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1 A STUDY ON THE DIVERSITY OF DIAPTOMID COPEPODS (CRUSTACEA : CALANOIDA) IN CERTAIN LOCALITIES OF KARNATAKA AND ANDHRA PRADESH STATES BY Dr. DARA AMBEDKAR International E Publication

2 A STUDY ON THE DIVERSITY OF DIAPTOMID COPEPODS (CRUSTACEA : CALANOIDA) IN CERTAIN LOCALITIES OF KARNATAKA AND ANDHRA PRADESH STATES BY Dr. DARA AMBEDKAR M.Sc., M. Phil., Ph.D. Lecturer, Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Andhra Christian College, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India 2015 International E - Publication

3 International E - Publication 427, Palhar Nagar, RAPTC, VIP-Road, Indore (MP) INDIA Phone: , Mobile: contact@isca.co.in, Website: Copyright Reserved 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, reordering or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. ISBN:

4 PREFACE Diaptomid copepods are an important and dominant group in the freshwater zooplankton. They play a significant role in the food web and energyflow pathways of freshwater ecosystems. As secondary producers they graze upon phytoplankton (i. e. primary producers) and, in turn, form a direct and chief source of food for certain fish and invertebrate predators. Compared with cyclopoid copepods, diaptomids respond to the environmental changes more rapidly, thus acting as valuable indicators of the trophic status of freshwater bodies. Nowadays diaptomids are increasingly used in monitoring and surveillance programmes in freshwater habitats. Taxonomy is the basis of any biodiversity study. Without a good, constantly updated taxonomy, biodiversity studies and conservation science become meaningless. Diaptomid taxonomy in India is still incomplete. The descriptions of several species need to be supplemented, and their distribution patterns yet to be worked out. Another important consideration about diaptomids is that their life is presently threatened by a host of anthropogenic activities. For example, the widespread hypertrophication process of inland waters, owing to increased nutrient enrichment, has become a serious threat to their existence. This is because most diaptomids cannot tolerate the extremes of physico-chemical variables in hypertrophicated systems. Aquatic toxicology resulting from pesticides, herbicides, heavy metals, etc., is also implicated in the local extinction of diaptomids. Habitat destruction is yet another alarming cause of depletion of diaptomid species, especially those inhabiting temporary water bodies like ponds and pools. As a result, as many as 62 known diaptomid species in the world, which include 11 Indian species, are included in the 2000 IUCN Red List of threatened animals, as recommended by Species Survival Commission (SSC). Hence there is a need to study the diaptomid populations in the field and determine their conservation status by following IUCN criteria. iii

5 This is a modest report on the morpho-taxonomy and diversity of diaptomid copepods of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh States. It is hoped that the data presented in this dissertation and interpretations made thereon would pave way for a better understanding of the taxonomy and diversity of diaptomid copepods. The work embodied in the book entitled A STUDY ON THE DIVERSITY OF DIAPTOMID COPEPODS (CRUSTACEA:CALANOIDA) IN CERTAIN LOCALITIES OF DARA AMBEDKAR for the M. Phil. in ZOOLOGY from ACHARYA NAGARJUNA UNIVERSITY, Nagarjunanagar, INDIA under the esteemed supervision of Dr. Y. Ranga Reddy in the year iv

6 Acknowledgements I wish to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Y. Ranga Reddy, M.Sc., Ph.D., Professor Emeritus, Department of Zoology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjunanagar, for suggesting the problem and for his valuable guidance, and constant encouragement throughout the progress of this work; Dr. Reddy also kept at my disposal all the Karnataka samples. I am grateful to the University Grants Commission, New Delhi, for providing financial assistance under UGC-SAP-DRS Project. I am vermuch thankful to the Management of Andhra Christian College, Principal P. Mutyam, Head of the Department of PG Zoology Dr. N. Vidyullata Devi and my fellow faculty members for supporting me in carrying out the present publication. I am thankful to my cousins Anil, Anka Babu and Arun Gandhi (late), who helped me a lot in the fieldwork. I am most thankful to my co-researchers, A. Ankamma Rao, B. Elia, M. Sada Siva Butchi Ram, B. Srinivas, U. Vasu, and A. Aruna for their co-operation and assistance. My Sincere appreciation to K. Ashok Kumar in helping me for the final submission of the present publication. I am thank full to the founder members of Bheem Sena, Andhra Pradesh State office for their moral support in publishing the present article. I am grateful to my brother Vikram, and my sister, Anitha Kumari, for their technical assistance in preparing the dissertation. I am most grateful to my beloved parents, who have been of great help to me in pursuing and completing the present work. Finally I am much thankful to my wife Padmavathy and my children Joel Akash, and Keerthana Priscilla for their cheerfull support throughout the progress of the present article. v

7 CONTENTS Preface..... Acknowledgements..... i v Introduction 1 Material and methods.. 3 Results Systematic list of Copepoda recorded from Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh States 18 Genus Paradiaptomus Genus Heliodiaptomus Genus Allodiaptomus Genus Neodiaptomus Genus Phyllodiaptomus Genus Tropodiaptomus 69 Genus Sinodiaptomus Genus Megadiaptomus. 80 Summary and conclusions 84 References 86 vi

8 INTRODUCTION Copepods are very ancient arthropods and the diminutive relatives of crabs and shrimps. In terms of their size, diversity and abundance, they are often called water fleas in common with many other small Crustacea. Till now over 10,000 copepod species are known to science. These include thousands of free-living species with highly varying body shapes and a great number of parasitic and semi-parasitic forms with extremely reduced morphology. A vast majority of copepods are confined to marine and brackish waters, only small fraction (about 200 species) inhabit freshwaters. Members of the families Diaptomidae in the Calanoida and Cyclopidae in the Cyclopoida are highly successful in all kinds of freshwater habitats. Diaptomid copepods are a major group of planktonic microcrustaceans; belonging to the successful and widespread freshwater family of Diaptomidae, which contains over 400 species in about 50 genera (Dussart & Defaye, 1983). Serving mainly as primary consumers of phytoplankton and as food for predaceous invertebrates and fish, they play a crucial role in the energetics of freshwater ecosystems. Though Kiefer laid the foundation to the presentday diaptomid systematics as early as 1932, basic morphologic information of most species is still fragmentary and widely scattered. Generic limits in several cases continue to be vague and hence subjective. Only a few genera have been revised, and mostly on a regional or, at best, continental basis. There is an imperative need to redescribe the various species and genera and to evolve identification keys for them. At present, the family Diaptomidae contains about 420 species in 50 genera. In India, approximately 60 species in 20 genera have been recorded till now. This dissertation aims at achieving two basic objectives. 1. To make a fresh study of the morphology and taxonomy of diaptomid 1

9 Copepods, based on the samples collected from certain parts of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh States. 2. To evaluate the conservation status of dipatomid species by following IUCN criteria. In all, the samples under study have yielded 12 species. The diagnostic morphological characters of each of these species are given, along with freshly made camera lucida drawings. Restricted synonymy, distributional records, morphological remarks and ecological notes have been provided for each species. Also, keys for identifying both sexes of congeneric 12 species are given. Finally the conservation status of each of the species studied is mentioned, taking into account their distribution records known during the past 30 years and also their population size and distribution in the present study. 2

10 MATERIAL AND METHODS The material for the present work was collected from different types of lentic freshwater bodies such as small, turbid ephemeral pools, large permanent ponds, and reservoirs in the States of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. Out of nearly 220 samples examined, diaptomid copepods were observed in 150 samples, collected from 55 habitats, as mentioned below. 1. Tunga Bhadra Board Fishfarm. Sedimentary tank, Karnataka. Air temperature 32ºC; water temperature 27ºC; Secchi transparency 23.5 cm; ph 8; October 13, Allodiaptomus intermedius: 4, 3 Heliodiaptomus viduus: 6, 5 2. Tunga Bhadra Board Fishfarm. Nursery pond (H4), Karnataka. Air temperature 31.5º C; water temperature 31.5ºC; Secchi transparency 33.5 cm; ph 6.5; depth 40 cm, turbid, area m² October 13, Heliodiaptomus viduus : 14, 8 Allodiaptomus intermedius : 8, 6 Phyllodiaptomus blanci : 5, 5 3. Tunga Bhadra Board Fishfarm. Rocky pool near II Bridge, Karnataka. Air temperature 24ºC; water temperature 29ºC; water very clear; ph 6.5; October 13,1988. Phyllodiaptomus blanci : 4, 2 4. Tunga Bhadra Board Fishfarm. Rocky pool, rain-fed, Karnataka. Air temperature 25ºC; water temperature 30ºC; ph 6; October 13,

11 Allodiaptomus intermedius :16, 6 Phyllodiaptomus blanci : 11, Tunga Bhadra Board Reservoir, Karnataka. Air temperature 25ºC; water temperature 30ºC; ph 6; October 13, Heliodiaptomus viduus : 7, 9 Heliodiaptomus cinctus : 17, 10 Allodiaptomus intermedius : 10, 6 6. Kamalapur tank near Tunga Bhadra Project, Karnataka. Air temperature 27ºC; water temperature 26ºC; Secchi transparency 98 cm; ph 7.0; October 14, Allodiaptomus intermedius : 20, Ricefield at Pampa Vidyapeetha near Tunga Bhadra Project, Karnataka. Air temperature 29ºC; water temperature 24ºC; Secchi transparency 25 cm; ph 8.0; October 14, Heliodiaptomus viduus : 4, 6 Allodiaptomus intermedius : 3, 7 8. Gouramma tank, Tunga Bhadra Project, Karnataka. Air temperature 30ºC; water temperature 28ºC; Secchi transparency 1.15 m; turbid, light dark; October14,1988. Allodiaptomus intermedius :12, 8 4

12 9. A well near Gouramma tank, Tunga Bhadra Project, Karnataka. Air temperature 31ºC; water temperature 29ºC; Secchi transparency 1.12 m; ph 7.5; October 14, Allodiaptomus intermedius : 20, Ram Sagar tank, Tunga Bhadra Project, Karnataka. Air temperature 30ºC; water temperature 28ºC; ph 8.0; submerged vegetation, Chara abundant; October 14, Allodiaptomus intermedius : 10, Venkatapuram, a hamlet near Hampi, Karnataka. Man-made, rain-fed, abandoned well; algal scum noticed on the surface. Air temperature 32ºC; water temperature 30ºC; Secchi transparency 61 cm; ph 8.0; October 14, Neodiaptomus lindbergi : 20, Vittalarya Temple, Hampi, Karnataka. Temporary ditch; vegetation abundant; October 14, Neodiaptomus lindbergi : 10, 5 Allodiaptomus intermedius : 10, Lachenakere, a hamlet near Koppal Karnataka. Roadside temporary pool; water turbid, vegetationless; October 14, Neodiaptomus lindbergi : 10, Kartikera tank, 15 km from Chickamagalur on the rightside of Belur Road, Karnataka. Water turbid, vegetation scarce; area 5 ha, maximum depth 1.8 m; 5

