SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE OF POST LARVAL CAPTURE AND CULTURE (PCC) IN THE INDO-PACIFIC : TECHNICAL, ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS INDEX

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1 SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE OF POST LARVAL CAPTURE AND CULTURE (PCC) IN THE INDO-PACIFIC : TECHNICAL, ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 1/43 INDEX 1- Post-larval Captures and cultures (PCC concepts) 2- Technical and ecological PCC results in 3 countries 3- Socio-economical PCC results in 3 countries 4- Pacific islands macroeconomy GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 3/43 1

2 Late 1980 Recruitment limitation Competition models Lotery for space Recruitment limitation then Competition models GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 4/43 Coral reef fish life cycle colonization settlement recruitment reproduction dispersion colonization Active Passive GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 5/43 2

3 The concept : Ornamental trade Grow-out Re-stocking Food GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 6/43 INDEX 1- Post-larval Captures and cultures (PCC concepts) 2-2-Technical and and ecological PCC PCC results in in 3 countries 3- Socio-economical PCC results in 3 countries 4- Pacific islands macroeconomy Philippines QuickTime et un décompresseur TIFF (non compressé) sont requis pour visionner cette image. Fiji French Polynesia GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 7/43 3

4 Our Know-how: Fish production, French Polynesia Weaning and Larval collection grow-out GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 1/43 (120 species) Larval fish identification (160 species) International live fish transfers (120 species) GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 8/43 Passive filter Crest or channel nets Lagoon species Quantitative data Positive phototropism Care &Light traps Active behavior Outer-reef and lagoon species No quantitative data GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 9/43 4

5 Several millions of fish larvae captured GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 10/43 More than 400 taxa identified GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 11/43 5

6 GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 12/43 GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 13/43 6

7 GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 14/43 cluster analysis, tool for aquarium feeding Sophie Vermond Sophie Agro Rennes Vernmond Juin 2007 MULTISPECIES REARING KEY FOR PCC II- Compatibility paths among groups Arrival < PL < 1 st month Scorpaenopsis Pterois Chaetodon type I SCARIDAE Corythoichthys Centropyge LABRIDAE Chromis Ostracion Dascyllus Scolopsis Upeneus Naso Parupeneus Siganus CIRRHITIDAE Chaetodon type II Pomacanthus Chaetodon type III BOTHIDAE Zanclus Acanthurus & Paracanthurus Heniochus / Chelmon Mulloidichthys MONACANTHIDAE Elagatis Caranx & Carangoides Lethrinus CAESIONIDAE Sargocentron Neoniphon Myriprisis Chrysiptera Neoglyphidodon Pomacentrus GOBIDAE Arothron BLENNIDAE Zebrasoma Plectroglyphidodon Canthigaster Stegastes Abudefduf Cephalopholis Epinephelus Lutjanus Rhinecanthus Balistoides & Pseudobalistes Plectropomus Copyright 2007 by Ecocean NB:The families Fistularidae/Aulostomidae, Synodontidae and Apogonidae, and the genus Sphyraena do not appear on this figure. Even if collected, we do not keep and rear them. Different Chaetodon s types depend on their PL size: type I <1cm, 1cm< type II <3cm, 3cm< type III <5cm GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 15/43 These compatibility groups were obtained with a cluster analysis (Ward s method, squared Euclidean distance). 7

8 GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 16/43 Moorea Rangiroa Bora Bora Famille% des captures Famille% des captures Famille% des ca Serranidae Pomacentridae 49.1 Holocentridae Acanthuridae Pleuronectiformes 11.5 Acanthuridae Holocentridae Acanthuridae 8.1 Apogonidae Pomacentridae 8.63 Scorpaenidae 6.7 Mullidae12.95 Synodontidae 6.36 Syngnathidae 4.9 Pomacentridae 9.87 Bothidae5.28 Synodontidae 4.4 Chaetodontidae 6.94 Balistidae4.33 Holocentridae 4.3 Microdesmidae 3.62 Apogonidae Apogonidae Serranidae Mullidae3.27 Fistularidae 2 Chaetodontidae 2.17 Mullidae 1.4 Tetraodontidae 1.15 Chaetodontidae 1.3 Fistulariidae 1.01 GALZIN, Antennaridae Tahiti Aquaculture, 1 Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 17/43 8

9 Light-traps : POMACENTRIDAE 79% 72% 24% Océan Passe Lagon POMACENTRIDAE APOGONIDAE TETRAODONTIDAE Autres BLENNIDAE GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 18/43 Captures by the nets Hoa Crête 17% 78% 32% 42% Serranidae Pomacentridae Gobidae Microdesmidae Apogonidae Autres GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 19/43 9

10 Larval time life 100 Durée de vie larvaire (j) 82 species p. ae ma llus pas ndus urus noire anpygus a cornuta olivaceus s cornatus so annulatus ornatissinus s pantherinus ripristis pralinia Naso breviostris Bothus mancus thys flavolineatus A. nigrofasciatus A. coccineus Chromis viridis Chrysiptera glauca Dascyllus aruanus Apogon fraenatus C. leucopoma Cephalopholis argus Pomacentrus pavo Scorpaenopsis diabolus Centropyge flavissimus Corythoichthys sp. Apogon petiti rouge Heniochus chrysostomus H. cruentatus Monotaxis grandoculis Apogon exostigma Dascyllus trimaculatus Mugilidae sp. Petroscirtes sp. Gymnapogon urospilotus Gunnelichthys petit Zebrasoma veliferum Parupeneus barberinus Ctenochaetus striatus Gunnelichthys gd Chaetodon ephippium Chaetodon trifasciatus Chaetodon trifascialis Myripristis 2 Stegastes fasciolatus Sargoncentron spiniferum Sargocentron microstoma Myripristis 3 Arothron hispidus Chaetodon auriga Chaetodon ulietensis Neoniphon argenteus Acanthurus lineatus Grammistes sexlineatus Ptereleotris sp. Hemiramphidae Chaetodon lunula Rhineacanthus aculeatus Dactyloptera orientalis Acanthurus triostegus Ostracion cubicus Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus Carangidae spp. Stegastes nigricans sargocentron punctassimus Neoniphon sammara Scorpaenidae sp. Fistularia commersonii Parupeneus multifasciatus Canthigaster sp Cynoglossida Parupeneus pleurostigm Chaetodon citrinel Zebrasoma scop Chaetodon vagabun Novaculichthys taeniou Antennaridae tête Caranx mela Lactoria Acanthurus o Zanclus Nas Chaetodon o Bothus Myr Mulloidicht Naso lituratus assoma hardwicke Naso unicornis Thala Encheliophis gracilis Carapus homei Naso vlamingii Chaetodon unimaculatus Aulostomus chinensis GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 20/43 Larval flux monitoring Nb. Larvae m -1. d Nb. Larvae m -1. d larvae > 5mm larvae < 5mm J+F 96 (18 days) M (10) A (10) M (28) J (24) J (9) A (10) S (12) O (12) N (13) D (15) J 97 (28) F (27) M (30) A (25) M (10) J (10) J (6) A (10) S (4) O (6) N (6) D 97 (8) J A S O N D J F M A M J MONTH (Nb of catches) 0 GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 21/43 10

11 Results 2,0 OSTRACIIDAE 1,0 0,0 Annual cycle (1) no. larvae / night 32,0 TETRAODONTIDAE 16,0 0,0 100,0 HOLOCENTRIDAE no. larvae / night 700,0 350,0 TOTAL 50,0 0,0 8,0 BALISTIDAE 4,0 0,0 0,0 J M M J S N J Dates 4,0 SERRANIDAE 2,0 0,0 J M M J S N J 160 ACANTURIDAE 80 0 J M M J S N J GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 22/43 Lunar Cycle warm season (jan-feb ) Nb. larvae Nb. larvae Cool season (may-june ) GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 23/43 11

12 0 25 0,05 upply (n.larvae/m/d) Cumulative sum of larval su ndex ( c celsuis) Cumulative sum of SST in 0-0,05-0,1-0,15-0,2-0,25 orophyll a (???) Cumulative sum of chlo ,3 January 1996 march may july september november January 1997 march may july september november January 1998 march may july september november January 1999 march may july september november January 2000 march Trend of larval supply Trend of SST index Trend of chlorophyll a GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 24/43 The capture and culture of postlarval fish and invertebrates for the marine ornemental trade. Fisheries Sciences BELL. J.D., CLUA E., HAIR C., GALZIN R. & DOHERTY P. GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 25/43 12

13 UMR 8046 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD Equipe Récifs Bilan GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 26/43 Coral reef fish life cycle colonization settlement recruitment reproduction dispersion to 30 colonization Active Passive GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 27/43 13

14 Composante 2A Project 2A1, 2A2 C on na iss ance et g es tio n d u réc if co ra lli en Know ledge and manageme nt of coral ree f ecosyst em 2 mm Cr us tac é s d e s î les Wa llis & Fu tun a : in ve nt aire i llus tr é d es e sp èce s esp è ces co m m e rc ia li sa bl e s e t c ap tu re d es fo r me s larva ir es Cr us tac e a of Wa lli s & F utun a Island s: illu stra ted c h ec klis t sp ec ie s o f int ere st to fi sh er ie s a nd c ap tu re of p os t-la r vae 20 cm 2 cm GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 28/43 PCC experiences in French Polynesia Capture -First results in 1989 by Criobe and Fishery Services - 49 Scientific publications - 29 Academic papers Rearing - 24 Applied reports - Fish identified book published in 2007 Growing post-larvae captured yearly fish exported (57% USA, 29% EU, 14% Localy) - Three private compagnies in activity Restocking - PCC in relation with AMP for restocking - Aquaculture results in pathology of fishes GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 29/43 14

15 PCC experiences in Phillippines 1- One component of the MAMTI* Project ( ) : - Marine Aquarium Transformation Initiative; partners : MAC/CCIF/RF/ECOCEAN) Capture Objectives : Testing PCC and capacity building to boost MPA - 12 months of collection in Bohol island (Visayas) PL collected by CARE by two fishermen -Rehabilitation of a fish farm owned by local NGO, run with local technician - All growing fish were restocked into MPA and monitored by ReefCheck Rearing 2- NFWF* project (2007) : - National Fish & Wildlife Fund partners : RC/ECOCEAN Objectives : profitability study of the PCC - 6 months of collection in Bohol island (Visayas) PL collected by CARE with two fishermen Growing - Fish grown in inland farm and seacage -Aquarium fish shipment test and restocking as mitigation of aquaculture activities Restocking => Business GALZIN, Plan Tahiti (BP) Aquaculture, done Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 30/4 PCC experiences in Fiji Within the CRISP program, component 2A dedicated to status of coral reefs and use of their ressources. Action A1, Harvesting post-larvae and developing their economic potential. Objective : feasability, capacity building & profitability of PCC? - A 2 years field project with 14 months of collection in Suva area - Up to PL collected by CARE and cresnet by two fishermen - one facility (open circulation) inside USP building - 1 fijian techician, 2 french engineer student, 1 phd student and 2 fijians master - All growing fish will be restocked by phd student - Cost analysis is on process GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 31/43 15

16 INDEX 1- Post-larval Captures and cultures (PCC concepts) 2- Technical and ecological PCC results in 3 countries 3-3-Socio-economical PCC PCC results results in in 3 countries 4- Pacific islands macroeconomy Philippines QuickTime et un décompresseur TIFF (non compressé) sont requis pour visionner cette image. Fiji French Polynesia GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 32/43 PCC socio-eco results ( French Polynesia) 1- If the search for economic profitability proves to be problematic, French Polynesia has indiscutable comparative advantages French Polynesia benefits from qualified workers, from 2- strong institutions tions of research and above all from an economc and policy context that is more stable than in other countries of the basin. 3- In spite of margins of productivity, to direct the Polynesian towards activities of transfert of knowledge within the Indo-Pacific region would be more rational. This transfer requires the maintenance of production 4- activities and research and could be accompanied by activities of sensibilisation towards local populations and tourists. 5-5 Thanks to a continuous support from the government of French polynesia, two companies have been running PCC activities in the past few years.. GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 33/43 16

17 PCC socio-eco results ( Philippines) 1- Harvesting method (CARE) and rearing capacity building was a success 2- In Bohol area, low value species for aquarium because of overfishing and surrounding dectructive harvesting methods 3- Local Gouvernement Unit has included PCC regulations in their Coastal Ressource Management Plan) 4- Business Plan for Bohol little income with both targeted market, food fish plus aquarium ari fish. 5- PCC is a real alternative in the most intensive cyanide and blast fishing area in the world GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 34/43 PCC socio-eco results in Fiji 1- Harvesting method (CARE & crestnet) and rearing capacity building was a relative success. Village community have accepted the technology. 2- Depending on site collection, PCC could be an alternative for aquarium fish market more than food fish. 3- BP is on process but show non profitability for food fish species. USP is interested to follow up the process. 4- Fiji seems to be a good place but not around Suva urban area: - Suva bay has poor water quality - low species value because of overfishing - few fishermen are available with boat. GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 35/43 17

18 INDEX 1- Post-larval Captures and cultures (PCC concepts) 2- Technical and ecological PCC results in 3 countries 3- Socio-economical PCC results in 3 countries 4-4-Pacific islands macroeconomy Philippines QuickTime et un décompresseur TIFF (non compressé) sont requis pour visionner cette image. Fiji French Polynesia GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 36/43 Comparative table between each of the three sites Major general information about targeted country French Polynesia Fiji Island Philippines Main Fishing device used within the three projects Hoa net CARE CARE Demersal fish species richness Level of overexploitation Low medium hight Manpower Subcontracted fisherman cost per night :boat & salary > Monthly cost for a full time technician (charges included) ( % charge) Monthly cost for a full time manager (charges included) ( % charge) ( % charge) 1000 (charge included approx) ( % charge) ( % charge) Rang - PNBper inhabitant Energy cost Electricity (Kwatt/hour) 0,25 0,12 0,08 Gasoline 1,17 0,85 0,5 /liters Boat consumption per hour 20liters/hour 9 liters/hour 5 liters/hour Life cost information 5-6 Kwatt Generator (security) (approx) 100 liters locally made glass tank Artemia cans (500 grammes livrée) Freight (all taxs included as security, fuel etc) Landed in CDG from collection areas + domestic freight 4,5 (3,6 inter + 0,9 domestic) 3,5 / kg (3 air + 0,5 road) 4 / kg (less than 100 kg) 18

19 TO CONCLUDE GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 38/43 Researches for the private companies - Marketing Modeling to optimize commercial sizes $ Cost price (C) = production + freight Targeted size Market price (M) Fish sizes Profit margin (P=M-C) (cm) GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 39/43 19

20 What about the future for this technic? - Larval capture productivity gains Wild caught fish Post-larval collection 10 to 50 fish per day 0 to 1000 fish per day Increase catch per working unit to finance the grow-out process GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 40/43 TO BE SURE TO COLLECT LARVAE COLLECT LARVAE WITH HIGH INTEREST VALUES INCREASE THE LARVAL FISHES ATTRACTIVITY FOR THE AQUARIOLOGISTS 20

21 Lessons learned, recommendations and key messages: Diffusion of these innovative techniques requires the participation of scientists, the marine aquarium trade, fishers, Government agencies, local communities and consumers (tourists or aquarists). All should be made aware of the vulnerability of reef environments Encouraging sustainable PCC techniques will allow island populations to continue to live in their natural environments The non-profitable training and restocking aspects could be funded through public programs using available guide and identification books. This approach is supported by programmes, such as MAB/UNESCO, CRISP, ICRI, ACIAR, etc and can be applied in coastal and marine biosphere reserves around the tropics. The case of French Polynesia Economic profitability problematic Indisputable comparative advantages Qualified workers, stong institutions of research, economic and policy context Transfert of knowledge within the Indo Pacific region Maintenance of production and research activities GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 41/43/ Lessons learned, recommendations and key messages: Insular overcoast, geographical distances and rigidity of wages play on profitability Microeconomic analyses (natural contraints, freight costs) Structuring g a regional offer (Indo-Pacific zone) of post marine larvae => Significant and various offer Trigger cost share to pe paid by aquarists Encouragement to respectful techniques of environnement Restocking Coordination of all actors Ati Actions of communication Strong official gestures for the safeguarding of the world public goods The studies are there...wait and see? GALZIN, Tahiti Aquaculture, Tahiti 6-11 Dec. 2010, 42/43 21

22 Coral Reef Initiative for Pacific, Noumea, New Caledonia Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Perpignan, France QuickTime et un décompresseur Aucune sont requis pour visionner cette ima Aquanesia, Papeete, French Polynesia Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Perpignan, France Groupe Agence Française de Développement, Paris, France Ecocean, Saint Clement de Rivière, France Centre de Recherche Insulaire et Observatoire de l Environnement, Moorea, French Polynesia 22