Radiological Habits Survey: Sellafield Review, 2015

Transcription

1 Cefas contract report C6028 Radiological Habits Survey: Sellafield Review, Environment Report RL 04/16

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3 Environment Report RL 04/16 Radiological Habits Survey: Sellafield Review, 2015 Review of shellfish and fish consumption, and intertidal occupancy F.J. Clyne and C.J. Garrod 2016 The work described in this report was carried out under contract to the Environment Agency and the Food Standards Agency. Cefas contract C6028 FSA Project FS131008

4 Cefas Document Control Radiological Habits Survey: Sellafield Review, 2015 Submitted to: Date submitted: 05/04/2016 Environment Agency, Food Standards Agency and Office for Nuclear Regulation Project Manager: Report compiled by: Quality control by: Fiona Clyne Fiona Clyne Alastair Dewar Approved by & date: Bill Camplin 29/03/2016 Version: Final Version Control History Author Date Comment Version Fiona Clyne 25/02/2016 Sent to EA, FSA and ONR for comments. Draft 1 Fiona Clyne 24/03/2016 Revised and sent to EA, FSA and ONR for Draft 2 comments. Fiona Clyne 31/03/2016 All amendments completed. Final This report should be cited as: Clyne, F.J. and Garrod, C.J., Radiological Habits Survey: Sellafield Review, RL 04/16. Cefas, Lowestoft A copy can be obtained by downloading from the Cefas website: Crown copyright, 2016 Page 2 of 17

5 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION SURVEY AREA... 5 Figure 1. The aquatic survey area CONDUCT OF THE SURVEY METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS Data recording... 6 Table A. Names of age groups and range of ages within each age group Data analysis INTERNAL EXPOSURE Crustaceans, and fish... 8 Table B. Summary of consumption rates of foods from the aquatic survey area Composition of the food groups for crustaceans, and fish for use in dose assessments, and comparison with 2014 data Consumption trends Figure 2. Consumption rates for the adult high-rate group for crustaceans, (kg y -1 ) Figure 3. Consumption rates for the adult high-rate group for, (kg y -1 ) EXTERNAL EXPOSURE Intertidal occupancy Table C. Summary of adults intertidal occupancy rates Table D. Summary of adults intertidal occupancy rates from the 2014 Sellafield Review Figure 4. Comparison between the 2014 and 2015 mean rates of the high-rate groups for occupancy over each intertidal substrate USE OF HABITS DATA FOR DOSE ASSESSMENTS Aquatic combinations for adults in the Sellafield Fishing Community Sellafield 5-year averages Profiled habits data SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDED DATA FOR USE IN RIFE-21 DOSE ASSESSMENTS REFERENCES TABLES Table 1 Adults' consumption rates of crustaceans from the Sellafield aquatic survey area (kg y -1 ) Table 2 Adults' consumption rates of from the Sellafield aquatic survey area (kg y -1 ) Table 3 Adult's consumption rates of fish from the Sellafield aquatic survey area (kg y -1 ) Table 4 Adults' intertidal occupancy rates in the Sellafield aquatic survey area (h y -1 ) Table 5 Aquatic combinations for adults in the Sellafield Fishing Community ANNEXES Annex 1 Annex 2a Annex 2b Annex 3 Adults' consumption rates (kg y -1 ) and intertidal occupancy rates (h y -1 ) in the Sellafield area Sellafield Fishing Community consumption and intertidal occupancy data reported in AEMR and RIFE (kg y -1 and h y -1 ) Sellafield Fishing Community 5-year average consumption and intertidal occupancy rates (kg y -1 and h y -1 ) Summary of profiles for adults in the Sellafield area for use in the assessment of total dose Page 3 of 17

6 1. INTRODUCTION This report describes a review of the public s shellfish and fish consumption, and intertidal occupancy, relating to liquid radioactive waste discharges from the Sellafield Ltd nuclear site in Cumbria. It is also relevant to discharges from the Low Level Waste Repository (LLWR) near Drigg due to the proximity of the site, as well as the proposed Moorside nuclear power station adjacent to the Sellafield site. The information and data in this report are used in radiological dose assessments as reported in the Radioactivity in Food and the Environment (RIFE) series. The study was funded by the Environment Agency (EA), the Food Standards Agency (FSA) and the Office for Nuclear Regulation (ONR) to support their roles in protecting the public from the effects of radiation. Radiological protection of the public is based on the concept of a representative person. This notional individual is defined as being representative of the more highly exposed members of the population. It follows that, if the dose to the representative person is acceptable when compared to dose limits and optimisation, then other members of the public will receive acceptable doses, and overall protection to the public is provided from the effects of radiation. This Sellafield Review specifically investigated the consumption of crustaceans, and fish, and occupancy over intertidal substrates, by members of the Sellafield Fishing Community, since these pathways are the major contributors to the dose of the representative person. Reviews are conducted annually, except in years when full surveys are undertaken, because consumption and occupancy rates have been known to vary from year to year, with some people ceasing seafood consumption, shellfish collection or intertidal activities, and new individuals being identified. The last full habits survey (encompassing aquatic, terrestrial and direct radiation pathways) in the vicinity of Sellafield was conducted by the Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (Cefas) in 2013 (Clyne et al., 2014). The consumption of fish has historically not been targeted for the Sellafield Reviews because fish have generally been of lower radiological significance around Sellafield than shellfish and intertidal occupancy. However, the people interviewed in relation to shellfish consumption and intertidal occupancy have been asked about their fish consumption. In previous years, these fish consumption rates have been used to update the total dose assessment of additive exposure but the fish consumption rates from the most recent full Sellafield habits surveys have been used for the Sellafield source specific aquatic dose assessments. More recently, the relative contribution to doses arising from fish consumption has increased, and therefore, for this Sellafield Review, a mean rate for the highrate group for fish is presented which can be used in the Sellafield source specific aquatic dose assessments. The fish consumption rates will also be used to update the total dose assessment. The adequacy of the inclusion of the mean rate for the high-rate group for fish in the Sellafield source specific aquatic dose assessments using the consumption rates from the Sellafield Review will be reviewed in future years. Page 4 of 17