13 air temperature 26ºC; water temperature 24ºC; Secchi transparency 15 cm; ph 7.0; October 16, Neodiaptomus lindbergi : 5, 5 Heliodiaptomus viduus : 9, 10 Allodiaptomus intermedius : 5, Buggulahalli tank, 15.5 km from Chickmagalur on the right side of Belur Road, Karnataka. Rain-fed, temporary tank, water turbid; area 4 ha; maximum depth 0.8 m; air temperature 27ºC; water temperature 20ºC; Secchi transparency 11 cm; ph 7.5; October 16, Heliodiaptomus viduus : 13, 9 Neodiaptomus lindbergi :10, 10 Allodiaptomus intermedius : 18, Magadi tank I, near Chickmagalur, Karnataka. Man-made rain-fed tank, area 2 ha, maximum depth 1.8 m; vegetation abundant but decomposing; Hydrilla, Nymphaea and Ottelia surviving; Air temperature 27ºC; water temperature 25ºC; Secchi transparency 26.5 cm; ph 7.5; October 16, Heliodiaptomus viduus : 8, 6 Neodiaptomus lindbergi : 6, 4 Allodiaptomus intermedius : 7, Magadi tank II, on the left side of Belur road near Chickmagalur, Karnataka. Water pale green, Nymphaea occurring in patches; area 10 ha; maximum depth 3 m; air temperature 27ºC; water temperature 26ºC; Secchi transparency 65.5 cm; October 16,

14 Neodiaptomus lindbergi : 9, 8 Heliodiaptomus viduus : 5, 15 Allodiaptomus intermedius : 14, Yekshettihalli, a hamlet near Belur, Karnataka. Rain-fed, temporary tank; floating filamentous algae abundant; area 6 ha; maximum depth 0.6 m; air temperature 27ºC; water temperature 25ºC; Secchi transparency 29 cm; ph 7.5; October 16, Neodiaptomus lindbergi : 9, 4 Heliodiaptomus viduus : 6, 4 Allodiaptomus intermedius : 7, 2 Sinodiaptomus (Rhinediaptomus) indicus :1, Shettigere, a hamlet near Belur, Karnataka. Open well in the ricefield near Belur on the rightside of Chickmagalur-Belur road. Depth 7.2 m; diameter 8.4 m; air temperature 29ºC; water temperature 26ºC; Secchi transparency 1.93 m; ph 7.5; October 16, Neodiaptomus lindbergi : 3, Devarajpura, a hamlet near Belur, Karnataka. Rocky pool. Water light green, no vegetation, air temperature 32º C; Secchi transparency 22 cm; ph 7.5; October 16, Neodiaptomus lindbergi : 20, Devarajpura, a hamlet near Belur, Karnataka. A small pond in the low-lying paddy fields; water pale green, heavily infested with vegetation; area 1 ha; 7

15 depth 0.9 m; air temperature 30º C; water temperature 29ºC; Secchi transparency 35.5 cm; ph 7.0; October16, Neodiaptomus lindbergi: 5 only Heliodiaptomus viduus : 3,1 Allodiaptomus intermedius : 8 only 22. Unsakera, hamlet between Belur and Halabeed, Karnataka. Temporary pond, water reddish brown; vegetation decomposing; area 4 ha; maximum depth 1.2 m; air temperature 30º C; water temperature 30º C; Secchi transparency 38 cm; ph 7.0; October 16, Neodiaptomus lindbergi : 12, Lingadahalli, a hamlet, 40 km from Chickmagalur, Karnataka. Open well, fed from subterranean water; water very clear, vegetation composed chiefly of floating filamentous algae; submerged vegetation dominated by Chara; air temperature 30ºC; water temperature 27ºC; ph 8.0; October 17, Neodiaptomus lindbergi : 11, 9 Heliodiaptomus viduus : 6 only 24. Mallanahalli, a hamlet, 16 km from Chickmagalur, Karnataka. Open irrigation well in rice field, depth 9 m; air temperature 30ºC; water temperature 27º C; ph 8.0; October 17, Neodiaptomus lindbergi : 14, 14 Heliodiaptomus pulcher : 1 only 8

16 25. Mukthahalli, a hamlet near Chickamagalur, Karnataka. Small rain-fed pond; water light brown; rooted vegetation dense; air temperature 27ºC; water temperature 29ºC; Secchi transparency 29.5 cm; ph 7.5; October 17, Neodiaptomus lindbergi : 10, 7 Heliodiaptomus viduus : 3, 4 Allodiaptomus intermedius : 10, Rear water of T.B. Reservoir area at Kasanakadi, Karnataka. Air temperature 34ºC; water temperature 32ºC; Secchi transparency 15.5 cm; ph 7.5; October 14, Allodiaptomus intermedius : 6, 2 Sinodiaptomus indicus : 15, A small turbid pool, near Chikkabaganal, Raichur district, Karnataka, October 14, Neodiaptomus lindbergi : 6, 2 Tropodiaptomus informis : 10, 15 Sinodiaptomus indicus : 8, Lachanakei lift irrigation T.B. Reservoir (rear water), Raichur district, Karnataka. Air temperature 32ºC; water temperature 29ºC; Secchi transparency 2.7 m; ph 7.5; October 14, Heliodiaptomus cinctus : 17, 23 Allodiaptomus intermedius : 1, 1 Tropodiaptomus informis : 1 only Sinodiaptomus (Rhinediaptomus) indicus : 1, 1 9

17 29. Kunikeri tank, near T.B. Project, Raichur district, Karnataka. air temperature 29ºC; water temperature 26ºC; ph 7.5; October 14, Heliodiaptomus viduus : 5 only Phyllodiaptomus blanci : 10, Ginigera tank near T.B. Project, Raichur district, Karnataka. Highly turbid, reddish brown, rain-fed tank. October 14, Heliodiaptomus viduus : 3, Kartikera tank, Chickamagalur - Belur road, right side at 15 km stone, air temperature 26ºC; water temperature 24ºC; Secchi transparency 5 m; ph 7.0; October 16, Heliodiaptomus viduus : 7, 10 Allodiaptomus intermedius : 4, Yekshettyhally. T.B. Project, Karnataka. Air temperature 29ºC; water temperature 25ºC; Secchi transparency 2.69 m; ph 8.0; October 16, Allodiaptomus intermedius : 8, Karagetta tank Chickamagalur-Belur road, leftside at 9 km stone, Karnataka, air temperature 28ºC; water temperature 27ºC; Secchi transparency 59 cm; ph 7.5; area1.5 ha; October Allodiaptomus intermedius : 15, Dummi (kera) tank, Chickmagalur-Belur road, leftside 8 km, near Karagatta, Karnataka. Air temperature 28ºC; water temperature 27ºC; Secchi transparency 58 cm; ph 7.5; area 5 acres; October 16,

18 Allodiaptomus intermedius : 10, Neerlakatti pond, roadside pond, Belur road, leftside at 4 km stone. Karnataka; October 16, Allodiaptomus intermedius : 20, Halabeed tank, Karnataka. Submerged vegetation, decomposing Chara and Hydrilla, rain-fed pond. Area 9.5 ha acres Air temperature 33ºC; water temperature 30ºC; Secchi transparency 63 cm; ph 8.0; colour of the water bluishgreen, October 16, Tropodiaptomus informis : 10, Chikkorankatta (small pond), on the way road to Halebeed near Unsakera village, Karnataka. Area 20 acres Air temperature 25ºC; water temperature 26ºC; Secchi transparency 9.5 cm; ph 6.0;maximum depth about 1.5 m, October 16, Heliodiaptomus viduus : 4, 4 Allodiaptomus intermedius : 8, 10 Sinodiaptomus indicus : 6, Nallapadu quarries located at Nallapadu-Turakapalem road, opposite Government Polytechnic College road. Nallapadu, near Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. 11

19 a) Megadiaptomus Pond water straw-coloured, no macrovegation June 29, 2003 July 25, 2003 Paradiaptomus greeni : 15, 14 Heliodiaptomus viduus : 4, 2 Sinodiaptomus indicus : 1, 1 October 4, 2003 Paradiaptomus greeni : 30,19 b) Temporary pond Maselia vegetation. Depth 40 cm, water straw-coloured June 29, 2003 Air temp 26.5ºC Water temp 27.5ºC July 25, 2003 October 4, 2003 Sinodiaptomus indicus : 1, 1 Paradiaptomus greeni :18, 12 Heliodiaptomus viduus : 5, 5 Sinodiaptomus indicus : 3, 3 Paradiaptomus greeni : 9, 16 Paradiaptomus greeni : 12,12 Heliodiaptomus viduus : 4, 3 Paradiaptomus greeni : 6, 4 Heliodiaptomus viduus : 3, 3 12

20 c) Roadside trench pond water straw-coloured; no vegetation, air temp. 26.5º C, water temp 27.5ºC June 29, 2003 Air temp 26. 5ºC Water temp 27. 5ºC Paradiaptomus greeni : 8, 6 Heliodiaptomus viduus : 3, 3 Sinodiaptomus indicus : 2 only July 25, 2003 October 4, 2003 Paradiaptomus greeni : 8,12 Heliodiaptomus viduus : 2, 2 Sinodiaptomus indicus : 1 only Phyllodiaptomus blanci : 1 only Paradiaptomus greeni : 3,5 Heliodiaptomus viduus : 1 only Sinodiaptomus indicus : 2,1 Phyllodiaptomus blanci : 1,1 39. Samples from Pedakakani pond on NH5 near Guntur town. a) Shore zone August November January Heliodiaptomus viduus : 5, 7 Heliodiaptomus viduus : 10, 8 Heliodiaptomus viduus : 8, 8 13

21 b) From near rocky outcrop August November January Heliodiaptomus viduus : 15, 12 Heliodiaptomus viduus : 58, 20 Phyllodiaptomus blanci : 48, Samples from Kaja Village near Acrharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. November 16, 2003 Heliodiaptomus viduus : 10, 5 November 16, 2003 Heliodiaptomus viduus : 10, Sample from Vejendla quarries, Vejendla near Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. Heliodiaptomus contortus : 22, 10 Vejendla quary near railway track 42. November 11, 2003 January 2, 2004 Heliodiaptom viduus : 3, 4 Neodiaptomus schmackeri : 16, 15 Phyllodiaptomus blanci : 2, 1 Megadiaptomus psuedohebes : 8, 3 Heliodiaptom viduus : 3, 3 Neodiaptomus schmackeri : 18, 14 Phyllodiaptomus blanci : 3, 1 Megadiaptomuspsuedohebes : 98, 43 14

22 42. Uppalapadu Pedda pond I, near Guntur. Air temperature 37.5ºc, turbid water, area 2 ha, depth 150 cm. November 16, Allodiaptomus raoi : 10, Pedda pond II Uppalapadu near Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. water turbid,pond infested with macrovegetation. November 16, Allodiaptomus raoi : 9, Chinna pond, Uppalapadu near Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. Water turbid, pond infested with vegetation. November 16, Heliodiaptomus viduus : 8, 6 Allodiaptomus raoi :15, Pedda pond II. Narakodoor near Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. Air temperature 28.5ºc. water temperature 27.5ºC; depth 150 cm, water turbid. November 23, Heliodiaptomus viduus : 25, Fishpond. Jagarlamoodi village near Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. Air temperature 29.5ºc. water temperature29.5ºc. Water straw-coloured along the margins; depth about 1.5 m, water turbid. November 23, Heliodiaptomus viduus : 2, 2 Heliodiaptomus cinctus : 1 only 15

23 Neodiaptomus schmackeri : 3 only 47. Roadside trench, Vejendla village near Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. Air temperature 31ºc. water temperature28.5ºc. Water straw-coloured; coconut trees all around: depth about 1.5 m; water turbid. November 11, Heliodiaptomus viduus : 6, 4 Neodiaptomus schmackeri : 10, Reservoir on the Acharya Nagarjuna University campus, Nagarjuna nagar near Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. Turbid water, bottom with clay and stones. November 9, Heliodiaptomus viduus : 2, Fishfarm, Aquaculture Department. Acharya Nagarjuna University campus, near Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. November 9, Heliodiaptomus viduus : 20, Samples from lift irrigation, Mattigunta village, 30 km from Ongole, Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh. Heliodiaptomus viduus : 3, 2 Sinodiaptomus indicus : 1, Reddypalem pond at Reddy palem, near Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, January 16, Heliodiaptomus viduus : 5, 13 Sinodiaptomus indicus : 4, 6 16

24 An ordinary hand-towed plankton net with a diameter of 25 cm, and a mesh size of 70 µm was used for collecting samples from the surface and subsurface waters. After sufficient quantity of plankton was collected in the net, the plankton concentrate was transferred into specimen tubes and preserved in 10% formalin. Specimens were dissected with fine needles under stereozoom trinocular microscope (Genter) in the medium of lactophenol, using blue-ink as stain. For all appendages, a single specimen was used. However, if any dissected appendage or body part got damaged while dissecting or mounting, two or three specimens were used to study them in detail. All body measurements are given in mm. The diagrams of habitus and various appendages were drawn with the aid of camera lucida. Total length refers to the body length of individuals, excluding caudal setae. 17

25 SYSTEMATIC LIST OF COPEPODA RECORDED FROM KARNATAKA AND ANDHRA PRADESH STATES Phylum : Arthropoda Class : Crustacea Subclass : Copepoda Milne Edwards, 1840 Order : Calanoida Sars, 1903 Family : Diaptomidae Sars, 1892 Subfamily : Paradiaptominae Kiefer, 1932 I Genus : Paradiaptomus Sars, Paradiaptomus greeni (Gurney, 1906) Subfamily : Diaptominae Kiefer, 1932 II Genus : Heliodiaptomus Kiefer, Heliodiaptomus viduus (Gurney, 1916) 3. Heliodiaptomus contortus (Gurney, 1907) 4. Heliodiaptomus cinctus (Gurney, 1907) III Genus: Allodiaptomus Kiefer, Allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus) intermedius Reddy, Allodiaptomus (Reductodiatpomus) raoi Kiefer, 1936 IV Genus: Neodiaptomus Kiefer, Neodiaptomus schmackeri (Poppe & Richard, 1892) 8. Neodiaptomus lindbergi Brehm, 1951 V Genus: Tropodiaptomus Kiefer, Tropodiaptomus informis Kiefer, 1936 VI Genus: Phyllodiaptomus Kiefer, Phyllodiaptomus blanci (Guerne & Richard, 1896) 18

26 VII Genus: Sinodiaptomus Kiefer, Sinodiaptomus (Rhinediaptomus) indicus Kiefer, 1936 VIII Genus: Megadiaptomus Kiefer, Megadiaptomus pseudohebes Reddy,

27 Subfamily Paradiaptominae Kiefer, 1932 Genus Paradiaptomus Sars, 1895 Generic diagnosis Fourth and fifth pedigers fused. Fifth pediger with two strong lateral wings and posteriorly directed in females. Urosome of female with two somites (rarely three). Female P5 with endopodite 1-segmented ending with two setae. Male left P5 with endopodite 1-segmented, more or less rounded at its end, exopodite massive, without segmentation and with two strong spines. Paradiaptomus greeni is the sole species known under this genus in India. It was represented in moderate numbers in the present collections. Paradiaptomus greeni (Gurney, 1906) (Plate I. Figs 1-8) Diaptomus greeni Gurney, , P1. 2 Figs 1-9. Paradiaptomus similis van Douwe, 1912: 21-32, P1. IV, Figs 13,14. Paradiaptomu greeni Gurney, 1931: , Figs 1-5; Kiefer, 1934:12, Figs 33-35; Kiefer, 1939: 92-95, Figs1a-i; Brehm, 1950:15; Brehm, 1953: , Figs 60-64; Rajendran, 1973: , Figs 6 a-i. Gurney s (1906) original description of this species is brief but accurate. Kiefer (1939) gave a fairly detailed account of this species. Given below are the diagnostic features of this species, with particular emphasis on the local variations in the present specimens. Body size. Female mm; male mm. Female Fourth and fifth pedigers fused together, the fusion being indicated by an indentation on either side. Fifth pedigerous segment drawn out on either side into a very large wing, left wing larger than the right one. (Fig.1). 20

28 Urosome 3-segmented, sometimes the septum between second and third segments not clearly visible; genital segment bears on the left side a digitiform process tipped with a spine, and on the right a large bilobed process, the proximal lobe bears an apical hyaline spine (Fig.1). Caudal rami slightly asymmetrical, right ramus being relatively narrower than the left; inner margins furnished with hairs, caudal setae normal. All cephalic appendages except antennules are typical of diaptomids. Hence they are not described here. Swimming legs 1-4 biramous, with 2-segmented basipodite (protopodite) and 3-segmented exopodite; endopodite 2-segmented in leg 1 and 3-segmented in legs 2-4. All the swimming legs are similar in both sexes. Leg1 (Fig. 6) is different from the succeding three pairs in having 2 spines on third exopodite segment. Leg 5 (Fig. 3). End claw (exopodite 2) moderately strong and blunt, carrying along the internal margin a row of variable of minute denticles. Exopodite 3 small and with two unequal spines, outer one being relatively longer and stronger than inner one. Endopodite 1-segemented, somewhat shorter than exopodite1, and bearing at the apex two unequal spines and a short spinule. The inner margin of endopodite carrying two sensory bristles. Male Body more slender than that of female. Metasomal wings less prominent, asymmetrical, left wing being smaller than right one (Fig. 4). Caudal rami asymmetrical. The inner margins of the rami are hairy. All caudal setae of the left ramus as well as four inner setae of the right ramus normal, but the external seta of the right ramus is modified. 21

29 Antennule Left antennule as in female, right antennule modified and geniculate, the joint occurs between segments 18 and 19; segments much swollen; 10,11 and 13 with a spine each; the spine on the 10 th segment is shortest, terminal segment forms with a hook-like projection, (Fig.7), sometimes with a straight spine apically (Kiefer, 1939: 95, Fig. 19). Leg 5 The structure of leg 5 closely agrees with earlier descriptions, and salient features are pointed out here. Right leg 5 (Fig. 8) Exopodite 1 bears at its distal external angle a dome-shaped blunt spine, the shape of which is slightly variable. Exopodite 2 is very strong, distal part narrower than the proximal, length 1.8 times the width. The lateral spine arises from the posterior external corner of exopodite 2 and is serrated; in the 2-segmented endopodite, the distal segment, in all the specimens of Nallapadu, is bent outwards at right angles to the proximal segment, while it is straight in the specimens of other localities (Vejendla). Left leg as in the Fig. 8. Colour The caudal setae as well as the terminal segments of antennule are brightly pink coloured in both sexes. Distribution: This species occurs in turbid, temporary water bodies such as seasonal ponds and pools. 22

30 23

31 Previous records This species has a wide range of distribution, having been reported from Sri Lanka (Ceylon), India and South Africa. In India it has been collected From Madurai, Nellore, Gooty, Guntakal, Dharamavaram, Nambur, Phandharpour, Soharva, and Ootacamund. Present records: Nallapadu, Vejendla quarries, Ecology P. greeni is a common species in temporary, turbid water pools. It often cooccurs with H. viduus, P. blanci and S. indicus Conservation status: Lower Risk (LR); Least Concern (lc). 24

32 Subfamily Diaptominae Kiefer, 1932 Genus Heliodiaptomus Kiefer, 1932 Heliodiaptomus: Kiefer, 1932a: 473; Shen & Song, 1979: 113; Lai & Fernando, 1981:168; Reddy & Radhakrishna, 1981: 171; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 96. Generic diagnosis Kiefer s (1932) original definition of the genus Heliodiaptomus has been revised by Reddy (1994) as follows: Animals moderate to somewhat large in size (females mm and males mm long). Female: Lateral wings of fifth pediger generally moderately developed; urosome with 3 sometimes; antennules extending slightly beyond, or sometimes only to the base of, caudal setae; on leg 5, endopodite without apical setae and end claw with hairy or spinulose margins, and only exceptionally with denticulate margins. Male: Right caudal ramus without chitinous tooth on ventral side; on right leg 5, endopodite generally cylindrical but variable in size; coxa with or without lobe at distal inner corner; basis with 1 or 2 small hyaline lobes on inner margin; lateral spine of second exopodite-segment of the same leg usually proximal, sometimes even articulated to its posterior face; on left leg 5, second exopodite-segment with a short or, occasionally, elongate, digitiform process and a well-developed seta apically. The valid species in the genus Heliodiaptomus are as follows: Heliodiaptomus viduus (Gurney, 1916) Heliodiaptomus contortus (Gurney, 1907) Heliodiaptomus cinctus (Gurney, 1907) Heliodiaptomus pulcher (Gurney, 1907) Heliodiaptomus kolleruensis Reddy & Radhakrishna, 1981 Heliodiaptomus elegans Kiefer,

33 Heliodiaptomus nipponicus (Kokubo, 1914) Heliodiaptomus kikuchii Kiefer, 1932 Heliodiaptomus falxus Shen & Tai, 1964 Heliodiaptomus kieferi Brehm & Chappuis, 1935 Heliodiaptomus serratus Shen & Tai, 1962 Heliodiaptomus lamellatus Sung, Shen, Sung, Li & Chen, 1975 In the present study, I came across the following Species: Heliodiaptomus viduus (Gurney, 1916) Heliodiaptomus contortus (Gurney, 1907) Heliodiaptomus cinctus (Gurney, 1907) Key to the females of Heliodiaptomus spp. 1. End claw of leg 5 with denticulate margins. H.viduus End claw of leg 5 with hairy or spinulose margins Genital somite longer than next two urosomites combined; in left P5, coxal spine moderate in size H. cinctus Genital somite much shorter than next two urosomites combined: in left P5 coxal spine very large H. contortus Key to males of Heliodiaptomus spp. 1. Genital spine as long as next urosomites; lateral spine on second exopoditesegment at right P5 long; terminal process of left leg 5 large, pincerslike H.contortus Genital spine shorter than next urosomites; lateral spine on second exopodite- segment of right leg 5 short; terminal process of left leg 5 and not pincers-like 2 26

34 2. On right leg 5, exopodite 1 with trapezoidal or triangular process at midposterior margin; Endopodite long and cylindrical; lateral spine on second exopodite segment arising from lateral posterior surface.. H. viduus On right leg 5, exopodite 1 without such process: Endopodite short and flask-shaped; lateral spine on second exopodite segment arising from marginal in position. H. cinctus 27

35 Heliodiaptomus viduus (Gurney, 1916) (Plate II. Figs 1-13) Diaptomus viduus: Gurney, 1916: , P1.2, Figs ( ); Sewell, 1934: 75-78, Figs 3a-d ( ). Heliodiaptomus viduus: Kiefer, 1932a: 507, Fig. 82; Brehm, 1953: , Figs 1-2; Brehm, 1963: , Figs 1-10; Sehgal, 1967: 66-68, Figs 23-26; Rajendran, 1973: , Figs 3a-n; Fernando, 1974: 60-61, Figs 238, ; Radhakrishna & Reddy, 1977a: 98-99; Lai & Fernando, 1981: 168, Figs 45-57; Reddy & Radhakrishna, 1981: , PI.1, Figs 1-4; Reddy & Radhakrishna, 1984: 28; Dussart & Fernando, 1985: , Figs 33-38; Hossain, 1985: Neodiaptomus kamakhiae: Reddaiah, 1964: , Figs 1a-h. Helidiaptomus latifi: Das, 1974: 47-51, Figs 1-6. Since a detailed description of the species is already available in the literature, I deal here only with the variability of certain characters, based on the examination of the members of this species from different localities in Karnataka State. Brehm (1953,1963) already pointed out a few variations in the colonies of this species, obtained from Mysore, Madras and Delhi. Body size. Female mm; male mm. Female Rostrum with two strongly developed spines (Fig. 2). The posterior border of third pedigerous segment bears a transverse row of minute spinules on the dorsal side, in addition to the relatively larger spinules usually present on the fourth pedigerous segment (Fig. 1). All the cephalic appendages as well, as natatory legs are typical of the subfamily Diaptominae and do not possess the structural details of generic or specific importance. 28

36 Leg 5 (Fig. 3) asymmetrical; the asymmetry is seen not only in size of segments but in the armature as well. Right exopodite 1 and endclaw (exopodite 2) are relatively stouter than their counterparts in left leg. The number and arrangement of denticles along the margins of endclaws are highly variable. Endopodite more than half as long as first exopodite-segment. Male Rostral spines as in female but slender (Fig. 5). The posterior border of third pedigerous segment bears a transverse row of minute spinules on the dorsal side in addition to the relatively larger spinules usual present on the 4 th pedigerous segment. Caudal rami 1.4 times as long long as wide and with hirsute inner margins. Right antennule with spines on each of segments 8 and (Fig. 6); spinous process on antepenultimate segment straight, slightly exceeding half the length of penultimate segment and fringed with narrow hyaline membrane along outer margin (Figs 7-9), right antennule displays no remarkable differences from the earlier descriptions. Leg 5 One of the chief distinguishing features of this species is the presence, on the posterior face of exopodite 1 of right leg 5, of a chitinous process, which is trapeziumshaped (Fig. 12). The distal external angle of exopodite1 of same leg is drawn out in to a spinous process, which is generally short and pointed. Second exopodite-segment elongately ovate; lateral spine inserted proximally over posterior surface. End claw somewhat dilated at base with generally angular outer margin. Endopodite cylindrical and extending beyond origin of lateral spine. Left leg 5: Basis with two small hyaline lobes. Endopodite about as long as its counterpart on right leg. 29

37 30

38 Morphological remarks A persual of the literature particularly Brehm s (1953,1963) reports, reveals the fact that local variations are quite common in this species. The denticles on the end claws of female fifth legs are variable in number. In the present specimens, inner margin of end claw of female right leg 5 has 10 denticles, outer margin with 11 denticles. The spinous processs at distal outer corner of first exopodite segment on male right leg 5 varies in shape from short, blunt to long, pointed. The proximal part of end claw in the above leg is sometimes narrow with smoothly curved outer margin (Fig. 13) or rarely, produced in to a rounded prominence (Fig.10). The presence of spinules between 3 & 4 th pedigers have not been so far reported by any worker. Distribution India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Thailand. While the species is not common in its type locality, i.e., Sri Lanka (see Gurney, 1916; Fernando, 1974, 1980), it is the most common diaptomid in South India, and its abundance, according to Hossain (1985), diminishes gradually towards the North. It was not recorded by Kiefer (1939) in his scientific report on the Yale North India Expedition. According to Das (1974) and Hossain (1985), it is the most abundant calanoid in Bangladesh. It is so far reported from Salt Lakes, Calcutta; Indian Museum Tank, Calcutta; Kudra tank, Mirzapur; Portblair; P.W.D.tank, Ghorwal; Bankipur; Cuttack, Portblaiir, Mysore, Madras, Delhi, and several places from Orissa: Athmilike, Balasore, Berhampore, Chandwar, Whenkanal, Jenapore, Jaipore, Linghpur, Narsinghapur, Puri and Sambalpur. Visakhapatnam, Anakapalli, Guntur, Kondaveedu, Guntakal, Gooty, Dharmavaram, Tirupathi hills, Warangal. 31

39 Present records Acharya Nagarjuna University Campus, Nallapadu, Narakodur, Vejendla, Sangamjagarlamudi, Pedakakani, Kaja, Reddy palem, Uppalapadu, and different localities in Karnataka state. Ecology H. viduus is commonly found in seasonal ponds and pools, and fishponds of plains. The waters are turbid to moderately transparent with circumneutral ph, and temperature generally above 18 C. Its occurrence in large permanent bodies such as lakes in sporadic. H. viduus co-occurs with P. blanci, N. schmackeri, M. pseudohebes, H. contortous, P. greeni. Conservation Status: Lower Risk (LR); Least Concern (lc). 32

40 Heliodiaptomus contortus (Gurney, 1907) (Plate III. Figs 1-8) Diaptomus contortus: Gurney, 1907: 28, Figs 9-10; Sewell, 1924: 788, P1. 45, Fig.5. Heliodiaptomus contortus: Kiefer, 1932a: 507, Figs 84-86; Brehm, 1950: 11-13, Figs 1a-d; Brehm, 1953: , Figs 5-11; Brehm, 1963: ; Reddy & Radhakrishna, 1981: , P1.2, Figs 1-10; Reddy & Radhakrishna, 1984: 28; Reddy & Devi, 1989: , Figs 41, 42, 50, 51, 62, 65. Body size. Female mm; male mm. Female Fourth and fifth pedigers demarcated by uninterrupted transverse row of spinules on dorsum. Lateral wings of fifth pediger small, rounded, asymmetrical and armed with 2 unequal spines each; right wing with small rounded prominence, clearly visible in lateral view, whereas left wing larger than right wing. Genital somite relatively short and asymmetrical, sub- proximal region being distinctly produced on right side; left genital spine (Fig. 2) larger than, and somewhat anterior in position to, right spine. Leg 5 (Fig. 4): Left coxal spine distinctly larger than right coxal spine, second exopodite-segment with large, tooth-like lateral spine near the base. Third exopodite segment vestigial, being represented by a minute tubercle, bearing 2 unequal setae, longer seta with slightly swollen base. Endopodite as long as first exopodite segment, apex pointed. Male Posterolateral border of fourth pediger armed with only a few spinules arranged in a row. Genital spine extending slightly beyond succeeding segment. Caudal rami asymmetrical, the left caudal ramus slightly wider than the right one, with hairless lateral and inner margins. 33

41 The details of right antennule agree with earlier descriptions. Right leg 5: Basis with very large hyaline lobe on distal inner margin. Second segment characterstic in shape; lateral spine about as long as the segment. End claw very strong; basal region dilated and generally twisted. Endopodite uniformly narrow, slightly bent halfway and much longer than first exopodite-segment, apex rounded. Left leg 5: Basis without hyaline lobe, second exopodite-segment with well-developed pincers-like terminal processes. Endopodite much shorter than its counter part on right leg. 34

42 35

43 Morphological remarks The nature of lateral wings in female, the lateral spine of second exopoditesegment agree with earlier reports and the endopodite of male right leg 5 and the arrangement of spinules between fourth and fifth pedigers are somewhat variable. Distribution All the present distributional records of H.contortus point to its being endemic to India. Though not common, it appears to be widely distributed in India. It has so far been reported from Vengalayapalem pond near Guntur and lake Kolleru at Kolletikota in Krishna district. Recently I have found this species only in Kaja village pond near Acharya Nagarjuna University campus. Ecology It occurs in clear or turbid waters in a wide variety of habitats such as rice fields: its occurrence in seasonal rain pools is unlikely. It was found in a turbid pond (Secchi traparency ca. 4 cm) on the Nagarjuna University campus from January March 1984, when temperature ranged from 24 c to 30 c and ph from (Reddy, 1994). In his study on estuarine copepods of India, Pillai (1971) considered it mixohaline (salinity ). According to Sewell (1934), this species, though usually found in freshwater, would appear to be somewhat more adaptable to brackish water than Phyllodiaptomus blanci and Heliodiaptomus cinctus. In my studies Heliodiaptomus contortus was found to co-occur with H. viduus. Conservation Status: Vulnerable (VU) 36

44 Heliodiaptomus cinctus (Gurney, 1907) (Plate IV. Figs 1-9) Diaptomus cinctus: Gurney, 1907: 29, Figs 11-12; Sewell, 1924: 788, P1. 45, Fig. 4 Heliodiaptomus cinctus: Kiefer, 1932a: 508; Brehm 1953: , Figs 3-4; Sehgal, 1967: 57-61, Figs 4-9; Abraham, 1972: , Figs 1-7, 11-17, 22-23; Reddy & RadhaKrishna, 1981: , P1. 3, Figs 1-5; Reddy & RadhaKrishna, 1984: 28; Reddy & Devi, 1990: 62, Figs 41, 42, 65, 68. Heliodiaptomus rangunensis: Kiefer, 1932b: , Figs Allodiaptomus cinctus: Kiefer, 1936c: , Figs11-15; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 99; Dussart & Fernando, 1985; , Figs Allodiaptomus mirabilipes: Kiefer, 1936a: , Figs 7-8 ( ). Allodiaptomus raoi: Rajendran, 1973: 126, Figs 7 a-j. Arctodiaptomus shillongensis: Reddiah, 1965: 25, Figs 1 a-i. Arctodiaptomus kieferi: Reddiah, 1965: 28, Figs 2a-i. Eudiaptomus cinctus: Fernando, 1974: 60, Figs ; Fernando, 1980: 99. Allodiaptomus tiruttanii: Rajendran, 1979: 5-8, Figs 1a-i. Body size. Female mm; male mm. Female Rostral spines large, fourth and fifth pedigers demarcated by an uninterrupted transverse row of spinules (nearly about 45-50), extending dorsolaterally. Lateral wings of fifth pediger small, rounded and asymmetrical; left wing somewhat larger than right wing and constricted at base; spines of left wing larger than those of right wing. Genital somite slightly dilated proximally, about as long as following somites and caudal rami combined, asymmetrical, right side with laterally directed slednder spine and left side with chitinous projection, carrying thick, posteriorly directed spine. Caudal rami with hairy outer and inner margins. 37

45 Leg 5 (Fig.3) Coxal spines are unequal in size. Left coxal spine is somewhat larger than right coxal spine. Lateral spine of second exopodite- segment tooth-like. Third exopodite-segment absent, its place being occupied a by a spine or seta. Male Rostral spines slender. Dorsal row of spinules between fourth and fifth pedigers. (nearly 83-85). Genital spine small. Second and third urosomites with ventral hairs (Fig. 5). Left caudal ramus somewhat more slender than right ramus and twice as long as wide. Right antennule (Fig. 7) with spine on each of segments 8 and 9 16; spinous process on antepenultimate (Fig. 8) segment nearly straight, tip generally hooked. Right leg 5 (Fig. 9) Coxa produced into large, bifid lobe at distal inner corner. Basis with roughly crescentic hyaline lobe at midlength of inner margin. Second exopodite-segment with 1 proximal lateral, about half as long as the segment. Endopodite small flask-shaped and longer than first exopodite-segment. Left leg 5: Basis with 1 narrow hyaline lamella at the middle of inner margin. Endopodite unsegmented. 38

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47 Morphological remarks The morphology of Heliodiaptomus cinctus perfectly agrees with earlier reports, except for the spinules present in the females between fourth and fifth pedigers, the shape of distal outer spine on first exopodite-segment of male right leg 5 as well as the shape of end claw of right leg 5. Distribution Previous records Confined to India, Sri Lanka and Burma. In India, It is reported from: Calcutta, Chilka lake, Chakradharpur, Calicut, Tellicherry, Cochin Backwaters Lake kolleru; Yard pond, Guntur; and Rangaswami gundem, Akaveedu; a pond at Secunderabad (Reddy, 1977), It is fairly widely distributed in India except in the subtropical Kashmir region. Present records Reddy (1994) noticed this species at Perintelmanna and Angadippuram (Kerala State), Tiruvegadam near Madurai (Tamilnadu), Tungabhadra reservoir and a host of other places in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh in India. I have recently noticed only one male specimen (November 23, 2003) at fishpond in Sangam jagarlamoodi village, in Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh Ecology H. cinctus is eurytopic species occurring in such diverse habitats as lakes (Sewell, 1924, 1934; Reddy & RadhaKrishna, 1981), rivers (Ray et al. 1966), rice fields (Reddy & Devi, 1990), crystal clear river pools, irrigation canals, fishponds and slightly elevated, permanent hill ponds (Reddy, 1977). Pillai (1971) recorded it in Cochin Backwaters when salinity was 6.5. According to Sewell (1934): H.cinctus appears to be a true fresh-water inhabitant and has but little power of adaptation to 40

48 brackish water habitat. H. cinctus co-occurs with H.viduus, N. lindbergi and A. intermedius. Conservation Status: Vulnerable (VU) 41

49 Genus Allodiaptomus Kiefer, 1936 Allodiaptomus: Kiefer, 1936a: 142; Shen & Song, 1979: 153; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 98; Reddy, 1987: 132. Generic diagnosis Reddy (1987) revised the original definition of the genus Allodiaptomus as follows: Animals slender and of moderate size, fourth pediger with or without dorsal row of spinules along posterior boarder. Female urosome of 3 somites. Antennules generally long, extending beyond caudal setae. On male right leg 5, coxa produced in to lobe-like structure at distal inner corner; basis with elongate hyaline membrane on inner margin; second exopodite segment with at least 2 outer lateral spines, a large proximal and a small distal, but devoid of median lateral spine. Left leg 5 in male with finger- or thumb-shaped process and with inner seta apically. Reddy (1987) also divided the genus Allodiaptomus in to two subgenera and defined them as follows: 1. Subgenus Allodiaptomus s. str. Kiefer, 1936 First exopodite-segment of legs 1-4 with outer marginal spine; third endopoditesegment of legs 2-4 with 2 outer marginal setae (total 7 setae). Proximal lateral spine of second exopodite-segment of male right leg 5 articulated to the margin. Valid species in the genus Allodiaptomus: Allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus) mirabilipes Kiefer, 1936 Allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus) intermedius Reddy, 1987 Allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus) satanas (Brehm, 1952) Allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus) gladiolus Shen & Lee, 1963 Allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus) calcarus Shen & Tai, 1965 Allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus) pectinidactylus Shen & Tai,

50 In the present study I came across Allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus) intermedius Reddy, 1987 only. 2. Subgenus Reductodiaptomus Reddy, 1987 First exopodite-segment of legs 1-4 without outer marginal spine; third endopodite-segment of legs 2-4 with 1 outer marginal seta (total 6 setae). Proximal lateral spine on second exopodite-segment of male right leg 5 articulated to posterior face. Valid species in the subgenus Reductodiaptomus Allodiaptomus (Reductodiaptomus) raoi Kiefer, 1936 This species has been recorded in this study Allodiaptomus (Reductodiaptomus) raoi Kiefer, Key to the females of Allodiaptomus spp. 1. First exopodite-segment of legs 1-4 with outer marginal spine; third endopodite-segment of legs 2-4 with 7 setae.subgenus Allodiaptomus s. str.2 First exopodite-segment of legs 1-4 without outer marginal spine; third Endopodite- segment of legs 2-4 with 6 setae Subgenus Reductodiaptomus 2. Left genital spine slender and posteriorly directed; second urosomite short; on fifth legs coxal spines long...allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus) intermedius. Left genital spine antreriorly directed; on fifth legs coxal spines short....allodiaptomus (Reductodiaptomus) raoi 43

51 Key to the males of Allodiaptomus spp. First exopodite segments of legs 1-4 with outer marginal spine; third endopoditesegment of legs 2-4 with 7 setae..subgenus Allodiaptomus s. str. First exopoditesegment of leg 1-4 without outer marginal spine ; third endopodite segment of legs 2-4 with 6 setae subgenus.reductodiaptomus 2. On right leg 5, proximal lateral spine on second exopodite- segment articulated to the margin; endopodite short, with conical shape Allodiaptomus (A) intermedius On right leg 5, proximal lateral spine on second exopodite- segment articulated to posterior face; endodpodite cylindrical and extends up to half of the second exopodite segment Allodiaptomus (R) raoi 44

52 Allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus) intermedius Reddy, 1987 (Plate V. Figs 1-9) Body size. Female mm; male mm. Female Rostral spines relatively short and acuminate. Fourth and fifth pedigers separated by transverse row of spinules on dorsal surface, extending ventrally half way down lateral part of the body (Fig. 1). Spinules more closely set at sides than in the middle. Metasomal wings strongly asymmetrical, right wing small, evenly curved with 2 almost similar spines, 1 dorsal and 1 lateral, left wing generally ovate with attennuated apex, and extending up to base of left genital spine, and posterolaterally directed, carrying 2 unequal spines, 1 strong and posterolateral, and 1weak and dorsal and lying near distal inner margin. Urosome composed of 3 somites, the position of genital spines as illustrated in the figure. The structure of urosome perfectly agrees with earlier descriptions. Right caudal ramus only slightly wider than left ramus; each ramus 1.4 times as long as wide, with fine hairs along both margins. All the cephalic appendages as well as natatory legs are typical of the subfamily Diaptominae and do not possess any structural details of generic or specific importance. Leg 5 (Fig. 4) The left coxal spine distinctly large. Third exopodite-segment represented by 1 spine and 1 seta. Endopodite cylindrical, slightly shorter than first exopodite-segment; apex round. 45

53 Male Fourth and fifth pedigers (Fig. 5), as in female, separated by transverse row of spinules. Metasomal wings symmetrical, short, rounded, each with lateral spine; right wing with long lateral spine. Urosome composed of 5 somites, posterior part slightly bent to right side. Genital somite with spine at right posterior corner, and indented at left posterior corner. Both caudal rami without hairy inner margins. The structure of urosome do not possess any interesting features Right antennule with spine on each of segments 8 and 10-16; spinous process on antepenultimate segment as in Fig. 7. Fifth legs Right leg 5 coxa with bifid lobe. Basis with elongate hyaline membrane on inner margin. First exopodite-segment drawn out in to short, pointed spinous process, and carrying on posterior face a small hyaline lobe near inner side of distal border. Second exopodite-segment cylindrical, with 2 outer lateral spines; proximal spine marginal in position, a broad, hyaline lying at base of proximal spine; distal lateral spine much smaller than in A.raoi, and curved inwards; distal lateral spine pointed, hardly reaching the outer margin of end claw. A small chitinous lobe, lying between distal spine and end claw. End claw sickle shaped, slightly thickened at midlength, with finely spinulose inner margin and blunt apex. Endopodite pyriform, apex rounded with subapical row of spinules. Left leg 5 coxa nearly rectangular, armed with small hyaline spine towards distal inner corner. Basis slightly wider than long, with somewhat elongate, hyaline lamella midway on inner margin. Exopodite indistinctly 2-segmented. Endopodite cylindrical, slightly swollen at base and with incipient cross septum halfway. 46

54 47

55 Morphological remarks Female left wing of fifth pediger, direction of spines on the genital somite, coxal spines and end claws in fifth legs of female are somewhat variable. In male geniculated antennular segment 13 and spinous process on antepenultimate segment and coxal lobe as well as distal lateral spine in right leg 5 of male are also variable. Distribution A. intermedius was originally reported from Dharmavaram and Cumbum tank in Andhra Pradesh State (Reddy, 1987). Reddy recently found it in irrigation canals and canal-fed ponds in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh and at the following localities in Karnataka state: Kamalapuram tank, Gowramma pond and Ramsagar tank around Hospet, Kartikera and Magadi tank on the way of Belur to Chickmagalur, small pond at Deveraj pura, 4 km from Belur, Bababudangiri (Dattathreyapeetha), a pond beside Vasanta cool Estate. 3 km from Chickmagalur, an open circular well near Agricultural Implements Industry, Chickmagalur. Ecology Allodiaptomus intermedius inhabits tanks, ponds on rice fields and coffee plantations and an open well, in which the water temperature ranged from C and ph was around 7. Interestingly, it was also found in rocky ponds at elevated places, i.e. Bababudangiri (alt m) (Reddy, 1994). A. Intermedius co-occurs with H. viduus, N. lindbergi and H. cinctus. Conservation Status: Vulnerable (VU) 48

56 Allodiaptomus (Reductodiaptomus) raoi Kiefer, 1936 (Plate VI. Figs 1-7) Allodiaptomus raoi Kiefer, 1936a: , Figs 1-6; Devi & Reddy, 1989: , Figs 41-42, 80, 83. Allodiaptomus raoi var. membranigera: Brehm, 1951: 100, Figs, 8-11; Brehm, 1953: 252. Allodiaptomus specillodactylus: Shen & Tai, 1964: , Figs Allodiaptomus (Reductodiaptomus) raoi; Reddy, 1987: , Figs Body size. Female mm; male mm. Female Rostrum with 2 large, acuminate spines. Fourth and fifth pedigers demarcated by a transverse row of dorsal spinules. Lateral wings of fifth pediger asymmetrical, left wing being longer that right one. Genital somite longer than rest of the urosome including caudal rami, only slightly dilated proximally and armed with large, directedposterolaterally spine on each side. Caudal rami 1.9 times as long as wide. Leg 5: The morophology of leg 5 perfectly agrees with the earlier reports. Male Fourth and fifth pedigers separated by transverse row of delicate spinules. The structure of right antennule as in the Fig. 6. Right leg 5 (Figs 7, 8): coxa produced at distal inner corner into broadly triangular lobe. Basis with elongate hyaline lamella midway on inner margin. Second exopodite-segment with 2 lateral spines; proximal spine long, articulated to the posterior face, distal lateral spine shorter than the proximal spine, typically marginal and posteriorly bent. A flat hyaline lobe lying obliquely at the base of proximal spine. Endopodite proximally dilated and slightly more than half as long as second exopodite-segment. Left leg 5: Basis with 1 hyaline lobe at distal outer corner. Endopodite indistinctly 2-segmented. 49

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58 Morphological remarks The right genital spine, end claws of female and lateral spines of second exopodite segment and the endopodite on right leg 5 of male are somewhat variable in size and shape. Distribution India, Cambodia (Brehm, 1951), Thailand (Bricker et al. 1978) and South China. In India it is known from Nellore (Kiefer, 1936), River Tapti near Mandi (Brehm, 1953), and River Krishna at Vijayawada (Reddy, 1977). It was also noticed it in a host of diverse habitats in the deltaic region of River Krishna. Recently I have found this taxon Uppalapadu village near Guntur. Ecology A.raoi is the most common diaptomid, often co-occuring with Pseudodiaptomus binghami in River Krishna at Vijayawada (surface water temp ºC; ph ). It appears to be most rheophil of all Indian diaptomids. It is also well adapted to the lentic conditions of ricefields, ponds, reservoirs and lakes (Lake Kolleru), which are directly fed by the same river. It is, however, alien, to isolated, solely rain-fed, temporary or permanent fresh water bodies. Conservation Status: Lower Risk (LR); Least Concern (lc). 51

59 Genus Neodiaptomus Kiefer, 1932 Neodiaptomus: Kiefer, 1932a: 474; Brehm, 1933b: 135; Kiefer, 1939: 126; Shen & Song, 1979: 138; Lai & Fernando, 1981: 163; Reddy & Das, 1981: 8; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 94; Borutzky et al., 1991: 424; Reddy & Subba Reddy, 1992: 125 Revised generic diagnosis (Reddy, 1994) Animals of moderate size ( mm). Female: Antennules long, extending beyond caudal setae. Fifth legs mostly asymmetrical. Coxal spines strong; end claws generally with coarsely denticulate margins; third exopodite-segment reduced or absent, represented by 2 unequal spines; apex of endopodite obliquely cut on inner margin, pointed and without setae. Male: Right antennule with spine on each of segments 10, 11, 13-15; antepenultimate segment with long or sometimes short spinous process. On right leg 5, coxa produced into somewhat triangular, pointed or bifid lobe (inter coxal plate) at distal inner corner; endopodite long, 1-segmented, dilated at base and attenuating apically (pyriform); lateral spine inserted generally at the middle of outer margin of second exopodite-segment. Right caudal ramus with tooth-like chitinous structure at inner ventro-distal corner. Valid species in the genus Neodiaptomus: Neodiaptomus schmackeri (Poppe & Richard, 1892) Neodiaptomus physalipus Kiefer, 1935 Neodiaptomus lindbergi Brehm, 1951 Neodiaptomus intermedius Flößner, 1984 Neodiaptomus malaindosinensis Lai & Fernando, 1978 Neodiaptomus meggitti Kiefer, 1932 Neodiaptomus lymphatus Brehm, 1933 Neodiaptomus yangtsekiangensis Mashiko,

60 Neodiaptomus laii Kiefer, 1974 Neodiaptomus blachei Brehm, 1951 Neodiaptomus botulifer Kiefer, 1974 Neodiaptomus mesphistopheles Brehm, 1933 In the present study I came across the following two species Neodiaptomus schmackeri (Poppe & Richard, 1892) Neodiaptomus lindbergi Brehm, 1951 Key to the females of Neodiaptomus spp. 1.Caudal setae proximally dilated and distinctly curved; right caudal ramus not dilated proximally N.schmackeri Caudal setae normal; right caudal ramus dilated proximally N. lindbergi Key to the males of Neodiaptomus spp. 1. Right caudal ramus with moderate, tooth-like chitinous process and with 2 chitinous projections near its base..n. lindbergi Right caudal ramus with very small, triangular tooth-like chitinous process and with no chitinous projections near its base N. schmackeri 53

61 Neodiaptomus schmackeri (Poppe & Richard, 1892) (Plate VII. Figs 1-10) Diaptomus schmackeri: Poppe & Richard, 1892: , Figs 1-6; 1925a: Kiefer, 1928: , Figs 20-22; Brehm, 1930: 154. Neodiaptomus schmackeri: Kiefer, 1932a: 475, 509, Fig. 87; Kiefer, 1939; , Figs 11-12; Rajendran, 1971: 92-99, Figs 1-2; Shen & Song, 1979: , Figs 71ai; Lai & Fernando, 1981: 165, Figs 24-35; Subba Reddy, 1989: 17-26, Figs 1-45; Bhattacharya et al., 1990: 73-78; Borutzky et al., 1991: , Fig. 189; Reddy & Subba Reddy, 1992: 125, Fig. 1. Borutzky et al., 1991: , Fig Diaptomus strigilipes: Gurney, 1907: 30-31, P1.2, Figs Neodiaptomus strigilipes: Brehm, 1953: , Figs 20-23; Dumont & Van de Velde, 1977: 62, Figs10g-k; Reddy & Radhakrishna, 1984: 28; Dussart & Fernando, 1985: , Figs Diaptomus handeli: Rylov, 1925a: , Figs Diaptomus handeli: Mashiko, 1951: , Figs 3a-j; Uèno, 1966: , Figs 44-59; Lai & Fernando, 1978: , Figs 1-8; Rajendran, 1979a: 49-52, Figs 1-2; Dussart & Fernando, 1985: , Figs Neodiaptomus bisegmantus: Hu, 1943: , Figs A, 1-7. Body size: Female mm; male mm. Female Rostral spines somewhat elongate and acute. Lateral wings well developed, asymmetrical, left wing slightly reaching left genital spine. Genital somite asymmetrical, almost as long as its maximum width; subproximal part dilated in to a lobe on each side; right lobe larger than left lobe with 2 hyaline spines. Caudal rami 1.4 times as long as wide, with hirsute inner margins. Leg 5: Coxal spines of both legs almost equally large and arising directly from the segments. Right end claw with

62 denticles on inner margin and 0-3 on outer margin. Left end claw with 8-11 denticles on inner margin and 0-4 on outer margin. Third exopodite-segment distinct. Endopodite shorter than first exopodite-segment. Male Rostral spines as in female. Caudal rami almost symmetrical; right ramus with chitinous tooth at distal inner corner on ventral surface; right antennule with spine on each of segments 8 and 10-15; spines on segments 8, 12, and 15 very short; spinous process on antepenultimate (Fig. 9) segment straight, as long as or slightly longer than succeeding segment, with generally hooked tip. Right leg 5: Coxa with roughly bifid hyaline lobe at distal inner corner. Lateral spine of second exopodite-segment generally shorter than the segment and lying at midlength of its outer margin. End claw sickle-shaped. Endopodite flask-shaped. Left leg 5: Basis with hyaline lamella on inner margin. 55

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64 Morphological remarks In male, the spine on 15 th segment of right antennule is very reduced. Also the spines on antepenultimate segment of the same appendage are subject to some variation. The inter coxal hyaline lobe of the male fifth leg varies between populations. Distribution India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, Korea, China and East Siberia. Recently I have found this species in Vejendla quarries near Guntur. Ecology In India, N. schmackeri is mostly confined to ephemeral, turbid, fresh water pools and ponds of plains. Its occurrence in large water bodies like lakes is rare. I have never found it in rivers or canals. It appears to be a purely fresh water, stenotopic species. It co-occurrs with H. viduus, P. blanci and M. pseudohebes. Conservation Status: Lower Risk (LR); Least Concern (lc). 57

65 Neodiaptomus lindbergi Brehm, 1951 (Plate VIII. Figs 1-13) Neodiaptomus lindbergi : Brehm, 1951a: , Figs 1-6; Brehm, 1953: , Figs 24-29; Reddy, 1977; 66-70, PI. 10, Figs 1-11; Subba Reddy, 1989: 51-59, Figs 1-52; Reddy & Subba Reddy, 1992: , Figs Neodiaptomus Sewelli: Roy, 1984: , Figs 1a-h Body size. Female mm; male mm. Female Rostral spines strong and acute. Fourth and fifth pedigers fused together. Genital somite longer than its own width as well as rest of the urosome including caudal rami, asymmetrical and dilated subproximally; left side with 1 spine arising from narrow, lobe-like projection; right side with 1 spinous projection and 1 short spine. Caudal rami with hairy inner margins; basal part of right ramus expanded and lamellate in lateral view. Leg 5: Right coxal spine slightly smaller than the left one. Sensory seta of basis reaching beyond midlength of first exopodite-segment. End claws with denticulate margins. Endopodite nearly as long as first exopodite-segment. Male Rostral spines as in female. Second and third urosomites fringed with ventral hairs (Fig. 6). Right caudal ramus armed with moderately large, tooth-like structure at ventro-distal inner corner and also with 2 small chitinous projections near base of this structure. Right antennule (Fig. 10) with spine on each of segments 8 and 10-16; spinous process on antepenultimate segment straight or somewhat curved and longer than penultimate segment. Right leg 5: Intercoxal hyaline lamella nearly triangular. Basis with crescentic hyaline lobe on inner margin. Lateral spine of second exopodite segment lying at about the middle of outer margin and somewhat longer than, or just 58

66 equal to, the segment. End claw elongate, slender, sickle-shaped and without any proximal thickening. Endopodite bottle-shaped and extending beyond midlength of second exopodite-segment. Left leg 5. Basis with 1with hyaline lamella. 59

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68 Morphological remarks Female fifth pedigerous wing, endopodite of male right leg 5, shape of the chitinous tooth in right caudal ramus, are somewhat variable. Distribution Pondi, Mourabas, Phandharpur, Kurdu and Dharwar Guntur, Nagarjuna university campus and Timmasamudram (Reddy 1977). N. lindbergi is endemic and is widely distributed in South India. But I have not found this taxon in my collections from Andhra Pradesh. Ecology Like Neodiaptomus schmackeri, this species generally prefers ephemeral, turbid freshwater ponds and pools of the plains. It was never found in large clear water bodies like lakes and reservoirs. So, this is an example of stenotypic species. It is often co-occurs with A. intermedius, H. viduus, Sinodiaptomus indicus and P.blanci. But both N. lindbergi, N. schmackeri never co-occur. Conservation Status: Vulnerable (VU) 61

69 Genus Phyllodiaptomus Kiefer, 1936 Phyllodiaptomus: Kiefer, 1936b: 323; Kiefer, 1978: 159; Shen & song, 1979: 148; Lai & Fernando, 1981: 165; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 92; Reddy & Venkateswarlu, 1989: 142; Borutzky et al., 1991: 413; Dumont & Reddy, 1993: 89 Revised generic diagnosis (Reddy, 1994) Animals of moderate body size ( mm). Female: Lateral wings of fifth pediger moderately developed, left wing frequently longer than right wing; urosome of 3 somites, genital somite longer than the rest of urosomites including caudal rami; antennule extending to end of caudal setae, or slightly longer. Leg 5: Coxal spine short and strong. Endopodite long, mostly 2-segmented, with a row fine spinules on rounded apex; end claw with hairy or spinulose margins; third exopodite-segment small but distinct. Male: Right antennule with spine on each of segments 8, and short comb-like serrate process on antepenultimate segment. Right caudal ramus generally without chitinous tooth on ventral side; on right leg 5, coxa produced into prominent triangular, thin, hollowing out on posterior surface and generally with 1 short, bent, digitiform, lateral spinous process, mostly distal in position. Second exopoditesegment of left leg 5 with thumb-like apical process. Valid species in the genus Phyllodiaptomus : Phyllodiaptomus blanci (Gurney & Richard, 1896) Phyllodiaptomus wellkensae Dumont & Reddy, 1993 Phyllodiaptomus annae (Apstein, 1907) Phyllodiaptomus sasikumari Reddy & Venkateswarlu, 1989 Phyllodiaptomus longipes Kiefer, 1965 Phyllodiaptomus tunguidus Shen & Tai, 1964 In the present study, I came across only one of above spcies 62

70 Phyllodiaptomus blanci (Guerne & Richard, 1896) (Plate IX. Figs 1-14) Diaptomus blanci: Guerne & Richard, 1896: 53-56, Figs 1-5; Meissner, 1904: 649; van Douwe, 1905: 687, PI.25, Figs 9-11; Gurney, 1907: 23, Fig. 29; Tollinger, 1911: 112, Fig. F; Keiser, 1923: 31; Rylov, 1930: 193, Figs 63, 1-5; Rylov 1936 b: 149. Phyllodiaptomus blanci: Kiefer 1936c: , Figs 1-5; Brehm, 1953: , Figs 41-42; Dumont & Van de Velde, 1977: 62, Figs 10 A-D; Kiefer, 1978; 159, PI. 71; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 9; Reddy & Devi, 1990a: , Figs 57, 68, 71: Venkateswarlu, 1989: 12-20, Figs 1-56; Reddy & Venkateswarlu, 1989: 142; Borutzky et al., , Fig. 184; Dumont & Reddy, 1993: 86, Figs Phyllodiaptomus peregrinator: Brehm, 1950: 2-4, Figs 1a-h. Mongolodiaptomus subquadratus: Shen & Song, 1965: 24, Figs 8-13; Shen & Song, 1965a: 307; Shen & Song, 1965b: 398; Shen & Song, 1979: 97, Figs 45 a-f; Dussart & Defaye, 1983; 104. Phyllodiaptomus subquadratus: Borutzky et al., 1991: 416, Fig Body size. Female mm; male mm. Female Rostrum with 2 strongly developed spines (Fig. 2). Fourth and fifth pedigers fused. Metasomal wings strongly asymmetrical. Left metasomal wing generally narrow, digitiform, posteriorly directed, and armed with a spine at the tip. Right metasomal wing bilobed. Urosome (Fig. 1) of 3 somites; genital somite longer than succeeding 2 somites and caudal rami asymmetrical, right side being more irregular than left side, right lateral margin consistently dilated just below the right spine; genital spines 63

71 unequal in size, the left spine being shorter than the right; both spines posterolaterally directed. Second urosomites smallest and roughly of its proximal part telescoped into genital somite. Anal somite distinctly forked behind. Caudal rami parllel, symmetrical, and with fine hairs along both margins. Leg 5: Symmetrical, coxal spines of both legs relatively small. Basis smaller than coxa, and provided with elongate seta, extending beyond the first exopoditesegment. First exopodite-segment twice longer than wide. Second exopodite-segment (end claw) broader at the base, blunt apically, and armed with close-set hairs on both margins (Fig.2). Third exopodite segment small but distinct, at base, with 2 spines: Endopodite vaguely divided in to 2 segments, sturdy and slightly shorter than first exopodite-segment. Male Rostral spines stout and acute. Caudal rami symmetrical. Fourth and fifth pedigers fused; metasomal wings symmetrical and provided with 2 unequal spines each. Urosome of 5 somites, posterior part slightly bent towards right side. Genital somite with a spine at right posterior corner and indented at left posterior corner. Anal somite short and slightly forked. Caudal rami with hairs on inner margin. Left antennule as in female. Right antennule (Fig. 6): spine on each of segments 8 and Spine on segment 13 longest, spine on segment 16 shortest. Relative length of spines in decreasing order as follows: 13> 11> 10> 8> 14> 15> 12> 16; antepenultimate segment having short, comb-like process with 3-9 teeth (Figs 7-9). Right leg 5 (Fig. 10): Coxa with large, roughly triangular hyaline plate at distal inner corner. Basis slightly longer than wide, with proximal hyaline lobe on inner margin. First exopodite-segment shorter than wide with posterior outer corner 64

72 produced in to short, pointed spinous process. Second exopodite-segment (Fig. 13) much flattened, generally twisted around its axis and with a ledge on inner margin and hyaline outgrowth on outer margin between lateral spine and end claw; lateral spine digitiform, distal in position and generally outcurved. End claw slightly curved, stouter at base. Endopodite sturdy and variable in shape. Left leg 5: Coxa roughly rectangular and with small spine at distal inner corner. Basis with small, digitiform lobe on its inner margin (Fig. 14). Exopodite 2-segmented and bent inwards. Proximal segment larger and provided with 1 hairy lobe: distal segment produced in to thumb-like process apically and carrying long, jointed seta on inner margin. Endopodite well developed, one -segmented, nearly as long as proximal segment of the exopodite. 65

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74 Morphological Remarks The shape of posterolateral wings and genital spines in female, the number of teeth on comb-like process of the antepenultimate segment of right antennule are somewhat variable. The shape of intercoxal plate, the spinous process at distal inner corner, of first exopodite-segment, the hyaline lobe at distal outer corner of second exopodite-segment and the endopodite on right leg 5 in male are also subject to intrainter-population variation. The large digitiform hyaline structure on inner margin of basis of male left leg 5 is being reported for the first time. Distribution Iran, Aral Sea, Iraq, India and Nepal. It is widely distributed in northern and certain southern parts of India. Borutzky et al. (1991) mentioned several localities of the former USSR from which this species was recorded by several workers: the Syr Dar ya and its coastal lakes, oxbow and man-made lakes; Kamyslybas lakes; the Tedzhen (Turkmeniya), the Murgab (Tadzikistan); shallow water bodies in the Bukhara (Uzbekistan Republic), etc. it is a common species in certain localities of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh States. I have found it very common in Pedakakni and, Vejendla village near Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. Ecology P. blanci is not only eurytopic but also euryhaline (Kiefer, 1978). It lives in shallow as well as large water bodies with a well-expressed pelagic zone where it is a dominant plankter. According to Sewell (1934), it is a true freshwater species and its presence in such brackish habitats as Chilka Lake is due to its having been washed during the rainy season. It possess only a weak adaptability to the increased chloride content. Its life cycle was studied by Kiselev (1930) in one of the ponds around 67

75 Bukhara. In large lakes; it is concentrated in the surface layer (0-2 M) of the pelagic zone. It often co-occurs with H. viduus, H. cinctus, S. indicus, M. pseudohebes and N. schmackeri. Conservation status: Lower Risk (LR); Least Concern (lc). 68

76 Genus Tropodiaptomus Kiefer, 1932 Generic diagnosis Last thoracic somite in male with weakly developed wings. Female urosome composed of two somites; genital somite slightly dilated anteriorly. Exopodite 2 of right male P5 with hyaline lamella, situated near base of aculues. Exopodite of left male P5 1-segmented. Endopodite of female P5 ending with two unequal setae (Dussart & Defaye, 2001). Brehm (1953) gave a useful account of the Indian species, and according to him there are at least 30 species known under this genus in the world. In India the genus is represented by eight species. Tropodiaptomus doriai (Richard, 1897) Tropodiaptomus hebereri Kiefer, 1930 Tropodiaptomus mutatus Kiefer, 1930 Tropodiaptomus vicinus Kiefer, 1930 Tropodiaptomus euchaetus Kiefer, 1936 Tropodiaptomus informis Kiefer, 1936 Tropodiaptomus nielseni Brehm, 1953 Tropodiaptomus lakhimpurensis Reddiah, 1964 In the present study I met with T. informis Kiefer, 1936 only. 69

77 Tropodiaptomus informis Kiefer, 1936 (Plate X. Figs 1-11) Tropodiaptomus informis Kiefer, , Figs 12-14; Brehm, Brehm, Body size. Female mm; male mm. Female Fourth and fifth pedigers fused together; the posterolateral wings of fifth pediger large, and symmetrical. On each side, the outer lobe alone bears a minute spine. Urosome (Fig. 1) 2-segmented; genital segment nearly 3 times as long as the anal somite. Anal somite slightly forked midposteriorly; caudal rami with hairs on inner margins. As regards natatory legs, the note worthy, feature is the presence of Schmeil s organ on the middle segment of endopodite of leg 2 (Fig. 3). Leg 5 (Fig. 4) Both legs symmetrical. Coxa carries short acute spinous process at its distal region. Right coxal spine is shorter than left coxal spine. Exopodite times as long as wide; end claw beset with short, stiffhairs on both margin. Third exopodite segment well developed, defined at its base and bears a pair of apical spines (Figs 5, 6). Endopodite as long as exopodite 1 and with a pair of setae, of which one is apical and the other subapical. Male Rostrum as in female. Fourth and fifth pedigers fused together. The lateral wings of fifth pediger are small. Each wing is roughly triangular. Urosome (Fig. 7) 5-segmented; genital segment has short fine spine on its distal right side. Caudal rami as long as wide. 70

78 Rightleg 5 Coxa roughly spherical and bears about its distal outer part a small hyaline lobe tipped with a slender spine. Basis 1.4 times as long as broad, and carries two small hyaline lobes, one proximal and lies near the inner margin while the other one on distal inner margin. Exopodite 2-segmented; the proximal segment much shorter while the distal one twice as long as broad, the lateral spine lies at the junction of subdistal part of the second segment; below the origin of this spine on the posterior aspect is another short acute hyaline spine with a broad base. End claw slender; curved and bears minute spinules along its inner margin. Endopodite 1-segmented, and shorter than exopodite1, and furnished with short, stiff hairs towards its apex. Left leg 5 Coxa smaller than its counterpart of right leg. Exopodite 1-segmented, distal inner margin finely serrated; apically there is an inwardly directed lobe beset with a few long hairs. Endopodite large, about half as long as exopodite, triangular at its apex and provided with short stiff hairs. 71

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80 Morphological remarks The present specimens correspond with the earlier reports, except, for unequal coxal spines in female leg 5. Distribution Previous records. Mysore, Karaikal, Gauhati, Barni Hat in Khasi Hills, Lake Kolleru at Kolletikota and Manuguluru, Ponnur, Hyderabad, Warangal, Lake Kondakarla at Visakhapatnam. Present records Belur in Karnataka State. I have not seen this species in my Andhra Pradesh State collections. Conservation status: Vulnerable (VU). 73

81 Genus Sinodiaptomus Kiefer, 1932 Sinodiaptomus; Kiefer, 1932a: 475; Kiefer, 1936a: 229: Kiefer, 1978: 157; Brehm, 1950: 17; Shen & Song, 1979: 119; Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 100; Borutzky et al., 1991: 418 Generic Diagnosis (Reddy 1994) Female. Endopodite on leg 5 without apical setae, middle endopodite-segment on leg 2 without Schmeli s organ. Male Right antennule with comb on antepenultimate segment. Right leg 5: Basis with large chitinous projection on distal posterior surface, overlapping the first exopodite-segment. Endopodite small. Left leg 5: Entire posterior surface or its inner side of terminal thumb on exopodite with transverse, membranous folds, super imposing one another. Kiefer (1936) divided the above genus into two subgenera, viz. Sinodiaptomus s. str. and Rhinediaptomus. 1.Subgenus Sinodiaptomus s. str. Kiefer, 1932 Animals somewhat large ( mm). Female fourth pediger with middrosal process. Male right leg 5: Basis without chitinous process at proximal inner corner. Second exopodite-segment short, wide and concave on posterior surface; lateral spine small and distal. Valid species: Sinodiaptomus (sinodiaptomus) chaffanjoni (Richard, 1897) Sinodiaptomus (sinodiaptomus) sarsi sarsi (Rylov, 1923) Sinodiaptomus (sinodiaptomus) sarsi valkanovi Kiefer,

82 1.Subgenus Rhinediaptomus Kiefer, 1936 Animals moderate size ( mm). Female fourth pediger without middorsal process. Male right leg 5: Basis with chitinous process at proximal inner corner. Second exopodite-segment long slender and concave on the posterior surface; lateral spine proximal in position. Valid species in the subgenus Rhinediaptomus Sinodiaptomus (Rhinediaptomus) indicus Kiefer, 1936 Sinodiaptomus (Rhinediaptomus) mahanandiensis Reddy & Radhakrishna, In the present study I came across only one species: Sinodiaptomus (Rhinediaptomus) indicus Kiefer,

83 Sinodiaptomus (Rhinediaptomus) indicus Kiefer, 1936 (Plate XI. Figs1-10) Sinodiaptomus (Rhinediaptomus) indicus, Kiefer1936a: , Figs 1-5.Rhinediaptomus indicus: Brehm, 1953: Figs 45-48: Brehm, 1954: 417; Brehm, 1963: 163, 165, Figs 20-25; Singh, 1972: ; Rajendran, 1973: 117, Figs 4a-k; Reddy, 1977: 79, PI. 12, Figs 1-8. Sinodiaptomus (Rhinediaptomus) indicus: Dussart & Defaye, 1983: 100; Borutzky et al., 1991: , Fig Female Rostral spines small. Fourth and fifth pedigers (Fig. 1) fused to each other. Lateral wings of fifth pedigers small and asymmetrical; left wing somewhat larger and more extensive than right wing, each wing with strong hyaline spines. Genital somite distinctly longer than the rest of the urosome, including caudal rami; proximal region not specially dialted; lateral margins uneven; mid-lateral region of right side dilated. Caudal rami 1.3 times as long as, wide, outer and inner margins hairy. Leg 5 perfectly agrees with earlier reports. Male Fourth and fifth pedigers fused except at lateral margins. Right wing of fifth pediger slightly narrower than left wing and carrying stronger apical spine with tubercle. Urosome 5-segmented and bent towards right side; genital spine small, slender. Second and third urosomites with ventral hairs. Caudal rami as illustrated in Fig. 4. Right antennule with spine on segments 8 and 10-16; length of spines in decreasing order as follows; 13> 11> 15> 10> 14> 8> 16> 12; spine on segment 11 strong, sharply bent backwards; comb on antepenultimate segment with 6-8 teeth. 76

84 Right leg 5 (Fig. 7) Coxa with large, crescentic chitinous outgrowth at distal inner corner and strong hyline spine mounted on lobe at mid-distal region. Basis wider than long, with massive chitinous outgrowth, ending in 2 unequal, spinous process at proximal inner corner, 1 small, hyaline lobe at mid-inner margin, and 1 subproximal and 1 distal chitinous projection near inner margin, on posterior surface. Second exopoditesegment 2-3 times as long as wide, with minute chitinous knob. End claw strong, slightly variable in shape. Endopodite 1-segmented. Left leg 5: Basis with small hyaline lobe on distal inner margin. Terminal thumb on exopodite-with transverse, membranous folds, super imposing one another. Endopodite 2-segmented, reaching distal margin of first exopodite-segment. 77

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86 Morphological remarks The present specimens fit well with earlier reports. Distribution One of the common diaptomid species throughout South India Ecology Inhabits seasonal ponds, pools during the monsoon activity (June-November), frequently co-existing with P. greeni, P. blanci and H. viduus. Conservation status: Lower Risk (LR); Least Concern (lc). 79

87 Genus Megadiaptomus Kiefer, 1936 Generic characters The genus Megadiaptomus Kiefer, 1936 includes rather rare and large diaptomid copepods, confined to certain temporary waters such as seasonal pools and ponds in India and Sri Lanka. Body robust, large-sized (over 2 mm) specimens. Female pediger 5 with poorly developed, slightly asymmetrical wings. Genital somite and fifth pediger with tiny sensory spines. The outstanding morphological feature of the genus is the presence of spinous papillae, instead of simple spines, on outer terminal margin of exopodite-segments in legs 2-4. Right male antennule with spiniform process on segments 8 and 10 to 13; antepenultimate segment with digitiform process. Right male P5 with long obtuse lobe situated on caudal side of basis. Exopodite 2 with lateral spine inserted on distal half. Left male P5 ending in finger-like structure and strong spine. Valid species in the genus Megadiaptomus Megadiaptomus hebes Kiefer 1936 Megadiaptomus pseudohebes Reddy, 1987 In the present study I came across M. pseudohebes Reddy,

88 Megadiaptomus pseudohebes Reddy, 1987 (Plate XII. Figs 1-9. ) Body size. Female mm; male mm. Female Rostral spines short and blunt. Fourth and fifth pedigers fused. Metasomal wings generally triangular, and almost symmetrical; each wing with 2 small, unequal, hyaline spines. Prosome about 3 times as long as urosome. Urosome bimerous, genital somite nearly twice as long as anal somite. Caudal rami symmetrical, partially overlapping with each other, each ramus about 1.5 times as long as wide, with coarse hairs on inner margins. Natatory legs (Fig 6) outer-edge spines of exopodite segments in legs 2-4 modified in to spinose papillae; otherwise typical of subfamily Diaptominae. Fifth legs strongly built. Coxa roughly rectangular. Basis subquadrate, with short, sensory lateral seta. First exopodite-segment about 1.5 times as long as wide. Endopodite unsegmented, but indented on proximal inner margin, invariably longer than first-exopodite segment. Male Fourth and fifth pedigers completely fused as in female. metasomal wings small and symmetrical. Urosome 5-merous (Fig. 4). Left antennule as in female. Right antennule with spine on each of segments 8 and 10-13; spines on segments 11 and 13 generally slender and equal in length; antepenultimate segment generally elongate, stout, somewhat dilated apically (Fig. 8). Fifth legs (Fig. 9) as in Reddy (1987). 81

89 82

90 Morphological remarks In the present study M.pseudohebes morphologically agrees with Reddy (1987), and there are no remarkable variations at generic and specific level. Distribution This was first reported by Reddy (1987), from Kondakarla near Anakapalli town in Andhra Pradesh State. Recently I have found this species at Vejendla quarries near Guntur. Ecology Found but rarely in temporary water bodies, and often co-occuring with N. schmackeri and P. blanci. Conservation status: Endangered (EN). 83

91 Summary and Conclusions The present study deals with the diversity of diaptomid copepods in the neighbouring South Indian States of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. A total of about 220 plankton samples were examined, of which 150 samples from 55 different habitats yielded the following 12 diaptomid species: 1. Paradiaptomus greeni (Gurney, 1906) 2. Heliodiaptomus viduus (Gurney, 1916) 3. Heliodiaptomus contortus (Gurney, 1907) 4. Heliodiaptomus cinctus (Gurney, 1907) 5. Allodiaptomus (Allodiaptomus) intermedius Reddy, Allodiaptomus (Reductodiaptomus) raoi Kiefer, Neodiaptomus schmackeri (Poppe & Richard, 1892) 8. Neodiaptomus lindbergi Brehm, Phyllodiatpomus blanci (Guerne & Richard, 1896) 10. Tropodiaptomus informis Kiefer, Sinodiaptomus (Rhinediaptomus) indicus Kiefer, Megadiaptomus pseudohebes Reddy, 1987 The salient morphological characters of all the above-listed species have been described and illustrated. The inter-and or intrapopulation variation in the morphology, wherever noticed, is pointed out. Identification keys for both sexes of congeners are provided. Comparision is made of the species distribution patterns between Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka States. Following IUCN criteria, the conservation status of all the species identified is assessed. 84

92 Conclusions: 1. Diaptomid diversity between Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka States is by and large the same. However, there are some specific differences relating to the occurrence of the following three species 1. Heliodiaptomus contortus 2. Allodiaptomus raoi, and 3. Megadiaptomus pseudohebes These species are restricted to Andhra Pradesh only, as evidenced by the present study as well as the existing literature. No morphological variation is discernible in the populations of the species that are common to both States. The distribution patterns of diaptomids change with time. For example certain species like Heliodiaptomus contortus and Neodioptomus schmackeri, which were reported as common on the Nagarjuna University campus about 15 years ago (Subba Reddy, 1989, Venkateswarlu, 1989); are found absent today. Similarly Megadiaptomus pseudohebes in Nallapadu quarries (Ramadevi, 1988) near Guntur was not encountered even as strays, despite repeated sampling in the present study. However this species is being reported for the first time from Vejendla quarries. None of the samples examined contained more than four diaptomid species, which signifies that the family Diaptomidae is not speciose in the localities surveyed. Congeneric occurrence is noticed only in the genus Heliodiaptomus. Following IUCN criteria, Megadiaptomus pseudohebes can be considered an endangered species while H. contortus, H. cinctus, A. intermedis, N. lindbergi and Tropodiaptomus informis, are Vulnerable. 85

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100 ABOUT THE AUTHOR Dr. Dara Ambedkar Presently working as as a lecturer Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Andhra Christian College, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. Author published several articles in international peer reviewed journals and received several young scientist awards in various International and National conferences, and he gained rich research experience in the field of diaptomid taxonomy and finally the present book could be a precursor for research scholars in the field of micro invertebrate taxonomy. ambedkardara@gmail.com Tel: