EARLY LIFE HISTORY STAGES OF FISHES OF ORANGE LAKE, FLORIDA: AN ILLUSTRATED IDENTIFICATION MANUAL. Roxanne Conrow. and. Alexander V.

Transcription

1 EARLY LIFE HISTORY STAGES OF FISHES OF ORANGE LAKE, FLORIDA: AN ILLUSTRATED IDENTIFICATION MANUAL Roxanne Conrow and Alexander V. Zale Florida Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit School of Forest Resources & Conservation Institute of Food & Agricultural Sciences 117 Newins-Ziegler Hal 1 University of Florida Gainesvil le, Florida TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 15 May 1985

2 Citation should read: Conrow, R., and A. V. tale Early life history stages of fishes of Orange Lake, Florida: an i 1 lustrated identification manual. Florida Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Technical Report No PP-

3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank R. W. Gregory and H. F. Percival for their advice and support. Friends and colleagues who assisted in field sampling included M. Buck, J. Christoph, J. DeFazio, J. DeValerio, C. Jeske, and S. Upchurch. We are grateful to them a1 1. Special thanks are extended to Jacqueline L. Carter, who generously volunteered many hours to the project. Identi fications of certain specimens were aided by advice or specimens from Robert Wal lus, Tennessee Val ley Authority; Paula M. Mabee, Department of Biology, Duke University; and Gerald McGowan, Carolina Power and Light Company. George H. Burgess, Jr., Clay L. Montague, and Franklin F. Snelson, Jr. reviewed drafts of this report. Funding for this study was provided by the Florida Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. The Florida Unit is jointly supported by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, the Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission, the University of Florida, and the Wildlife Management Institute.

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Ac know1 edgments... i i Introduction... 1 Key to fishes less than 10 mm total length... 3 Cl upeidae (herrings)... 7 Esocidae (pikes)... 9 Cyprinidae (minnows) Cyprinodontidae (kil lifishes) Poeci 1 i idae (1 ivebearers) Atherinidae (si lversides) Centrarchidae (sunfishes) Percidae (perches) Additional species Literature Cited... 42

5 INTRODUCTION From June 1983 to June 1984, the senior author examined the habitat associations and seasonal succession of early life history stages of fishes' of Orange Lake, Alachua County, Florida (Conrow 1984). The study included an evaluation of three sampling gears -- a 0.5-m diameter tow net, a Breder trap (a plastic trap with leaders; Breder 1960), and a light trap (Floyd et al. 1984). A total of 23 fish species was captured during the study. Illustra- tions and identifying characteristics of 18 of these are presented, along with brief mention of habitat associations and seasonal occurrences. Note that all illustrations and identifications were made from fish captured in the field and are therefore not definitive. Identifications were based on descriptions in the 1 i terature and, when possible, comparisons with known series. Species reported from Orange Lake (Reid 1950; DuRant 1980; Conrow 1984) but not considered in this report are listed on page 41. Orange Lake has a surface area of approximately 5000 hectares and a maximum depth of 3.5 meters (Fig. 1). The four habitats defined for the study were open water, panic grasses (Panicum spp. ), hydril la (Hydril la verti ci 11 ata), and, f 1 oating/emergent vegetation. The 1 atter in characterized primarily by spatterdock (Nuphar luteum), but also includes water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes), coontail (Ceratophyl lum demersum), cabomba (Cabomba carol iniana), and bladderwort (Utricularia inflata).

6 Fig. 1. Distribution of four major habitat types of Orange Lake, Florida, Sampling was restricted to the northeast section of the lake, inside L-shaped line on the map.

7 KEY To fishes less than 10 mm Total Length (TL) 1. a. Chin barbels present: ICTALURIDAE Ictalurus natal is 1. nebulosus moturus yri nus b. Chin barbels absent a. Adhesive disc present on snout -- 3 b. Adhesive disc absent a. Adhesive disc with papillae: LEPI SOSTE I DAE Lepisosteus platyrhincus b. Adhesive disc smooth: AMIIDAE Amia calva a. Preanal length (measured from tip of snout to posterior margin of vent) less than 33% TL: ATHERINIDAE; Labidesthes sicculus (page 21) I b. Preanal length greater than 33% TL -- 5

8 I. a. Mouth superior, lower jaw extends past upper jaw; if present, yolk with small oil droplets scattered throughout -- 6 b. Mouth not superior; yolk with one or no oil globules a. Dorsal and anal finfolds + present: CYPRINODONTIDAE -- 7 c b. Dorsal and anal fins present at birth: POECILIIDAE -- + t - 7. a. Origin of dorsal finfold begins slightly anterior to anal finfold: Lucania goodei (page 15) -?=) - I b. Origin of dorsal finfold originating posterior to the level of the origin of the.anal finfold: Fundul us chrysotus (page) <Qq.+ I 8. a. Origin of dorsal fin anterior ' b. Origin of dorsal fin posterior to origin of anal fin -- 9

9 Distinct lateral pigment band crossed by 6-9 bars: Heterandria formosa (page 19) No lateral pigment band: Gambusia affinis (page 19) Preanal length greater than or equal to 70% TL Preanal length less than 70% TL Preanal length about 70% TL: ESOCIDAE; - Esox spp. (page 9) Preanal length about 84% TL: CLUPEIDAE; ~rosoma spp. (page 7) Preanal length 36-46% TL: CENTRARCHIDAE (page 23) Preanal length 49-62% TL -- 13

10 13. a. Preanal length 49-50% TL b. Preanal length 60-62% TL: CYPRINIDAE (page 11) 14. a. Narrow body with straight gut: PERCIDAE; Etheostoma fusiforme (page 39) b. Deep-bodied with gut massively coiled: CENTRARCHIDAE Micro terus salmoides &cm Suggested references: Auer 1982 Hogue et al Lathrop 1982 Lippson and Moran 1974 Margul ies 1983

11 CLUPEIDAE (herrings) Two species of clupeids (Fig. 2), gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) - petenense) occur in the lake. We did not 'attempt to and threadfin shad (D. differentiate the species because positive discrimination between the two species is difficult at early larval stages, Young gizzard shad (7.0- ca. 21 mm TL) have preanal myomeres; whereas young threadfin shad ( mm TL) have ca. 36 preanal myomeres (Jones et al. 1978). Shelton and Stephens (1980) reported that newly hatched to one-day-old gizzard shad ( mm TL) were devoid of pigment (including eyes). She1 ton and Stephens (1980) a1 so reported that threadfin shad larvae have scattered melanophores and pigmented eyes at hatching. However, in Orange Lake, these criteria apparently do not apply (Figs. 2a and 2b). In Orange Lake, larval shad were first captured in February (surface water temperature 16-17' C). Peak abundance was in April (18-22" C). Although shad less than 6 mm TL were captured in panic grasses, very few were found in open water. Fish 6-12 mm TL (the largest size category) were most abundant in open water. Clupeids are readily distinguishable from other families by their very long and narrow shape, and the posterior location of the vent (preanal length is approximately 85% o f the total length). Suggested references: Hogue et al Jones et al Shelton and Stephens 1980 Tin 1982a

12 Fig. 2. Shad, Dorosoma spp nun

13 ESOCIDAE (pi kes) Both the chain pickerel (Esox - niger) and the redfin pickerel (E. - americanus) occur in the lake. Only seven larval pickerel ( mm TL) were captured. All were caught in January (surface water temperature 14-15' C) in the floating/emergent vegetation. Esox larvae have a large, oval yo1 k sac and, as with the shads, the 7 vent is placed well back (preanal length about 70% of TL). However, unlike the shads, - Esox larvae are robust and deep-bodied (Fig. 3). At early stages, the two pickerels may be distinguished by myomere counts. At mm TL, - E. americanus has ca. 46 myomeres; at mm TL, - E. niger has myomeres (Fuiman 1982a). Intermediate counts (Fig. 3b) preclude positive.differentiation of a1 1 specimens. At mm TL, a lateral pigment-free stripe is evident on - E. americanus; lateral pigmentation of - E. niger is homogeneous (Fig. 3d) (Fuiman 1982a). Suggested references: Fuiman 1982a Hogue et a Jones et al McGowan 1984

14 10.5 mm 45 myomeres 13.0 mrn 49 myomeres 15.0 mrn Fig. 3. Pickerel, a. Esox americanus; b. and c. Esox spp. ; - d. E. niger. - -

15 CYPRINIDAE (minnows) Three cyprinids, pugnose minnow (Notropis emil iae), tai 11 ight shiner (Notropi s maculatus), and golden shiner (Notemigonus crysol eucas) have been reported from the lake (Reid 1950). The pugnose minnow was not found by Durant (1980) or by Conrow (1984). Only golden shiners (Fig. 4) were captured in large numbers. Golden shiners less than 8 mm TL were first caught in early March, were most dense later that month and were collected through April. Young shiners were captured almost exclusively in the floatinglemergent and panic grass habitats. Larval cyprinids and catastomids are superficial ly similar. The lake chubsucker, Erimyzon sucetta, occurs in Orange Lake, but only a few juveniles (no larvae) were captured. They may be separated on the basis of preanal myomere counts; for the lake chubsucker vs for golden shiner (Jones et al. 1978). Very few taillight shiners (Fig. 5) were captured. They may be distinguished from golden shiners by preanal myomere counts. By 5.9 mm TL, - N. maculatus has 21 preanal myomeres (Beach 1971); at 5-11 m TL, - N. crysoleucas has (Buynak and Mohr 1980). In addition, up until the forma- tion of the caudal fin rays, the golden shiner has a heavy concentration of pigment around the urostyle (Fig. 4); taillight shiner (Fig. 5). this pigmentation is absent in the Suggested references: Beach 1971 Heufelder and Fuiman 1982 Jones et al Snyder 1979 Snyder et al. 1977

16 Fig. 4. Golden shiner, Notemiqonus crysoleucas mm

17 Fig. 5. Taillight shiner, Notropis maculatus.

18 This page intentionally blank.

19 CYPRINODONTIDAE (killifishes) Six species have been reported for Orange Lake: bluefin killifish (Lucania goodei ), pygmy kill ifish (Leptolucania omata), golden topminnow (Fundulus chrysotus), 1 ined topminnow (F. I ineolatus), seminole kill i fish (F. - seminolis), and flagfish (Jordanella floridae). Juveni 1 e and adult b1 uef i n ki 11 i fishes abundant from May through October. - and go1 den topmi nnows were Golden topminnows were captured in all four habitats; however, the majority of specimens was found in the floating/emergent and panic grass habitats. Bluefin ki 11 ifishes occurred rarely in panic grasses and were most abundant in the floating/emergent vegetation. Flagfishes and lined topminnows were rare, and no pygmy killi- fish or seminole killifish were captured. Species separation at early stages is facilitated by the location of the dorsal finfold. Origin of the finfold is posterior to the origin of the anal finfold for the pygmy killifish and topminnows (Fig. 6), well in front of the origin of the anal finfold for the flagfish, and only slightly anterior to the anal finfold for the bluefin killish (Fig. 7) (Foster 1967). Suggested reference: Foster 1967 I

20 Fig. 6. Golden topminnow, Fundulus chrysotus. 16

21 Fig. 7. Bluefin killifish, Lucania goodei m

22 This page intentional Jy blank.

23 POECILIIDAE (1 ivebearers) Three species of l ivebearers are present in the lake. The mosqui tofish. (Gambusia affinis) and least kill ifish (Heterandria formosa) were both very common in the floating/emergent vegetation. The sail fin mol l y (Poeci 1 ia latipinna) was also captured primarily in the floating/emergent habitat; however the frequency of capture was much lower than that of the other two species. The earl iest post-parturi tion stages of poecil i ids are much more advanced than the earliest stages of oviparous fish. poeciliids found in Orange Lake are easily differentiated. The three species of Origin of the dorsal fin is anterior to the origin of the anal fin in the molly, but posterior to the anal fin origin in the mosquitofish and least killifish (Fig. 8). The least killifish has a lateral band with 6-9 crossbars and a black spot on the dorsal and anal fins; these are absent in the mosquito- fish. By 8.5 mm TL a characteristic subocular bar ('tear drop') pigmen- tation pattern is visible below the eye of the mosquitofish. Suggested reference:, Hardy 1978a

24 Fig. 8. a. Least kill ifish, Heterandria formosa; b. mosqui tofish, Gambusia affinis; c. sailfin molly, Poecilia latipinna.

25 ATHERINIDAE (silversides) Only one species, the brook si 1 verside (Labidesthes si ccul us) (Fig. 9) is found in the lake. Young silversides were first captured in May; however, the greatest number was caught in July and August (surface water temperature 24-27' C). The smallest size group (less than 6 mm TL) was caught almost exclusively in hydrilla. Fish 6-8 mm TL were captured in all four habitats but were most abundant in open water. Silversides captured in the panic grasses and, especially in the floating/emergent vegetation, tended to be large (greater than 12 nnn TL). Suggested references: \ Rasmussen 1980 Tin 1982b

26 Fig. 9. Brook si lversi de, Labi desthes siccul us. 2 2

27 CENTRARCHIDAE (sunfishes) Six genera and 15 species of centrarchids have been reported for Orange Lake (Reid 1950; DuRant 1980; Conrow 1984). The bluespotted sunfish (Enneacanthus gloriosus), black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus), warmouth (Lepomis gulosus), bluegill (L. - macrochirus), and redear sunfish (L. - microlophus) are the dominant sunfish in the lake (Chable 1947). These species, along with the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), dominated the centrarchid catch. Enneacanthus gl oriosus Bluespotted sunfish (Fig. 10) were captured almost exclusively in the floating/emergent 'vegetation. A1 though juveniles were plentiful, only one larval specimen (3.9 mn TL) was captured. Distinguishing characteristics of this larva are its small size, and the presence of pigmentation. The very dense pattern of melanophores located on the ventrum from the anus to the caudal finfold is unique to this species. Suggested references: Anjard 1974 Hardy 1978b McGowan 1984 Wang and Kernehan 1979

28 Fig. 10. B1 uespotted sunfish, Enneacanthus aloriosus.

29 Elassoma okefenokee All but one of the 55 Okefenokee pygmy sunfish (Fig. 11) collected were found in the floating/emergent vegetation. No specimens less than 12 mm TL were captured. ' Sugggested references: Conner 1979 Mettee 1974 Walsh and Burr 1984

30 Fig. 11. Okefenokee pygmy sunfish, Elassorna okefenokee.

31 Micropterus salmoides Largemouth bass (Fig. 12) were captured primarily in the panic grasses and the floatinglemergent vegetation, beginning in March. Larvae are relatively robust, the preanal length is approximately equal to postanal length, and the gut is thick and massively coiled. Suggested references : Anjard 1974 Hardy 1978b Tin 1982c Fig. 12. Largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides floridanus.

32 Fig. 12. Continued.

33 Pomoxis niqromaculatus Black crappie (Fig. 13) less than 8 mn TL were captured in greatest numbers from February through April (surface water temperature 14-18OC). Abundances were equivalent in open water, floating/emergent vegetation and panic grasses (hydril la was sparse in the lake during those months). Postanal length greatly exceeds preanal length, the body is slender, there is massive gut coiling even in specimens less than 5 mrn TL, and the vent is under or only slightly behind the air bladder. If present, the oil globule is located in the anterior-middle portion of the yolk sac. Suggested references: Anjard 1974; Hardy 1978b Fig ack crappie, Pomoxis nigromaculatus. 29

34 11.1 Hun Fig. 13. Continued.

35 Lepomis spp. The most frequently captured Lepomis was the bluegill (Fig. 15), followed by the warmouth (Fig. l6), and the redear sunfish (Fig. 17). Peak occurrence of bluegills was in July and August (surface water temperature 24-27" C); however, specimens less than 8 mn TL were captured from April through September. The smallest bluegills were taken in the open, hydrilla, and panic grass habitats. Very few bluegills greater than 12 mn TL were captured in open water. Conversely, few bluegills less than 20 mm TL were captured in the f 1 oatinglemergent vegetation. Occurrence of warmouths extended through the summer (June-September). The smal lest warmouths (less than 8 mm TL) were captured in hydrilla and panic grasses. Larger juveniles (greater than 17 mm TL) predominated in the fl oating/emergent habitat. Redear sunfish were uncommon; only 23 individuals were captured. Two were taken from open water; the remainder were equally distributed between the hydri 1 la, panic grass, and floating/emergent habitats. Species in the genus Lepomis may be distinguished by the presence of a melanophore immediately above the anus. The gut is S-shaped and long, with the vent well posterior to the air bladder. After about 6 nun TL, the warmouth is distinguishable from the bluegill and redear sunfish by mouth size (extending past the anterior edge of the orbit in the warmouth; anterior to the eye in the other two). In addition, pigmentation patterns differ for the three species. At 4-5 mn TL the supra-anal pigment spot is more prominent on the bluegill than on the other two species. Chromatophores on the dorsum of the head appear early on the redear sunfish (ca. 5-6 mi TL), slightly later on the warmouth (ca. 7 mn TL), and rarely before 8 mm TL on the bluegill. By about mm TL the three species can be separated by the relative shape of their air bladders (Fig. 14). The easiest way to do so is to place the specimens on a clear surface and view them against a backlight. Also, by that size, gill rakers have attained adult morphologies and the redear sunfish may be separated from the other two species by its short, stubby rakers (Fig. 14). Suggested references: Anjard 1974; Hardy 1978b; Larimore 1957; Wang and Kernehan 1979

36 Fig. 14. Shapes of air bladders and gill arches of a. redear sunfish, Le ornis microlophus, b. warmouth, L. gulosus, c. bluegill, k o c h i rus. -

37 Fig. 15. Bluegill, Lepomis rnacrochirus.

38 Fig. 15. Continued.

39 Fig. 16. Warmouth, Lepomis gulosus.

40 Fig. 16. Continued.

41 Fig. 17. Redear sunfish, Lepomis microlophus.

42 Unidentified centrarchids Two unidentified centrarchids (Fig. 18), possibly the same species, were captured at the end of March in the floating/emergent habitat. Note the incipient dorsal and anal fin rays in the larger specimen. Fig. 18. Unidentified centrarchids captured in Orange Lake.

43 PERCIDAE (perches ) One species, the swamp darter (Etheostoma fusiforme), occurs in the lake. Specimens less than 8 mm TL were captured from November through April with a peak in November (surface water temperature 15-17' C). Swamp darters less than 8 m TL were caught primarily in open water and panic grasses. Pre- and postanal lengths are approximately equal, and the gut is straight. Early larvae have characteristic vertical s1 ashes of pigment on the lower half of the body posterior to the vent (Fig. 19). Suggested references: - Hardy 1978b McGowan 1984

44 w Fig. 19. Swamp darter, Etheostoma fusi forme.

45 ADDITIONAL SPEC1 ES The following fishes have been reported from Orange Lake (Reid 1950; DuRant 1980; Conrow 1984) but early life history stages of these were absent from our collections. Species Lepisosteidae Lepi sosteus platyrhincus Ami i dae Amia calva Cyprinidae Notro~is emiliae Catostomidae Erimyzon sucetta Ictaluridae Ictalurus natal is lctalurus nebulosus Noturus gyrinus Cyprinodontidae -. Le tolucania ommata h l ~ 'Fundulus s e m Fundulus lineolatus Centrarchidae Enneacanthus chaetodon 'Enneacanthus obesus 'Centrarchus macro~terus Suggested references Heufel der 1982a (see also page 3) Heufel der 1982b (see also page 3) none Fuiman 1982b (see also pace 11) Tin II 11 #I It Foster 1967 I1. It It It Foster 1967; McGowan 1984 Hardy 1978b; McGowan 1984 Hardy 1978b Conner 1979; Walsh and Burr 1984 Mettee 1974 It II Conner 1979 none It Lippson and Moran 1974; Buynak and Mohr 1978

46 I I LITERATURE CITED Anjard, C. A Centrarchidae - sunfishes. Pages in A. J. Lippson and R. L. Moran, editors. Manual for identification of early developmental stages of fishes of the Potomac River Estuary. Martin Marietta Corporation, Special Pub1 1 ication PPSP-MP-13. Baltimore, Mary1 and, USA. Auer, N. A., editor Identification of larval fishes of the Great Lakes basin with emphasis on the Lake Michigan drainage. Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Special Publication Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Beach, M. L Some aspects of the life history of the taillight shiner, Notro is maculatus, in central Florida. Thesis. University of South F l d a m p a, Florida, USA. Breder, C. M., Jr Design for a fry trap. Zoologica 45: Buynak, 6. L., and H. W. Mohr, Jr Larval development of the redbreast sunfish (Lep~is auri tus) from the Susquehanna River. Transactions.of the American -s Fi Society 107: Buynak, 6. L., and H. W. Mohr, Jr Larva1 development of golden shiner and comely shiner from northeastern Pennsylvania. Progressive Fish-Cul turist 42: Chable, A. C A study of the food habits and ecological relationships of the sunfishes of northern Florida. Thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA. Conner, 3. V f dentification of larval sunfishes (Centrarchidae, Elassomatidae) from southern Louisiana. Pages in R. D. Hoyt, editor. Proceedings of the third symposium on larval Tish. Western Kentucky University, Bowl i ng Green, Kentucky, USA. Conrow, R Habitat preferences and seasonal succession of early life stages of fishes in Orange Lake, Florida, with an evaluation of sampling methods. Thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA. I DuRant, D. F Fish distribution among habitats in hydrilla infested Orange Lake, Florida. Thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. USA. I 1 Floyd, K. B., W. H. Courtenay, and R. D. Hoyt A new larval fish light trap: the quatrefoil trap. Progressive Fish-Cul turist 46:

47 Foster, N. R Comparative studies on the biology of killifishes (Pisces, ~yprinodontidae). Doctoral dissertation. Cornel 1 University, Ithaca, New York, USA. Fuiman, L. A. 1982a. Family Esocidae, pikes. Pages in N. A. Auer, editor. Identification of larval fishes of the Great Lakes basin with emphasis on the Lake Michigan drainage. Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Special Publication Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Fuirnan, L. A. 1982b. Family Catostomidae, suckers. Pages in N. A. Auer, editor. Identification of larval fishes of the Great ~ a k basin K with emphasis on the Lake Michigan drainage. Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Special Publ ication Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Hardy, J. D., 3r. 1978a. Development of fishes of the Mid-Atlantic Bight: an atlas of egg, larval and juvenile stages. Volume 11. Anguillidae through Syngnathidae. U. S. Fish and W i ldi fe Service, FWSIOBS-78/12. Hardy, J. D., Jr. 1978b. Development of fishes of the Mid-Atlantic Bight: an atlas of egg, larval and juvenile stages. Volume 111. Aphredoderidae through Rachycentridae. U.S. Fish and Wildife Service, FWS/OBS-78/ 12. Heufelder, G. R. 1982a. Family Lepisosteidae, gars. Pages in N. A. Auer, editor. Identification of larval fishes of the Great Lakes basin with emphasis on the Lake Michigan drainage. Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Special Publ ication Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Heufelder, G. R. 1982b. Family Amiidae, bowfins. Pages in N. A. Auer, editor. Identification of larval fishes of the Great Lakes basin with emphasis on the Lake Michigan drainage. Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Special Publication Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Heufelder, G. R., and L. A. Fuiman Family Cyprinidae, carps and minnows. Pages in N. A. Auer, editor. Identification of larval fishes of the Great Lakes basin with emphasis on the Lake Michigan drainage. Great Lakes Fishery Comnission, Special Publ ication Ann Arbor,.Michigan, USA. Hogue, 3. J., Jr., R. ~ alus, l and L. K. Kay Preliminary guide to the identification of larval fishes in the Tennessee River. Technical Note B19. Tennessee Val ley Authority, Norris, Tennessee, USA. Jones, P. W., F. D. Martin, and 3. D. Hardy, Jr Development of fishes of the Mid-Atlantic Bight: an atlas of egg, larval and juvenile stages. Volume I. Acipenseridae through Ictaluridae. U.S. Fish and Wildife Service, FWS/OBS-78/12. Larimore, R. W Ecological life history of the warmouth (Centrarchidae). Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey 27: 1-83.

48 Lathrop, B. F Keys to the larval and juvenile fishes from the lower Susquehanna River near Middl etown, Pennsylvania. Ichthyological Associates, Inc., Etters, Pennsylvania, USA. Lippson, A. J., and R. L. Moran Kanual for identification of early developmental stages of fishes of the Potomac River estuary. Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Power Plant Siting Program, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Margulies, D A preliminary guide to the identification of families of lsrval fishes occurring in the Ohio River. Ohio Journal of Science 83: McGowan, E An identification guide for selected larval fishes from Robinson Impoundment, South Carolina. Biology Unit, Carolina Power & Light Company, New Hi 11, North Carol ina, USA. Mettee, M. F., Jr A study on the reproductive behavior, embryology, and larval development of the pygmy sunfishes of the genus Elassoma. Doctoral dissertation. University of Alabama, Montgomery, Alabama, USA. Rasmussen, R. P Egg and larval development of brook silversides from the Peace River, Florida. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 109: Reid, G. K., Jr The fishes of Orange Lake, Florida. Quarterly Journal of the Florida,Academy of Science 12: Shelton, W. L., and R. R. Stephens Comparative embryogeny and early development of threadfin and gizzard shad. Progressive Fish-Cul turist 42: Snyder, 0. E Myomere and vertebra counts of the North American cyprinids and catostomids. Pages in R. D. Hoyt, editor. Proceedings of the third symposium on larvarfish. Western Kentucky University, Bowl ing Green, Kentucky, USA. Snyder, D. E., M. B. M. Snyder, and S. C. Douglas Identification of golden shiner, Notemi! Tin, Tin, H. T. 1982a. Family Clupeidae, herrings. Pages in N. A. AueG, editor. Identification of larval fishes of the Great LaEs basin with emphasis on the Lake Michigan drainage. Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Special Publication Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. H. T. 1982b. Family Atherinidae, silversides. Pages in N.A. Auer, editor. Identification of larval fishes of the Great LakeTbasin with emphasis on the Lake Michigan drainage. Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Special Publication Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

49 Tin, H. T. 1982c. Family Centrarchidae, sunfishes. Pages in N.A. Auer, editor. Identification of larval fishes of the Great Lakerbasin with emphasis on the Lake Michigan drainage. Great Lakes Fishery Comnission, Special Publ ication Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Tin, H. T Family Ictaluridae, bull head catfishes. Pages in N. A. Auer, editor. Identification of larval fishes of the Great Lakes basin with emphasis on the Lake Michigan drainage. Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Special Publ ication Ann Arbor, Michigan,..-. Walsh, S. J., and B. M. Burr Life history of the banded pygmy sunfish, Elassoma zonatum Jordan (Pisces: Centrarchidae), in western Kentucky. Bulletin- Alabama Museum of Natural History 8: Wang, 3. C. S., and R. J. Kernehan Fishes of the Delaware estuaries: a guide to the early life histories. Ecological Analysts, Inc., Towson, Mary1 and, USA.