1. PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT (PCR)

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1 1. PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT (PCR) Introduction Fish culture is an especially important economic activity in India. Fish provides a good source of high quality protein and contains many vitamins and minerals. Research over the past few decades has shown that the nutrients and minerals in fish, and particularly the omega 3 fatty acids found in pelagic fishes, are heart-friendly and can make improvements in brain development and reproduction. This has highlighted the role for fish in the functionality of the human body. Fish parasites often show up on fish when water quality drops. This does not mean that they are not present in the water when it is clear, as most tanks have some parasitic organisms in them. However, parasites tend to attack fish when they are weak, injured or stressed. Healthy fish in a low-stress environment can typically ward off any parasites they come in contact with. When water quality drops, however, fish are more susceptible to parasites due to stress, and this is when signs of a parasitic infection are noticed. External and internal parasites occur in all species of freshwater and saltwater fishes. In nature, a balance is usually established between parasites and their fish hosts. In intensive fish culture operations, however, parasites can cause significant mortalities. External single-celled protozoan parasites are among the most serious pathogens of cultured freshwater fish. Some parasites are transmitted directly from fish to fish, such as some ecto parasitic protozoa and skin/gill flukes, however, they often involve a free-living phase found in the water or tank substrate. This is called a direct life-cycle. Other larger parasites often have complex life-cycles involving two or more hosts, including a fish. This is called an indirect life-cycle. It is important to know this information, as it will have an effect on treatment methods and whether or not you will have success or failure when treating parasites. Many workers have studied the prevalence, taxonomy, morphology of flagellates, ciliates, myxosporidians and microsporidian spore. Fish ailments can be separated into 4 general types including bacterial infections, fungal infections, parasitic or protozoan infections, and physical ailments and wounds. Physical Ailments are often the result of the environment. Poor quality water conditions can lead to fish gasping, not eating, jumping out of the tank, and more. Tank mate problems can result in nipped fins and bite wounds. Most parasitic infections in farm raised fish are caused by protozoan parasites. Parasites cause significant economic losses in fish farming. The protozoa parasites causing the most significant problems in aquaculture are Ciliates (Ichthyophthirius

2 multifiliis, Chilodonella, Tetrahymena, Trichodina, Ambiphyra, Apiosoma, Epistylis, Capriniana, Flagellates (Trypanosome, Hexamita / Spironucleus, Ichthyobodo, Piscinoodinium, Cryptobia ), Coccidia Myxozoa, Microsporidia Protozoan diseases are among the most significant of all parasitic diseases in carps. Following are the most important parasitic protozoans parasitizing carp species. The species is widely cultured in the country. The production from culture system is hampered by the infestation of various fish parasites. The importance of fish parasite is related directly to the importance of fish health that they may affect (Hoffman, 1967). The fish parasites feed either on the digested contents of the host s intestine, or host tissues. The parasites multiply rapidly under favorable conditions (Dogiel, 1956), and cause economic loss by affecting the health of fishes, often cause high mortality (Tripathi, 1959). Parasites interfere with nutrition of hosts, disrupts metabolism and secretary functions of alimentary canal and damage nervous system (Markov, 1961). Studies on the taxonomy of fish parasites had been done by Bashirullah (1973), Hafizuddin (1997), Ahmed (1981), Ahmed & Saha (1983), Hossain, (1998), Chandra et al. (2002) and Chowdhury (1993,1998). R. K. Dey et al. (1986) worked on histopathology of Microsporidia Infection in Labeo rohita. Several species of Myxosporidia have been found to infect all the carp species and form cysts on the body surface, fins, gills and internal organs like kidney and spleen. However, the damage is more when large number of cysts are present on the gills and the breathing of the fish is adversely affected. Renal infections lead to the damage of most of the renal tubules in the form of vacuolar degeneration of the tubular epithelial cells. In most cases the nuclei of the infected epithelial cells become pycknetic (Mishra et al. 1982). Microsporidian infections are most common in catla among Indian major carps. The parasite harbours the intracellular spaces of the epthelial cells of the renal tubules. The most common symptoms of the disease are weakness, emaciation, scale protrusion, loss of scales, abnormal pigmentation etc. In some cases deposition of haemosiderin pigments has been detected with carps suffering from Aeromonas infection and Myxosporidia invasion (Dey et al. 1985). Significance of the study In India economic condition of poor people is not well therefore they cannot afford fruits, eggs, and milk, so fishes or aquatic community play a vital role in human welfare by providing reasonable source of protein. Cultivation of fishes and management of fish health is become very essential for farmers or cultivator. Therefore analysis of fish disease and their prevention or control became a necessity in the study of biological sciences. The importance of fish parasite is related directly to the importance of fish health that they may affect (Hoffman, 1967). However, fish mortality is not the

3 only criterion to evaluate the effect of fish disease. Even the morbidity which leads to weight losses and poor growth in surviving fish contributes substantial losses to the farmers. With increasing intensification of fish culture we are faced with an increasing number of recognized infectious diseases due to ever changing environment. Therefore, research on the pathogenesis and pathology of these diseases, their prevention and control has become essentially required. Its potential contribution to knowledge in the field of social relevance or national importance India and many other southeast Asian countries remained very much concerned with the development of methods for increasing aquaculture production levels. Intensification of carp culture has no doubt helped in achieving this goal to greater extent, however, it has also propagated artificial stress to overcrowding, nutrients and metabolites accumulation, dissolved oxygen and other water quality problems. All such potential stressors have magnified the risk of outbreak of diseases and thus an integrated health management approach is needed involving eradication of pathogenic organisms, decreasing host susceptibility and correction of impaired environmental conditions, etc. (Kumar 1984). Such a radical management system of fish health is now becoming a decisive factor for the success of composite fish culture. It is high time to get acquainted with the commonly occuring diseases and the health management measures. Objective of the project : Survey of Indian major carps from lentic and lotic habitat. To identify parasite and Classify To study of morphology and taxonomy To analyze intensity of infection Study of seasonal fluctuation and species composition of protozoa

4 Methodology 1) The plan of the work involves collection of fishes and water samples from different fresh water bodies or local market twice in a month. 2) Identification of fishes and detection of parasites will be done immediately after collecting the blood sample or from intestinal content of fish. 3) Taxonomic position and morphological details of parasites will be cited. 4) In case of abundant infection histopathological changes of various organs will be done with the help of standard literature. 5) Species composition of protozoa will be studies site wise and season wise. 6) The material used for investigation was obtained from the river, reservoir and fish market of Aurangabad. Result and Discussion :- During the present study of the host namely Catla catla, Labeo rohita Cirrninus mirgala and C.punctata has been examined seasonally from fresh water bodies of Aurangabad. The survey cover the relative prevalence of incidence of Trypanosoma sps. Chilodenella and Ichthyoptherius. During the period , 215 host were examined out of which 32 samples were positive. The percentage was %.This study shows that the season wise incidence of Trypanosoma, Chilodenella and Ichthyoptherus during winter season was 2.00 %. During the summer season the intensity of infection was % % of prevalence of infection during monsoon season. This study shows that the percentage of incidence was low during the winter season relatively higher in summer season and moderated in monsoon season. The blood of fishes were examined in the trypanosome infection fixed in Schaudinns fixative and Giemas stain. Several species of Trypanosoma occurs fishes and most of them cause severe damage to them in view of the epidemiological importance. The study of seasonal prevalence of incidence was undertaken. Several workers like Sypek et al (1983). Pulsfords et al.(1984), Joshi et al (1985), Mhaisen (1986), Obiekeie et al ( 1988), Wang & Belosevic(1994), Saha, et al (1997),and Ahmed & olevier (1998) contribute to this area of research.

Table No 1 Prevalence of seasonal incidence of Protozoan parasites in fishes during the year 2009-2011. Sr. no Month Host examined Positive Percentage ( %) 1 January 20 00 0.00 2 February 15 03 0.

5 Table No 1 Prevalence of seasonal incidence of Protozoan parasites in fishes during the year Sr. no Month Host examined Positive Percentage ( %) 1 January February March April May June July August September October November December Total Graph :- Percentage of seasonal incidence of Protozoan parasites from fresh water fishes Host examined Positive Percentage ( %) January February March April May June July August September October November December

6 Table No 2 Study of Protozoans parasites was observe in the fishes :- Sr.no Protozoa species Technique of investigation Symptoms 1 Trypanosoma Blood smear are made, fixed and stained by Giemsa solution. 2 Chilodenella Smears are made from the skin and gills by using ink. 3 Ichthyoptherus Wet smears of the skin and gills are examined. Pale gills indicating anemia and deeply sunken eyes. Infected fish shows bluish white color on body. Small white spots occurs on gills, skins of fishes. References 1. Ahmed.M.S. & ollevier.f Studies on Trypanosoma infection in some freshwater fishes of Arenbery pond Flemish Blegium.Pakistan.J.Zool. 30 ( 2) : Joshi.B.D On the occurrence of Trypanosome from certain hill stream fishes of Almora ( india) and related alterations in some blood values of a fish Nemacheilus rupicola.uttar Pardesh.J. Zool. 5 ( 2) Mhaisen.F.Nadar.t. Al. Salim.K.& Najim.R.Khamees The parasitic fauna of two cyprinid and a mugilid fish from Mehajeram Crrek,Basrah ( Iraq).J.Biol.Res.17 (3) : Obiekezie,Augustine.I.Ulo.K. Najim.R.Khameen.1986 Henneguya Chrysichthyl.New species ( Protozoa : Metazoa ) from the gills of estuarine catfish Chrysichthys higrodigitatus (Lacepede) ( Pisces) : Bagridae in Nigeria. Rev.Zool.Afr.102 ( 1 ) : Pulsford.A.1984.Preliminary studies on Trypanosomes from dogfish,scoliodon.j.fish.bio.24 (1) : Saha.S.K.Choudhuri.S.H. & Banerjee.S.1997.Natural prevalence of Trypanosoma mukundi in Heteropheusts fossilis ( Bloch ) and related haematological analysis.j.aqua.tropic 12 (1): SIGNATURE OF THE PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR SIGNATURE OF THE PRINCIPAL

7 First Year report: Introduction: The freshwater resources are very precious for the life on our planet. The number of dams, reservoir, tanks, etc. has significantly increased in last few years. The aquatic ecosystem is important and it has large number of economically important animals especially fish which is an important source of food. The development of fisheries in these fresh water resources need to be increased through the scientific development. Therefore, Maharashtra is one of the important states for fish production and natural water resources and there is great scope for developing fisheries in this state. Fish diversity is declining rapidly each day due to unending anthropogenic stress. This diversity is not only the wealth of our world but it also has some serious implication on fishery. Thus there is a urgent need for proper investigation and documentation of this fish diversity in order to develop a fresh water fish diversity information system having both bioinformatics and georeferenced databases of fish and fish habitat. Discussion: In present review documentation of the fish fauna of fresh water reservoir in the Aurangabad region for the year The Present study of fish fauna in Godavari river showed that most of the fish species recorded were widely distributed in the streams and reservoir of Aurangabad. The species like Catla Catla, C.Mrigala,Labeo rohita and C.punctata were more dominant. Therefore,the present investigation reveals that Cyprinid fishes are found to be the more dominant group than others which is supported by other studies also ( Singh et.al.2006). Table : 1 Biodiversity of Freshwater fishes from fishes. Sr. no Species Local name Habitat Abundance 1 Catla catla Catla Lotic Common 2 C. mrigala Mrigala Lotic Common 3 L. rohita Rohu Lentic & lotic Common 4 C.punctata --- Lentic & Lotic Common

8 2. Taxonomy of Fishes Sr. no Classification Scientific name of the fishes 1 Class: Pisces Subclass: Teleostomi Order:Cypriniformes Catla catla Cirrhinus mrigala Labeo rohita Family:Cyprinidae 2 Order:Channiformes C.punctata Family: Channidae SIGNATURE OF THE PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR REGISTRAR / PRINCIPAL