7 Handling rates of sediment and fishing gear are not obtained during Sellafield Reviews, therefore, for assessments purposes, the mean handling rates for the high-rate groups for fishing gear and sediment will be retained from the 2013 full Sellafield habits survey. In addition to the habits surveys undertaken in the vicinity of Sellafield, several of the higher rate consumers of shellfish keep a diary of their seafood consumption and intertidal occupancy for a two week period every three months. These data can be used to check the validity of the interview data if extreme rates are recorded. This year it was not necessary to use the diaries to check the validity of the interview data used in this report because no extreme consumption or occupancy rates were recorded. 2. SURVEY AREA The aquatic survey area, shown in Figure 1, extended from Parton to Tarn Bay. This included all intertidal areas and extended up to 11 km offshore. Figure 1. The aquatic survey area Page 5 of 17

8 3. CONDUCT OF THE SURVEY Prior to the fieldwork, individuals identified as having high rates of crustacean, mollusc or fish consumption and/or intertidal occupancy in previous Sellafield habits surveys were contacted and where possible interview times were arranged. The fieldwork was carried out from 6 th to 10 th July 2015, by a team of two people. During the fieldwork, individuals were interviewed and asked to estimate consumption rates for crustaceans, and fish, as well as occupancy rates over intertidal areas, for themselves and members of their families. Information was obtained about the origins of the seafood being consumed and locations of intertidal occupancy. Investigations were also carried out in order to identify and interview any previously unknown individuals who might have high rates of shellfish consumption or intertidal occupancy. This included visiting the beaches in the survey area. Observations for 42 adults were recorded for the 2015 Sellafield Review. None of the interviewees had children or infants in their families so no data were collected for these age groups. 4. METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS 4.1 Data recording Consumption and occupancy data collected during interviews were recorded in logbooks. The raw data were entered into a purpose-built habits survey database where each individual for whom information was obtained was given a unique identifier (the Person ID number) to assist in maintaining data quality. The consumption and occupancy data in the text of this report are rounded to two significant figures. This method of presentation reflects the authors judgement on the accuracy of the methods used. In the tables and annexes, the consumption rate data are usually presented to one decimal place. Occasionally, this rounding process causes the computed values (row totals, mean rates and 97.5 th percentiles), which are based on un-rounded data, to appear slightly erroneous. External exposure data are quoted as integer number of hours per year. In habits surveys, data are structured into age groups because different dose coefficients (i.e. the factors which convert intakes of radioactivity into dose) can apply to different ages. The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) revised its recommendations for the age groupings to be used in radiological assessments and these recommendations were adopted in the 2010 habits survey reports. Consequently, the age ranges used in the habits survey reports prior to 2010 differ from those used currently. In the 2015 Sellafield Review, data were collected for adults but not for children Page 6 of 17

9 or infants. The names used for all of the age groups, based on the recommendations in ICRP 101 (ICRP, 2007), are shown in Table A below, together with those used in reports prior to 2010, for comparison, since all of the age groups are referred to in this report. Table A. Names of age groups and range of ages within each age group. Age ranges used from 2010 onwards Age ranges used prior to 2010 Name of age group a Age range in group Name of age group Age range in group 3-month-old Under 1-year-old Infant 0 to 5-year-old 1-year-old 1-year-old 5-year-old 2-year-old to 6-year-old Child 10-year-old 7-year-old to 11-year-old 6-year-old to 15-year-old 12-year-old to 15-year-old 16-year-old Adult 16-year-old and over Adult 17-year-old and over a In the 2010 reports only, the infant age group was called the 1-year-old age group and the child age group was called the 10-year-old age group. 4.2 Data analysis The results of the Sellafield Review are the adults consumption and occupancy rates provided in Annex 1. These can be used to update estimates of the dose to the representative person and in other radiological assessments of the effects of the discharges from the Sellafield site. No consumption or occupancy rates were obtained for children or infants. The consumption and occupancy data have been analysed in three ways. Firstly, the cut-off method described by Hunt et al. (1982) was used. With the cut-off method, the appropriate high rate was calculated by taking the arithmetic mean of the values between the maximum observed rate and one third of the maximum observed rate. In this report, the term high-rate group is used to represent the individuals derived by the cut-off method. The mean of the high-rate group was calculated for each food group and occupancy over each intertidal substrate identified in the survey. Secondly, the 97.5 th percentile rate was calculated for each group. The use of percentiles accords with precedents used in risk assessments of the safety of food consumption. It should be noted that the interviewees in this study are selected and therefore the calculated percentiles are not based on random data. Thirdly, profiles have been produced that give a complete view of the habits of the individual that might lead to exposure to all the discharges and radiation from the site. The profiles are based on values calculated by the cut-off method. The profiled data can be used to assess total dose, integrated across all pathways of exposure. The profiled habits matrix in this report contains data from the 2013 Sellafield full habits survey which has been updated with the 2014 and the 2015 Sellafield Review data. Page 7 of 17

10 5. INTERNAL EXPOSURE Consumption data for aquatic foods for adults are presented in Tables 1, 2 and 3. The tables include the mean consumption rates for the high-rate groups and the observed 97.5 th percentile rates calculated as described in Section 4.2. There were no children or infants in the families of the interviewees so no consumption rates were obtained for these age groups. 5.1 Crustaceans, and fish The people consuming the greatest quantities of crustaceans, and fish from the aquatic survey area were commercial and hobby fishermen, shellfish collectors, and the families of these groups of people. Not all of the people who were consuming shellfish were also collecting shellfish. Table B presents a summary of the adults consumption rates of crustaceans, and fish for adults. The table includes the mean consumption rates for the high-rate groups and the observed 97.5 th percentile rates. Table B. Summary of consumption rates of foods from the aquatic survey area Food group Number of observations Number of individuals in the high-rate group Observed maximum for the high-rate group (kg y -1 ) Observed minimum for the high-rate group (kg y -1 ) Observed mean for the high-rate group (kg y -1 ) Observed 97.5 th percentile (kg y -1 ) Adults Crustaceans Molluscs Fish The species of crustaceans consumed by people in the adult high-rate group were brown crab, brown shrimp, common lobster and Nephrops. The brown crab, common lobster and Nephrops were caught off-shore throughout the survey area. Brown crabs were also caught in pots that were set from the shore at Coulderton and Drigg. Brown shrimps were caught at Seamill and Whitehaven North Beach by wading out into shallow water and pushing a net. Common prawns were also caught as a by-catch in pots offshore and were consumed in small quantities, but they were not consumed by the people in the high-rate group. The species of consumed by people in the adult high-rate group were limpets, mussels, razor shells and winkles. Limpets were collected from Nethertown; mussels were collected from Whitey Rock (at the northern end of Whitehaven North Beach); razor shells were collected from Seascale; and winkles were collected from Seamill, Nethertown and Braystones. The following mollusc species were consumed in small quantities but not by the people in the high-rate group: cockles that were collected Page 8 of 17

11 at Braystones; Pacific oysters that were collected at Ravenglass; and whelks that were caught incidentally in trawls and lobster pots offshore. The species of fish consumed by people in the high-rate group were, bass, cod, Dover sole, grey mullet, herring, lemon sole, plaice, thornback ray and turbot. The fish were caught throughout the survey area. Mackerel was also consumed but not by the people in the high-rate group. 5.2 Composition of the food groups for crustaceans, and fish for use in dose assessments, and comparison with 2014 data In Sellafield Review reports prior to 2014, the adult high-rate crustacean food group has been presented as three species; crabs, lobsters and Nephrops. Any small quantities of brown shrimps and/or common prawns were included with the Nephrops for dose assessment purposes. However, in 2014 and 2015, brown shrimps represented a significant contribution to the consumption rates so, although the Nephrops and brown shrimps are still grouped together, they are now included as other crustaceans. The mollusc food group is presented in two parts, as before; winkles and all other combined. The percentage composition for the predominant shellfish and fish species consumed by the adult highrate groups from the 2015 Sellafield Review, rounded to the nearest 5% for use in dose assessments, are as follows: Crustaceans 40% common lobster, 30% brown crab, 30% other crustaceans (including Nephrops and brown shrimps) (mean consumption rate for the adult high-rate group, 38 kg y -1 ) Molluscs - 55% winkles and 45% other (including mussels, razor shells and limpets) (mean consumption rate for the adult high-rate group, 12 kg y -1 (the actual value is kg y -1, which is 12.5 kg y -1 when rounded to one decimal place, as presented in the tables, but is 12 kg y -1 when rounded to two significant figures, as presented in the text)) Fish 25% cod and 75% other fish species (mainly thornback ray, plaice, bass, with smaller quantities of Dover sole, grey mullet, herring, lemon sole and turbot) (mean consumption rate for the adult high-rate group, 64 kg y -1 ) By comparison, the percentage composition for the predominant shellfish species consumed by the adult high-rate groups from the 2014 Sellafield Review, and the percentage composition for the predominant fish species which was retained from the 2013 Sellafield full survey, used in RIFE-20 (EA, FSA, FSS, NRW, NIEA and SEPA, 2015) for dose assessments, were: Crustaceans - 35% common lobster, 25% brown crab, 40% other crustaceans (including Nephrops and brown shrimps) (mean consumption rate for the adult high-rate group, 36 kg y -1 ) Molluscs - 65% winkles and 35% other (including limpets, mussels and razor shells) (mean consumption rate for the adult high-rate group, 11 kg y -1 ) Page 9 of 17

12 Fish 40% cod and 60% other fish (mainly thornback ray, bass, haddock, plaice, with smaller quantities of Dover sole, grey mullet, mackerel, pollack, red gurnard, salmon, squid, turbot and whiting) (mean consumption rate for the adult high-rate group, 56 kg y -1 ) In 2015, the mean consumption rate for the adult high-rate group for crustaceans increased by 2 kg y -1 and for increased by 1 kg y -1 compared to In 2015, the mean consumption rate for the adult high-rate group for fish increased by 8 kg y -1 compared with the 2014 rate that was retained from the 2013 Sellafield full survey. The main species of crustaceans and within the high-rate groups were the same in 2014 and The main species of fish within the high-rate groups were similar in 2014 (retained from 2013) and 2015 except that there was no haddock in the high-rate group The percentage breakdown of species changed for crustaceans, and fish in 2015 compared with 2014: for crustaceans, there was a slight increase in lobster and crab and a decrease in Nephrops/other crustaceans; for, there was a slight decrease in winkles and a slight increase in other ; and for fish, there was a decrease in cod and an increase in other fish. The difference in the species composition for crustaceans between 2014 and 2015 was mainly due to a reduction in the availability of Nephrops and the difference in species composition for fish was due to an increased availability of thornback rays in Consumption trends The consumption rates for the adult high-rate groups for crustaceans and over the previous ten years ( ) are shown in Figures 2 and 3, respectively. These figures were plotted using the adult means for the high-rate groups distributed according to the percentage breakdowns as described in Section 5.2. The raw data are presented in Annex 2a. Other crustaceans includes Nephrops and brown shrimps. The increase in crustacean consumption was primarily driven by higher rates of crab and lobster consumption. The increase in the consumption of was due to an increased availability of razor shells. Page 10 of 17

13 Figure 2. Consumption rates for the adult high-rate group for crustaceans, (kg y -1 ) Consumption rate (kg y -1 ) Crab Lobster Other crustaceans Total Year Figure 3. Consumption rates for the adult high-rate group for, (kg y -1 ) Consumption rate (kg y -1 ) Winkle Other Total Year Page 11 of 17

14 6. EXTERNAL EXPOSURE Intertidal occupancy rates for adults are presented in Table 4. It should be noted that there are often more than one substrate at one named location and that substrates at a given location are liable to change over time. Activities were assigned to the predominant substrate over which they were taking place. There were no children or infants in the families of the interviewees so no intertidal occupancy rates were obtained for these age groups. 6.1 Intertidal occupancy Table C presents a summary of the adults intertidal occupancy rates in the aquatic survey area. The table includes the mean occupancy rates for the high-rate groups and the observed 97.5 th percentile rates. Table C. Summary of adults intertidal occupancy rates Intertidal substrate Number of observations Number of people in the high-rate group Maximum of the high-rate group (h y -1 ) Mean of the high-rate group (h y -1 ) 97.5 th percentile (h y -1 ) Mud Mud and sand Mud, sand and stones Rock Salt marsh Sand Sand and stones The following activities were undertaken by people in the adult high-rate groups for occupancy over intertidal substrates: For mud: wildfowling on the River Irt. For mud and sand: dog walking at Saltcoats. For mud, sand and stones: boat maintenance and walking at Ravenglass. For rock: hooking crabs and lobsters at Drigg. For salt marsh: dog walking at Saltcoats; tending livestock along the River Irt shore. For sand: bait digging at Nethertown, Braystones, Drigg and Eskmeals; attending set nets at Nethertown, Braystones, Sellafield, Seascale and Drigg; collecting razor shells at Seascale; long-lining and collecting small quantities of cockles at Braystones; dog walking at St Bees, Seascale and Sellafield. Page 12 of 17

15 For sand and stones: angling at Coulderton, Nethertown and Braystones; attending crab pots at Coulderton and Drigg; collecting winkles at Seamill and Nethertown; dog walking at Braystones, Sellafield and Parton; beachcombing at Braystones and Sellafield; attending shrimp pots at Braystones. Brown shrimps were also caught at Seamill and Whitehaven North Beach but since this involved wading out into shallow water and pushing a net it was not classed as an intertidal activity. Therefore, this activity does not appear in the intertidal occupancy table. The adults intertidal occupancy rates from the 2014 Sellafield Review are presented in Table D and a comparison between the 2014 and 2015 mean rates of the high-rate groups for occupancy over each intertidal substrate is shown in Figure 4. Table D. Summary of adults intertidal occupancy rates from the 2014 Sellafield Review Intertidal substrate Number of observations Number of people in the high-rate group Maximum of the high-rate group (h y -1 ) Mean of the high-rate group (h y -1 ) 97.5 th percentile (h y -1 ) Mud Mud and sand Mud, sand and stones Rock Salt marsh Sand Sand and stones In 2015, compared with 2014, there were increases in the following mean intertidal occupancy rates for the high-rate groups: From 63 h y -1 to 74 h y -1 for mud From 70 h y -1 to 110 h y -1 for rock In 2015, compared with 2014, there were decreases in the following mean intertidal occupancy rates for the high-rate groups: From 810 h y -1 to 610 h y -1 for sand From 560 h y -1 to 490 h y -1 for sand and stones The mean intertidal occupancy rates for the high-rate groups for the following intertidal substrates were the same in both years: mud and sand; mud, sand and stones; and salt marsh. Page 13 of 17

16 Figure 4. Comparison between the 2014 and 2015 mean rates of the high-rate groups for occupancy over each intertidal substrate Occupancy rate (h y -1 ) Mud Mud and sand Mud, sand and stones Rock Salt marsh Sand Sand and stones USE OF HABITS DATA FOR DOSE ASSESSMENTS 7.1 Aquatic combinations for adults in the Sellafield Fishing Community Table 5 presents the consumption rates and occupancy rates for people who appear in at least one of the high-rate groups for fish, crustaceans, or intertidal substrates. The table shows that several individuals are members of multiple high-rate groups. For example, Person ID number 813/1/1 is in the high-rate group for fish, crustaceans,, and occupancy over sand, and over sand and stones. This supports the continuation of assessing the dose to the representative person based on a combination of internal and external pathways. Therefore, the Radioactivity in Food and the Environment (RIFE) Sellafield Fishing Community aquatic assessments for 2015 will be based on combinations of consumption and intertidal occupancy pathways identified from Table 5. As in previous years, since several individuals were undertaking activities over multiple substrates, the occupancy rates over five substrates (mud; mud and sand; mud, sand and stones; sand; sand and stones) have been combined into a single substrate called mud and sand. Rock and salt marsh are not included in the combined substrate since rock is not assessed and salt marsh is assessed separately. The mean rate for the high-rate group for the reclassified mud and sand substrate is 1000 h y -1. For comparison, the mean rate for the high-rate group for the reclassified mud and sand substrate in 2014 was 1100 h y -1. Page 14 of 17

17 7.2 Sellafield 5-year averages Annex 2a shows the Sellafield Fishing Community consumption and occupancy rates which are presented in the RIFE reports. In previous Sellafield Reviews and full Sellafield surveys, the consumption rates of crustaceans and, and intertidal occupancy rates were updated annually in this Annex using the Sellafield Review data or full survey data, as applicable. The fish consumption rates were updated only when a full survey was conducted. However, this report has been updated with the consumption rates of fish from this survey since the relative contribution to doses arising from fish consumption has increased. Annex 2b presents the 5-year averages of the data in Annex 2a. The 5-year average ( ) of the high-rate group data (for fish, crustaceans, and intertidal occupancy) will be used in the RIFE-21 assessments in order to provide a longer term trend of dose to members of the Sellafield Fishing Community group. 7.3 Profiled habits data The UK environment agencies and the Food Standards Agency have considered ways of using habits data to estimate total dose retrospectively. The adopted approach is to use the adult consumption and occupancy data collected in each habits survey to create a matrix with a series of habits profiles for each nuclear licensed site. The National Dose Assessment Working Group (NDAWG) has considered this approach to assessing retrospective total doses (Camplin et al., 2005) and has agreed that using habits profiles is an appropriate approach. Retrospective total doses around Sellafield are estimated using these profiles and reported in the RIFE reports (e.g. EA, FSA, FSS, NRW, NIEA and SEPA, 2015). The matrix for the 2015 Sellafield adults profiled habits data is presented in Annex 3. It is based on data from the 2013 Sellafield full habits survey (aquatic, terrestrial and direct radiation pathways), which has been updated with data from the 2014 and 2015 annual Sellafield Reviews. All pathways and observations from the original 2013 profiled habits matrix were retained, and for the 2015 profile, only data asked about during the 2015 review were updated; that is, intertidal occupancy and consumption of crustaceans, and fish. If data were collected for new interviewees, these were added as new observations, and if it was known that an individual who had been interviewed in previous years had stopped their activity, then their data was deleted. Because the profiles have been created using the data from the 2013, 2014 and 2015 surveys, the profiled data shown in Annex 3 are not comparable with the data presented in Annex 1. Page 15 of 17

18 8. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDED DATA FOR USE IN RIFE-21 DOSE ASSESSMENTS The survey investigated the consumption of shellfish and fish, and intertidal occupancy, relating to liquid discharges from the Sellafield nuclear site. The consumption and occupancy rates in this section are presented to two significant figures. The mean rates for the adult high-rate groups from the 2015 Sellafield Review are as follows: Crustaceans 38 kg y -1 Molluscs 12 kg y -1 Fish 64 kg y -1 Occupancy over mud 74 h y -1 Occupancy over mud and sand 180 h y -1 Occupancy over mud, sand and stones 370 h y -1 Occupancy over rock 110 h y -1 Occupancy over salt marsh 250 h y -1 Occupancy over sand 610 h y -1 Occupancy over sand and stones 490 h y -1 In comparison to 2014, the mean consumption rate for the adult high-rate group for crustaceans in 2015 increased by 2 kg y -1, for increased by 1 kg y -1, and for fish increased by 8 kg y -1. For occupancy over intertidal substrates, the mean rates for the high-rate groups increased in 2015 compared with 2014 by 11 h y -1 for mud, and by 40 h y -1 for rock, and decreased by 200 h y -1 for sand, and by 70 h y -1 for sand and stones. The mean rates for the high-rate groups for the following intertidal substrates were the same in both years: mud and sand; mud, sand and stones; and salt marsh. The following recommendations for data to be used in RIFE-21 dose assessments are for adults only. For the Sellafield Fishing Community dose assessment, the mean consumption rates for the adult high-rate groups and species breakdown are: Fish 64 kg y -1, comprising 25% cod and 75% other fish (including thornback ray, plaice, bass, Dover sole, grey mullet, herring, lemon sole and turbot) Crustaceans 38 kg y -1, comprising 40% common lobster, 30% brown crab and 30% other crustaceans (including Nephrops and brown shrimps) Molluscs 12 kg y -1, comprising 55% winkles and 45% other (including mussels, razor shells and limpets) Occupancy over an intertidal substrate termed mud and sand (mud; mud and sand; mud, sand and stones; sand; and sand and stones combined) 1000 h y -1 Page 16 of 17

19 For the Sellafield Fishing Community 5-year average dose assessment: Cod 16 kg y -1 Other fish 35 kg y -1 Crabs 9.0 kg y -1 Lobsters 8.6 kg y -1 Other crustaceans 13 kg y -1 Winkles 7.8 kg y -1 Other 4.0 kg y -1 Occupancy over an intertidal substrate termed mud and sand (mud; mud and sand; mud, sand and stones; sand; and sand and stones combined) 910 h y -1 For the Fisherman s Nets and Pots dose assessment: Handling fishing gear 1100 h y -1 (mean rate for the high-rate group retained from the 2013 Sellafield habits survey) For the Bait Digging and Mollusc Collection dose assessment: Handling sediment 460 h y -1 (mean rate for the high-rate group retained from the 2013 Sellafield habits survey) 9. REFERENCES Camplin, W.C., Grzechnik, M.P. and Smedley, C.A., Methods for assessment of total dose in the Radioactivity in Food and the Environment report. Presented to the National Dose Assessments Working Group (NDAWG). Paper NDAWG/3/2005, 27 th April Clyne, F.J., Garrod, C.J. and Papworth, G.P., Radiological Habits Survey: Sellafield, RL 02/14. Cefas, Lowestoft. EA, FSA, FSS, NRW, NIEA and SEPA, Radioactivity in Food and the Environment, EA, FSA, FSS, NRW, NIEA and SEPA, Bristol, London, Aberdeen, Cardiff, Belfast and Stirling. RIFE 20. Hunt, G.J., Hewett, C.J. and Shepherd, J.G., The identification of critical groups and its application to fish and shellfish consumers in the coastal area of the north-east Irish Sea. Health Physics, Vol. 43, No 6, pp ICRP, The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Annal. ICRP 37 (2-4). Elsevier Science, Oxford, (ICRP Publ. 103). Page 17 of 17

20 Table 1. Adults' consumption rates of crustaceans from the Sellafield aquatic survey area (kg y -1 ) Person ID number Brown crab Brown shrimp Common lobster Common prawn Nephrops Total 813/1/ /1/ /2/ /2/ /3/ /1/ /2/ /1/ /3/ /1/ /2/ /2/ /1/ /2/ /4/ /5/ /1/ /1/ /2/ /1/ /2/ /3/ /4/ Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of crustaceans for adults based on the 7 high-rate consumers is 37.7 kg y -1 The observed 97.5 th percentile rate based on 23 observations is 49.5 kg y -1

21 Table 2. Adults' consumption rates of from the Sellafield aquatic survey area (kg y -1 ) Person ID number Cockle Limpet Mussel Pacific oyster Razor shell Whelk Winkle Total 813/1/ /2/ /2/ /3/ /2/ /1/ /1/ /1/ /1/ Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of for adults based on the 3 high-rate consumers is 12.5 kg y -1 The observed 97.5 th percentile rate based on 9 observations is 16.7 kg y -1

22 Table 3. Adults' consumption rates of fish from the Sellafield aquatic survey area (kg y -1 ) Person ID number Bass Cod Dover sole Grey mullet Herring Lemon sole Mackerel Plaice Thornback ray Turbot Total 813/1/ /3/ /1/ /1/ /2/ /2/ /2/ /1/ /1/ /2/ /1/ /2/ /1/ /2/ /3/ /1/ Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate consumers The mean consumption rate of fish for adults based on the 6 high-rate consumers is 63.7 kg y -1 The observed 97.5 th percentile rate based on 16 observations is 92.9 kg y -1

23 Table 4. Adults' intertidal occupancy rates in the Sellafield aquatic survey area (h y -1 ) Person ID number 824/1/1 824/1/2 824/1/3 Location Activity Mud Mud and sand Mud, sand and stones Rock Salt marsh River Irt Wildfowling River Irt Walking River Irt Wildfowling River Irt Walking River Irt Wildfowling River Irt Walking /3/1 Saltcoats Dog walking /4/1 Saltcoats Dog walking /2/1 Ravenglass Boat maintenance /4/1 Ravenglass Boat maintenance /1/1 Ravenglass 819/1/1 813/3/1 813/1/1 Boat maintenance and walking Sand Sand and stones Ravenglass Walking Parton Walking Drigg Hooking crab and lobster Parton and Seamill Angling Whitey Rock Collecting mussels Bait digging and Braystones attending set nets 583 Seascale Collecting razor shells Coulderton, Nethertown and Braystones Angling Coulderton and Drigg Attending crab pots Seamill and Nethertown Collecting winkles /1/1 River Irt Tending livestock /2/1 River Irt Tending livestock /1/1 Nethertown, Braystones, Sellafield, Seascale and Drigg Attending set nets Braystones Long-lining Braystones Braystones and Sellafield Collecting small quantities of cockles Dog walking and beachcombing Braystones Attending shrimp pots

24 Table 4. Adults' intertidal occupancy rates in the Sellafield aquatic survey area (h y -1 ) Person ID number 809/1/1 810/1/1 818/1/1 Location Activity Mud Mud and sand Nethertown, Braystones, Sellafield, Seascale and Drigg Mud, sand and stones Rock Salt marsh Attending set nets Braystones Long-lining Braystones and Sellafield Dog walking and beachcombing Sand Sellafield Angling Sand and stones Nethertown, Braystones, Sellafield, Seascale and Drigg Attending set nets Nethertown, Braystones, Drigg and Eskmeals Bait digging Nethertown and Braystones Collecting winkles Nethertown Collecting limpets 186 Braystones Angling /1/1 St Bees Dog walking /2/1 Nethertown, Braystones, Sellafield, Seascale and Drigg Attending set nets /1/1 Seascale Dog walking /2/1 Seascale Dog walking /3/1 Seascale Dog walking /1/1 St Bees Dog walking /3/1 Seascale and Sellafield Dog walking /3/1 817/1/1 809/2/1 812/1/1 Nethertown, Braystones, Sellafield, Seascale and Drigg Attending set nets Seascale and Sellafield Angling Braystones Angling Nethertown, Braystones, Sellafield, Seascale and Drigg Attending set nets St Bees Dog walking Parton Dog walking /1/1 Parton Dog walking /1/1 Parton Dog walking /1/1 Parton Dog walking /1/1 Parton Dog walking

25 Table 4. Adults' intertidal occupancy rates in the Sellafield aquatic survey area (h y -1 ) Person ID number Location Activity Mud Mud and sand Mud, sand and stones Rock Salt marsh 809/2/1 Braystones and Sellafield Dog walking /1/1 Parton Walking and collecting winkles Sand Sand and stones Notes Emboldened observations are the high-rate individuals The mean intertidal occupancy rate over mud for adults based on 3 high-rate observations is 74 h y -1 The observed 97.5 th percentile rate based on 3 observations is 74 h y -1 The mean intertidal occupancy rate over mud and sand for adults based on 2 high-rate observations is 176 h y -1 The observed 97.5 th percentile rate based on 2 observations is 176 h y -1 The mean intertidal occupancy rate over mud, sand and stones for adults based on 3 high-rate observations is 365 h y -1 The observed 97.5 th percentile rate based on 4 observations is 365 h y -1 The mean intertidal occupancy rate over rock for adults based on 1 high-rate observation is 105 h y -1 The observed 97.5 th percentile rate based on 2 observations is 103 h y -1 The mean intertidal occupancy rate over salt marsh for adults based on 4 high-rate observations is 248 h y -1 The observed 97.5 th percentile rate based on 7 observations is 320 h y -1 The mean intertidal occupancy rate over sand for adults based on 12 high-rate observations is 612 h y -1 The observed 97.5 th percentile rate based on 16 observations is 1040 h y -1 The mean intertidal occupancy rate over sand and stones for adults based on 7 high-rate observations is 485 h y -1 The observed 97.5 th percentile rate based on 14 observations is 752 h y -1

26 Table 5. Aquatic combinations for adults in the Sellafield Fishing Community Person ID Consumption rates (kg y -1 ) Intertidal occupancy rates (h y -1 ) number Fish Crustaceans Molluscs Mud Mud and Mud, sand Rock Salt Sand Sand and sand and stones marsh stones 813/1/ /3/ /1/ /1/ /2/ /2/ /1/ /1/ /1/ /2/ /3/ /2/ /4/ /3/ /1/ /2/ /4/ /2/ /1/ /1/ /1/ /1/ /1/ /1/ /1/ /1/ /1/ /1/ /1/ /2/ /1/ /2/ /3/ /1/ Notes Values in high-rate groups are emboldened

27 Annex 1. Adults' consumption rates (kg y -1 ) and occupancy rates (h y -1 ) in the Sellafield area Person ID number Gender Age Fish Crustaceans Molluscs Intertidal occupancy over mud Intertidal occupancy over mud and sand Intertidal occupancy over mud, sand and stones Intertidal occupancy over rock Intertidal occupancy over salt marsh Intertidal occupancy over sand Intertidal occupancy over sand and stones 803/1/1 M /1/1 M /1/1 F /1/1 F /1/1 M /2/1 F /1/1 M /2/1 F /1/1 M /2/1 F /1/1 M U /2/1 M U /3/1 M U /1/1 M /2/1 F /1/1 M /1/1 M /2/1 F /3/1 M /1/1 M /2/1 M /3/1 F /4/1 M /5/1 M /1/1 M /2/1 F /3/1 M /1/1 M /1/1 M U /2/1 F U /1/1 M /2/1 F /3/1 F /1/1 F /1/1 M

28 Annex 1. Adults' consumption rates (kg y -1 ) and occupancy rates (h y -1 ) in the Sellafield area Person ID number Gender Age Fish Crustaceans Molluscs Intertidal occupancy over mud Intertidal occupancy over mud and sand Intertidal occupancy over mud, sand and stones Intertidal occupancy over rock Intertidal occupancy over salt marsh 822/1/1 M /2/1 M /3/1 F /4/1 F /1/1 M U /1/2 M U /1/3 M U Intertidal occupancy over sand Intertidal occupancy over sand and stones Notes U = Unknown Emboldened observations are the high-rate individuals

29 Annex 2a. Sellafield Fishing Community consumption and intertidal occupancy data reported in AEMR and RIFE (kg y -1 and h y -1 ) FISH CRUSTACEANS MOLLUSCS INTERTIDAL OCCUPANCY Source of habits data Nephrops Year (report) Species Composition Total Cod Plaice Other fish Species Species Other Total Crab Lobster or other Total Winkles Substrate h y -1 Consumption Occupancy Composition Composition crustaceans 1994 (AEMR 45) 1995 (RIFE 1) 1996 (RIFE 2) 1997 (RIFE 3) 1998 (RIFE 4) 1999 (RIFE 5) 2000 (RIFE 6) 2001 (RIFE 7) 2002 (RIFE 8) 2003 (RIFE 9) 2004 (RIFE 10) 2005 (RIFE 11) 2006 (RIFE 12) 2007 (RIFE 13) 2008 (RIFE 14) 2009 (RIFE 15) 2010 (RIFE 16) 2011 (RIFE 17) 2012 (RIFE 18) 2013 (RIFE 19) 2014 (RIFE 20) 2015 (RIFE 21) Plaice and Cod (50%:50%) Plaice and Cod (50%:50%) Plaice and Cod (50%:50%) Plaice and Cod (25%:75%) Plaice and Cod (50%:50%) Plaice and Cod (50%:50%) Cod and other fish (40%:60%) Cod and other fish (40%:60%) Cod and other fish (40%:60%) Cod and other fish (60%:40%) Cod and other fish (60%:40%) Cod and other fish (60%:40%) Cod and other fish (60%:40%) Cod and other fish (60%:40%) Cod and other fish (25%:75%) Cod and other fish (25%:75%) Cod and other fish (25%:75%) Cod and other fish (25%:75%) Cod and other fish (25%:75%) Cod and other fish (40%:60%) Cod and other fish (40%:60%) Cod and other fish (25%:75%) Crabs and Lobsters (65%:35%) Crabs and Lobsters (75%:25%) Crabs and Lobsters (60%:40%) Crabs, Lobsters and Nephrops (50%:40%:10%) Crabs and Lobsters (85%:15%) Crabs and Lobsters (80%:20%) Crabs, Lobsters and Nephrops (40%:40%:20%) Crabs, Lobsters and Nephrops (40%:40%:20%) Crabs, Lobsters and Nephrops (50%:30%:20%) Crabs, Lobsters and Nephrops (80%:10%:10%) Crabs, Lobsters and Nephrops (50%:40%:10%) Crabs, Lobsters and Nephrops (60%:20%:20%) Crabs, Lobsters and Nephrops (50%:20%:30%) Crabs, Lobsters and Nephrops (50%:30%:20%) Crabs, Lobsters and Nephrops (70%:20%:10%) Crabs, Lobsters and Nephrops (30%:50%:20%) Crabs, Lobsters and Nephrops (50%:30%:20%) Crabs, Lobsters and Nephrops (40%:30%:30%) Crabs, Lobsters and Nephrops (30%:20%:50%) Crabs, Lobsters and Nephrops (20%:5%:75%) Crabs, Lobsters and other crustaceans (25%:35%:40%) Crabs, Lobsters and other crustaceans (30%:40%:30%) (85%:15%) (50%:50%) (60%:40%) (40%:60%) (30%:70%) (50%:50%) (50%:50%) (50%:50%) Winkles and mussels (60%:40%) (40%:60%) (50%:50%) (60%:40%) (50%:50%) (60%:40%) (50%:50%) (60%:40%) (20%:80%) (60%:40%) (60%:40%) (85%:15%) (65%:35%) (55%:45%) /94 Survey Review (crust and moll) and 1993/4 survey (fish) 1995 Review (crust and moll) and 1996 logging data (fish) Review Sand and mollusc beds Sand and mollusc beds Sand and mollusc beds Sand and mollusc beds Survey 1998 Survey Review 1999 Review Review 2000 Review Review 2000 Review Mud and sand Review 2002 Review Mud and sand Survey 2003 Survey Mud and sand Mud and sand Mud and sand Mud and sand Review (crust and moll) and Review Survey (fish) 2005 Review (crust and moll) and Review Survey (fish) 2006 Review (crust and moll) and Review Survey (fish) 2007 Review (crust and moll) and Review Survey (fish) Mud and sand Survey 2008 Survey Mud and sand Mud and sand Mud and sand Mud and sand Review (crust & moll) 2008 Survey 2009 Review (fish) 2010 Review (crust & moll) 2008 Survey 2010 Review (fish) 2011 Review (crust & moll) 2008 Survey 2011 Review (fish) 2012 LLWR Habits Survey LLWR Habits Survey Mud and sand Survey 2013 Survey Mud and sand Review (crust and moll) 2013 Survey (fish) 2014 Review Mud and sand Review 2015 Review

30 Annex 2b. Sellafield Fishing Community 5-year average consumption and intertidal occupancy rates (kg y -1 and h y -1 ) FISH CRUSTACEANS MOLLUSCS 5-year Total fish Cod Plaice Other fish Total Total Winkles period crustaceans Crab Lobster Nephrops or other crustaceans Other EXTERNAL Intertidal occupancy

31 Annex 3. Summary of profiles for adults in the Sellafield area for use in the assessment of total dose Pathway Name Number of individuals Crustacea Direct Eggs Fish - Freshwater Fish - Sea Fruit - Domestic Fruit and nuts - Wild Gamma ext - salt marsh Gamma ext - sediments Honey Marine plants/algae Notes: Profile Name Units: kg - kg kg kg kg kg h h kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg l kg kg h h h h h kg kg kg kg Crustacean consumers Occupants for direct radiation Egg consumers < < Freshwater fish consumers Sea fish consumers Domestic fruit consumers < Wild fruit and nut consumers Occupants over salt marsh Occupants over sediment Honey consumers Marine plants and algae consumers < Cattle meat consumers Game meat consumers Pig meat consumers Poultry meat consumers Salt marsh grazed sheep consumers Sheep meat consumers Wildfowl consumers Milk consumers Mollusc consumers Mushroom consumers Occupants IN Water Occupants ON Water Occupants for plume pathways ( km) Occupants for plume pathways (> km) Occupants for plume pathways (>0.5-1 km) < Green vegetable consumers Other domestic vegetable consumers Potato consumers < Root vegetable consumers Meat - Cow Meat - Game Meat - Pig Meat - Poultry Meat - salt marsh grazed sheep Meat - Sheep Meat - Wildfowl Milk Mollusca Mushrooms Occupancy IN water Occupancy ON water Plume (IN; km) Plume (MID; > km) Plume (OUT; <0.5-1 km) Vegetables - Green Vegetables - Other Domestic Vegetables - Potatoes Vegetables - Root Notes: 1. Expressed as the proportion of the profile members who are exposed to direct radiation. 2. Gamma ext - salt marsh only includes occupancy over salt marsh. 3. Gamma ext - sediments represents occupancy over mud; mud and sand; mud, sand and stones; sand; sand and stones. 4. Game meat includes venison and rabbits/hares. 5. Plume times are the sums of individuals' indoor and outdoor occupancy rates in each of the direct radiation zones The data used for these profiles is the 2013 full Sellafield Habits Survey data updated with the 2014 and 2015 Sellafield Review data The means of the high-rate groups are determined by the 'cut-off' method and are highlighted on the diagonal

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