michigan. Cut out above Pink salmon booklet. Fold in half. Describe the Pink salmon inside. Glue into lapbook.

11 The Chum Salmon The chum salmon, is also known as dog salmon or Keta salmon, and is often marketed under the name Silverbrite salmon. They have an ocean coloration of silvery blue green. When adults are near spawning, they have purple blotchy streaks near the caudal fin. Spawning males typically grow an elongated snout or kype and have enlarged teeth. Some researchers speculate these characteristics are used to compete for mates. Most Chum salmon spawn (lay eggs) in small streams. Some Chum travel more than 3,200 km (2,000 miles) up the Yukon River. The female can lay up to 4000 eggs. Chum can live from 6 to 7 years, and chum in Alaska mature at the age of 5 years.the chum salmon is found in the north Pacific, in the waters of Korea, Japan and the Okhotsk and Bering seas. British Columbia in Canada, and from Alaska to Oregon in the United States. Young chum eat zooplankton and insects. Recent studies show that they also eat comb jellies. (Comb jellies are beautiful, oval-shaped animals with eight rows of tiny comblike plates that they beat to move themselves through the water.) Cut out above Chum salmon booklet. Fold in half. Describe the Chum salmon inside. Glue into lapbook.

12 Steelhead while not a salmon are easily confused with salmon but they are actually are a kind of rainbow trout that migrate to the sea, like salmon. They are slimmer than salmon, and their tail fins have a more square shape. Cut out above Steelhead Trout booklet. Fold in half. Describe what a Steelhead Trout is inside. Glue into lapbook.

13 Migration Have you ever visited another city, and noticed that the water there tastes different from the water at home? Salmon can tell the difference between water from different places too. Young salmon memorize the smell of their home stream before they migrate to the sea. When they are ready to return to fresh water, they follow the smell home. How does a salmon tell the difference between different streams or water? Directions: Cut out booklet, fold in half. Write answer to question inside. Glue into lapbook. As the salmon migrate from the ocean to their home streams, their color and shape changes. Males get hooked jaws with sharp teeth. In some species,their backs get humps. Both males and females change color. Salmon change color to attract a spawning mate. (Below (next page) you can see what the same fish looks like while in the ocean and when it comes back to spawn in it's freshwater phase.)

14 Directions: Cut out cards and store them in pocket on following page. If desired print out two of these pages and make a matching game. Ocean Phase Freshwater Phase Chinook Chinook Coho Coho Sockeye Sockeye Pink Pink Chum Chum

15 Directions: Cut out pocket below. Fold in half. Lightly glue the sides but not the top. Write Salmon Phases on front of pocket. Cut out cards from previous page. Store in pocket. Glue into lapbook.

16 When they re living in the ocean, salmon eat a lot to store up plenty of fat. This fat is the fuel they need to get to their spawning grounds. Once salmon enter freshwater, they stop eating. So a salmon is a lot like a car that must make a long trip on one tank of gas. If anything delays the salmon, they may use up their fuel too soon and not have enough fuel to make it home and will die before they make it back to their stream to spawn. Why is it important for the salmon to eat enough when it is on the ocean? Directions: Cut out above booklet write inside and glue in lapbook. Color the below picture. Glue into lapbook.

17 Salmon Anatomy Directions: Cut out fish diagram, glue into lapbook. Next write words and definitions on cards on next page. Anal fin - Used for balance. Caudal fin - Used to propel fish through the water with powerful sweeping movements. Dorsal fins - Used for balance. Gill Cover - Protects gills. Gills - Aquatic respiration organs used to obtain oxygen from the water. Lateral line - A line of sensory pores along the side of salmon by which currents, vibrations, pressure changes, and the movement of other bodies in the water are detected. Pectoral fins - Used for steering. Pelvic fins - Used for balance.

18 Directions: Write words and definitions from previous page on cards below. Staple together, glue into lapbook. Salmon Anatomy

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20 Salmon Inter nal Anatom y Directions: Cut out diagram below of internal fish anatomy. Fold in thirds. Next cut out pocket fold in half, glue the bottom and side but not the top to make a pocket. Store diagram in pocket. Write Salmon Internal Anatomy on the outside of the pocket. Glue into lapbook.

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22 Bu ilding a Nest Did you know that salmon build nests? But instead of sticks, their nests are made of gravel and are called redds.the female digs her nest or redd by swishing her tail up and down to loosen gravel from the streambed. After she lays her eggs, she covers the nest with more gravel. The gravel protects the eggs from hungry trout and birds, but also has plenty of spaces for water to run through. A big female chinook can lay over 7000 bright red, pea-sized eggs! Describe how a salmon builds a nest. How many eggs can a large female chinook salmon lay?

23 Diagram of a Salmon Egg Micropyle Vitelline Membrane Yolk Germinal Disc Shell Perivitelline Space Oil Droplet Directions: Using the labeled diagram as a guide, label the unlabeled diagram of the salmon egg. Next cut out booklet and fold in half. On the outside of the booklet, write Diagram of a Salmon Egg or cut out label above the egg diagram and glue to the front of the booklet. Glue into lapbook.

24 Diagram of a Salmon Redd Directions: Using the labeled diagram as a guide, label the unlabeled diagram of the salmon redd. Next cut out booklet and fold in half. On the outside of the booklet, glue above Diagram of a Salmon Redd label to the front of the booklet or you can write Diagram of a Salmon Redd on the cover. Glue into lapbook.

25 Spawning While the female salmon is building her nest or redd, the male is busy chasing off all other males. He also does a courtship dance: he quivers and swims back and forth over the female s back. When the female is ready to lay her eggs, he moves alongside her and fertilizes them by spraying them with milt (sperm). This is called spawning. All salmon, and most steelhead, die after they spawn. What is spawning? What happens to the salmon after they spawn? Directions: Cut out booklets, fold in half, write inside. Glue into lapbook.

26 Alevins Late in the winter, the baby salmon hatch from the eggs their mother laid in the redd or nest now they are called Alevin. Alevins eat the contents of their yolk sac while their digestive systems are developing. At this stage, the fish are not prepared to hunt live prey, and are completely dependent on the yolk sacs. For a few weeks they stay hidden in the gravel, living off their egg yolk. As the yolk gets used up, the pouch shrinks and then disappears. Scientists call this buttoning up. What is an alevin? Alevin require cold, clear, oxygen-rich water. Excessive sediment in the water is one of the greatest dangers to salmon at this stage. It can reduce oxygen levels and cover the top of the redd, trapping the tiny fish inside. Aquatic insects and other fish are an alevin's primary predators. What are some dangers for the alevin?

27 Once the yolk is gone, the baby salmon are called fry. They get hungry, and leave their gravel nests. They will eat anything that floats by, but insects are their favorite! Chum, pink, and sockeye fry migrate to the sea soon after leaving the nest, but young chinook salmon, coho salmon, and steelhead spend 4 to 18 months living in streams. What is a fry? In spring, the salmon fry become restless. They turn silvery in color and lose their spots. As snow melts in the mountains and the streams run faster, they begin swimming to the sea. Now they are called smolts. The journey is a dangerous one. Some smolts are killed going through dams. Many more become dizzy and confused easy prey for predators such as gulls, striped bass, and pike minnows waiting on the other side of the dams. Other smolts get sucked out of the river and into canals that carry water to our crops.

28 What are some dangers for smolt? Finally the smolts arrive in an estuary, where a river meets the sea and salt water mixes with fresh. Here, the young salmon adapt to salt water before they enter the ocean this process is called smoltification. Estuaries are rich in food, and the young salmon eat as much as they can. The bigger they can get before they enter the ocean, the better their chances of survival. What is an estuary? When a smolt adapts to saltwater, what is it called?

29 Once they enter the sea, some salmon, like coho, stay close to shore, while others, like spring chinook, may swim 2,000 miles out to sea. While they are living in the sea, salmon are close to the top of the food chain. They eat squid, shrimp, and small fish, like herring. Their main predators are sea lions and killer whales. When they are ready to spawn, they return to the freshwater stream of their birth. Directions: Cut out booklets, Fold in half and write inside. Glue into lapbook. What are two main predators of salmon? How long do salmon live in streams? What do they eat? Who eats them? Where do they go in the ocean and how long do they stay there? How many survive to adulthood? These are some of the questions that scientists try to answer. One way we learn about salmon is by tagging them. Some hatchery fish are given coded wire tags. A special machine is used to put a tag in the fish s snout. When the fish is caught as an adult, the tag is removed and read under a microscope. The pattern of lines on the tag tells when and where the fish was released. Describe how a salmon is tagged and why it is tagged.

30 Screw trap Salmon also get check-ups by scientists using special live traps called screw traps. These traps are placed in rivers to catch passing salmon. Scientists study the salmon, and then return them to the water. Ocean and estuary check-ups are done using nets which trail behind boats. What is a screw trap? Directions: Cut out booklet, Fold in half and write inside. Glue into lapbook. Glue the Did you know? card into your lapbook if desired. Did you know? Chum salmon are also named Dog salmon because the Inuit and Eskimo people would catch them, let them freeze and then feed them to their dogs during the winter months when it is tough to find other sources of food. Male chum also develop large dog-like teeth which is another reason they are called dog salmon.

31 Fish Ladders Directions: Cut out booklet, Fold in half, write inside. Glue into lapbook. Dams have helped people by providing us with electricity and a way to store water. But dams have been hard on salmon. Some dams block salmon from getting to rivers where they used to spawn. Gravel that salmon need to build nests gets stuck behind these dams. Other dams have turned rivers into huge lakes perfect habitat for predatory fish. Without strong currents, young salmon have to work harder to swim to the sea. Salmon also use up a lot of energy as they try to find their way past the dams. To get past dams and other obstacles fish ladders are used. How are dams hard on salmon? Hoover Dam, Arizona

32 What is a fish ladder? A fish ladder, also known as a fishway, fish pass or fish steps, is a structure on or around artificial barriers such as dams or locks that enable fish to pass around the barriers by swimming and leaping up a series of relatively low steps into the waters on the other side. The speed of water falling over the steps has to be great enough to attract the fish to the ladder, but it cannot be so great that it washes fish back downstream or exhausts them to the point of inability to continue their journey up river. What is a fish ladder? What speed should the water be on a fish ladder? Directions: Cut out booklets, fold in half, write inside. Glue into lapbook.

33 Written reports of rough fishways dated back from 1601 to 1700 in France, where bundles of branches were used to create steps in steep channels to bypass obstructions. A version was patented in 1837 by Richard McFarlan of Bathurst, New Brunswick, Canada, who designed a fishway to bypass a dam at his water-powered lumber mill. In , the Ballisodare Fish Pass was built in County Silgo, Ireland, to draw salmon into a river that had not supported a fishery. In 1880, the first fish ladder was built in Rhode Island on the Pawtuxet Falls Dam. The ladder was removed in 1924, when the City of Providence replaced the wood dam with a concrete one. As the Industrial Age advanced, dams and other river obstructions became larger and more common, leading to the need for more-efficient fishways. My Fish Ladder Mini Timeline

34 Directions for above time line. In each square write the event that happened on that date in each square. Cut out and fold on dotted lines (into thirds). Store in pocket below. For pocket. Cut out, fold in half. Lightly glue the sides but not the top to make a pocket for your timeline. On the front of the pocket write Fish Ladder Timeline.

35 There are many types of fishways or fish ladders. Vertical Slot Fishway Fish weave through the slots on the sides of the chute and rest in the pools. Used by all types of migrating fish. This allows fish to swim upstream without leaping over an obstacle. Vertical-slot fish passages also tend to handle reasonably well the seasonal fluctuation in water levels on each side of the barrier. Directions: Cut out booklet. Fold in half so picture it is on the inside. Write about the particular fishway or fish ladder mentioned inside the booklet. On the outside of the booklet write: Vertical Slot Fishway. Glue into lapbook.

36 Denil Fishway Fish burst up the middle of the chute in between V-shaped baffles and rest in the pools if the fishway is very long. Used by all types of migrating fish Directions: Cut out booklet. Fold in half so picture it is on the inside. Write about the particular fishway or fish ladder mentioned inside the booklet. On the outside of the booklet write: Denil Fishway. Glue into lapbook.

37 Pool and Weir Fishway Fish leap, plop!, over each weir and rest from pool to pool. Used by Atlantic Salmon and Trout, but not by River Herring, Shad, and Eels because they are not strong enough to jump over the weirs. A pool and weir is one of the oldest styles of fish ladders. It uses a series of small dams and pools of regular length to create a long, sloping channel for fish to travel around the obstruction. The channel acts as a fixed lock to gradually step down the water level; to head upstream, fish must jump over from box to box in the ladder. Directions: Cut out booklet. Fold in half so picture it is on the inside. Write about the particular fishway or fish ladder mentioned inside the booklet. On the outside of the booklet write: Pool and Weir Fishway. Glue into lapbook.

38 Alaska Steeppass Fishway Fish zoom up the middle of the chute through vanes along the sides and bottom, and rest in the pools if the fishway is very long. Used by all types of migrating fish except Atlantic Salmon, because they re too big for the fishway. Directions: Cut out booklet. Fold in half so picture it is on the inside. Write about the particular fishway or fish ladder mentioned inside the booklet. On the outside of the booklet write: Alaska Steeppass Fishway. Glue into lapbook.

39 Eel Pass Fishway Eels slither up the wet incline using the bumps and bristles on the chute for leverage. Used only by eels. Directions: Cut out booklet. Fold in half so picture it is on the inside. Write about the particular fishway or fish ladder mentioned inside the booklet. On the outside of the booklet write: Eel Pass Fishway. Glue into lapbook.

40 Culvert A Culvert is a large tube that looks like a drinking straw and goes under a road. Fish swim inside the culvert through baffles to get to the other side of the road. Used by all types of migrating fish. Directions for Culvert, Fish Lift and Bypass booklets: Cut out booklets. Fold in half so picture it is on the inside. Write about the particular fishway or fish ladder mentioned inside the booklet. On the outside of the Culvert booklet write: Culvert. On the outside of the Fish Lift booklet write: Fish Lift. On the outside of the Bypass booklet write Bypass. Glue into lapbook.

41 Fish Lift A fish lift is an elevator just for fish.the elevator only lets fish out at the top of the dam and not at the bottom. It is well suited to tall barriers. With a fish elevator, fish swim into a collection area at the base of the obstruction. When enough fish accumulate in the collection area, they are nudged into a hopper that carries them into a flume that empties into the river above the barrier. First, fish swim into a hopper below the dam. Then the elevator raises them to the top of the dam, and finally opens its doors to release the fish.

42 Downstream Passageway A fish has four choices when it approaches a dam as it migrates downstream. 1. Swim over the dam. 2. Stop migrating and get eaten by predators. 3. Swim through the deadly turbines of a dam. 4. Swim safely around the dam in a bypass. Imagine yourself riding down a waterslide. As fish migrate back to the ocean sometimes they swim through a bypass built alongside a dam to get to the other side. Bypass Fish swim safely around a dam through a man-made canal called a bypass. Used by all types of migrating fish.

43 Salmon Dip 1 (8 ounce) package cream cheese, softened 1/2 cup sour cream 1/4 cup butter, softened 2 tablespoons chopped pimento peppers 1 tablespoon chopped fresh parsley 1 teaspoon grated onion 1 (7 ounce) can salmon, drained, bones and skin removed 1/4 teaspoon dried dill weed Directions: In a medium bowl, combine the cream cheese, sour cream, butter, pimentos, parsley and onion; beat with an electric mixer until smooth. Stir in the salmon and dill. Cover and refrigerate 24 hours before serving to let flavors blend. Serve on crackers or a good crusty bread Smoked Salmon Dip 1/2 lb. smoked salmon 1/2 lb. cream cheese 2 tbsp. sour cream 1 tbsp. mayonnaise juice of 1 lemon 1 tsp. tabasco 1/2 tsp. pepper 1/4 tsp. dill pinch of paprika Directions: Flake salmon set aside. Combine remaining ingredients, add the flaked smoked salmon, blend. Cover and refigerate 24 before serving to let flavors blend. Serve on crackers or a good crusty bread.

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