9 Second Year 2011 report: Present study of the host namely Catla catla, Labeo rohita Cirrninus mirgala and C.punctata has been examined seasonally from fresh water bodies of Aurangabad. The survey covers the relative prevalence of incidence of Trypanosoma sps. Chilodenella and Ichthyoptherius. During the period 2011, 215 host were examined out of which 32 samples were positive. The percentage was %.This study shows that the season wise incidence of Trypanosom, Chilodenella and Ichthyoptherus during winter season was 2.00 %. During the summer season the intensity of infection was %., % of prevalence of infection during monsoon season. Table : 2 Prevalence of seasonal incidence of Protozoan parasites in fishes during the year Sr. no Month Host examined Positive Percentage ( %) 1 January February March April May June July August September October November December Total

10 Graph : Prevalence of seasonal incidence of Protozoan parasites in fishes during the year Host examined Positive Percentage ( %) January February March April May June July August September October November December SIGNATURE OF THE PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR REGISTRAR / PRINCIPAL

11 Annexure VIII UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG NEW DELHI (Western Regional Office Ganeshkhind, Pune ) PROFORMA FOR SUBMISSION OF INFORMATION AT THE TIME OF SENDING THE FINAL REPORT OF THE WORK DONE ON THE PROJECT 1. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Shaikh J.D. Dept. of Zoology Maulana Azad College, Aurangabad. 2. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE INSTITUTION: Maulana Azad College, Aurangabad(M.S.) 3. UGC APPROVAL NO. AND DATE : /08 (WRO) Dated- 17 Feb DATE OF IMPLEMENTATION : TENURE OF THE PROJECT : Two years ( ). 6. TOTAL GRANT ALLOCATED : Rs. 1, 00,000= TOTAL GRANT RECEIVED : Rs. 65,000=00 8. FINAL EXPENDITURE : Rs. 101,064= TITLE OF THE PROJECT : Study of protozoan parasites from fresh water fishes. 10. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT: (1) Survey of fresh water fishes from lentic and lotic habitat. (2) Study of morphology and taxonomy of fresh water fishes (3) Prevalence of Trypanosoma and ichthyophtherus from fishes (4) Seasonal variation of Trypanosoma and Ichthyophtherus 11. WHETHER OBJECTIVES WERE ACHIEVED: YES (GIVE DETAILS) : Separately Attached. 12. ACHIEVEMENTS FROM THE PROJECT: (1) Documented the studies in the form of booklet. (2) The survey covers the relative prevalence of incidence of trypanosome and Ichthyoptherus. (3) Collected the information of fresh water fishes. (4) Final report prepared.

12 13. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS : Separately attached appendix-i (IN 500 WORDS) 14. CONTRIBUTION TO THE SOCIETY: (GIVE DETAILS) Fish fauna and distribution is useful for designing and implementing conservation strategies,to make fisherman aware of fishing to give scientific training to provide facilities to the fish farmers and to avoid immature fishing as well as providing subsidies on loan may help in high yield as well as there is an urgent need to adopt legislative and other measures for conservation by Fishery and Department of Environment for minimizing anthropogenic activities. 15. WHETHER ANY PH.D. ENROLLED/ PRODUCED: Yes OUT OF THE PROJECT 16. NO. OF PUBLICATIONS OUT OF THE PROJECT: (PLEASE ATTACH RE-PRINTS) PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR REGISTRAR / PRINCIPAL

13 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the Minor Research project of Principal investigator (PI) (Name) Dr J.D.Shaikh has uploaded the executive summary of the project on the college website, the URL link is certificate is as per the requirement under Minor Research Project guidelines. Principal (Signature & Seal)

Gill pathology of juvenile carps in nursery ponds

Bangladesh}. Fish. Res., 2 (1 ), 1998 : 63-67 Gill pathology of juvenile carps in nursery ponds G.U. Ahmed, M.M. Haque and M.j. Hoque Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensing