NATURA MONTENEGRINA, PODGORICA,2, 2003,

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1 NATURA MONTENEGRINA, PODGORICA,2, 2003, UDK 591.9:595.3(262.3)(048.8)(045)=111 CONTRIBUTION TO DIVERSITY OF CRUSTACEANS IN THE ADRIATIC Vera VUKANIĆ 1 S y n o p s i s This paper presents the analysis of crustacean diversity of the Adriatic, especially the Boka Kotorska Bay and the southern Adriatic. All the available papers on the crustacean groups studied in this area were analyzed. The analysis deals with two groups of plankton crustaceans: Copepoda and Cladocera, as well as the benthos group of crustaceans, Decapoda. The taxonomic list of the groups is presented together with the distributions of the species characteristic for certain habitats of coastal and open-sea waters. The ecological characteristics of certain parts of Adriatic are presented, as well as their importance for diversity and distribution of Crustacea. Various polluting materials threaten fauna of Crustacea in the marine habitats, and therefore the knowledge of diversity on basis of previous studies is useful as a base for monitoring programming. Key words: Diversity, Copepoda, Cladocera, Decapoda, Southern Adriatic. S i n o p s i s PRILOG ZA DIVERZITET RAKOVA JADRANA U radu smo dali analizu diverziteta rakova Jadrana, posebno Bokokotorskog zaliva i južnog Jadrana. Analizirali smo sve dostupne radove za grupe rakova koji su istraživani u ovom području. Analiza se odnosi na dvije grupe planktonskih rakova: Copepoda i Cladocera, i bentosku grupu rakova Decapoda. Dat je taksonomski pregled grupa i rasprostranjenje vrsta karakterističnih za pojedina staništa obalnih i pučinskih voda. Opisane su ekološke karakteristike pojedinih područja Jadrana i njihov značaj za diverzitet i rasprostranjenje Crustacea. Fauna Crustacea u moru je ugrožena različitim zagađujućim materijama, zbog toga je poznavanje diverziteta na osnovu dosadašnjih istraživanja korisno kao baza za programiranje monitoringa. Ključne riječi: diverzitet, Copepoda, Cladocera, Decapoda, južni Jadran. 1 Vera VUKANIĆ: v_vukanic@yahoo.com

2 140 Natura Montenegrina, 2/2003 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION For the analysis of crustaceans of the Adriatic diversity we have used the literature we had available for various groups of Crustacea. The data on diversity of Copepoda, its distribution and abundance, are consisted in numerous scientific papers, and we have mainly used the papers by the following authors: Gamulin,T., Hure,J., Regner,D. and Vukanić,D. The most significant data for the Adriatic and the Mediterranean, for Cladocera are presented by the following authors: C a r u s, 1885; C l e v e, 1900; G r a e f f e, 1902; S c h w e i g e r, 1912; K a j d i ž, 1912; S t e u e r, A., 1933; G a m u l i n, 1948; T r e g o u b o f f, G. 1963; D e l l a C r o c e, N. 1964; M. L. F u r n e s t i n, 1966; H u r e et al. 1973; V u k a n i ć, 1975; B e n o v i ć, A. and O n o f r i, V, On group of Decapoda we have used the elaborated and published data by: K a r a m a n, G., Gamulin-Brida, H. (1970) and Merker-Poč e k, B. (1969, 1973) who, in addition to presenting their own results from the Bokokotorski Bay and southern open waters of Adriatic have also cited some previous authors. Fig.1. Bathymetric map of the Adriatic (G h i r a r d e l l i et al., 1987) Planktonic Copepoda as a predominant group in zooplanktonic community are present with a large number of species (220) in Adriatic: in northern Adriatic there are 51 species, in central Adriatic there are 155 whereas in southern one the complete fauna of this group may

3 VUKANIĆ, V.: To Diversity of Crustaceans in the Adriatic 141 be found. The first investigations of copepods and zooplankton in general were started in Adriatic by the end of the 19th century, in the Trieste Bay. The investigations were continued by many expeditions cruising the Adriatic, the most significant of them being: Austrian ''Pola'' 1894., ''Valdivia'' ( ), than Italian ''Najade'' and ''Ciklope'' ( ), Croatian ''Vila Velebita'' ( ) which is of special significance for studies of eastern waters of the Adriatic Sea, ex-yugoslav expeditions ''Hvar'' 1949, ''A.Mohorovičić'' ( ) and ( ). Numerous foreign and domestic authors have published entire series of very significant papers on marine zooplankton, especially on planktonic crustaceans Copepoda, from the material collected in those exspeditions. Deep southern Adriatic represents in an ecological aspect a separate vital area, fauna of Copepoda in it is very similar to the one in Mediterranean. Some authors speak on distribution of some species of Copepoda, characteristic of individual areas of Adriatic. Pseudocalanus elongatus, Temora longicornis, and Diaixis pygmaea are characteristic of the community of copepods of Kvarner area and the Trieste Bay. Species of genus Calocalanus extend the distribution areal being carried by the surfacial streams towards the northern Adriatic. Species of genus Scolecithrix are in deep waters on the south, therefore they do not easily reach the surfacial streams, and they do not reach the central and northern Adriatic. In the Jabuka profile deep-sea copepods are mentioned; deep-sea copepods of Adriatic do differ from the small coastal copepods. They are sensitive to temperature and salinity variations, therefore their distribution is closely connected with isohaline of 38. Estuary areas of the rivers Po, Bojana and the Drim, as well as bays like Bokokotorska and Malostonski Bay are characterised by euritherm and eurihaline neritic species. Neritic copepods are characterized by a larger number of eggs, more powerful multiplication, and thus also by a larger number of individuals and larger variation capacity and inclination towards the creation of local breeds, even greater difference between the male and females. The versatility of copepode fauna in Bokokotorski Bay grows longitudinally beginning from Kotor's Bay towards the Hercegnovi'ss one that is towards the open sea, so that in the vicinity of the Institute there are species in plankton, in the middle of Kotor's Bay there are 36 species, in Tivat's Bay 44 species, and in Herceg Novi's 63 species. While the biomass increases in the opposite direction caused by abundance of characteristic species, what may be defined by indexes of diversity the values of which are higher towards the open sea (Vukanić,D., 1971,1975). Tab. 1. List of faunistical composition of Copepoda in Southern Adriatic SUBCLASS COPEPODA ORDER Fam. No. gen Species Author Gymnoplea Calanidae 2 Calanus helgolandicus (CLAUS) 1,2,3,4 Calanus tenuicornis DANA 2,3 Nannocalanus minor (CLAUS) 1,2,3,4 Neocalanus gracilis (DANA) 2,3,4

4 142 Natura Montenegrina, 2/2003 Eucalanidae 2 Eucalanus attenuatus (DANA) 2,3,4 Eucalanus crassus GIESBRECHT 2,3 Eucalanus elongatus (DANA) 2,3,4 Eucalanus monachus GIESBRECHT 2,3 Mecynocera clausi THOMPSON 2,3,4,5 Paracalanidae 3 Paracalanus denudatus SEWELL 2,3,4 Paracalanus nanus G.O.SARS 2,3 Paracalanus parvus (CLAUS) 1,2,3,4,5 Calocalanus pavo (DANA) 1,2,3,4,5 Calocalanus conctractus FARRAN 2,3 Calocalanus styliremis GIESBRECHT 2,3,4,5 Calocalanus gresei SHMELEVA 2,3 Calocalanus ovalis SHMELEVA 2,3 Calocalanus longisetosus SHMELEVA 2,3 Calocalanus elegans SHMELEVA 2,3 Calocalanus neptunus SHMELEVA 2,3 Calocalanus plumatus SHMELEVA 2,3 Calocalanus adriaticus SHMELEVA 2,3 Ischnocalanus plumulosus (CLAUS) 1,2,5 Pseudocalanidae 4 Clausocalanus mastigophorus (CLAUS) 2,3 Clausocalanus lividus FROST and FLEMINGER 2,3 Clausocalanus arcuicornis (DANA) 1,2,3,4,5 Clausocalanus jobei FROST and FLEMINGER 2,3,4 Clausocalanus paululus FARRAN 2,3,4 Clausocalanus pergens FARRAN 2,3,4 Clausocalanus parapergens FROST and FLEMINGER 2,3,4 Clausocalanus furcatus (BRADY) 1,2,3,4,5 Ctenocalanus vanus GIESBRECHT 1,2,3,4,5

5 VUKANIĆ, V.: To Diversity of Crustaceans in the Adriatic 143 Spinocalanus oligospinosus PARK 2,3 Spinocalanus longicornis DANKAER 2,3 Spinocalanus magnus WOLFENDEN 2,3 Monacilla typica G.O.SARS 2,3 Aetideidae 4 Aetidus armatus (BOECK) 2,3,4 Euaetideus giesbrechti (CLEVE) 2,3,4 Chiridius poppei GIESBRECHT 2,3 Euchirella messinensis (CLAUS) 2,3 Euchirella rostrata (CLAUS) 2,3 Euchaetidae 1 Euchaeta acuta GIESBRECHT 2,3,4 Euchaeta hebes GIESBRECHT 1,2,3,4 Euchaeta marina (PRESTANDREA) 1,2,3 Euchaeta spinosa GIESBRECHT 1,2,3 Phaennidae 3 Phaenna spinifera CLAUS 2,3,4 Xantocalanus agilis GIESBRECHT 3 Onchocalanus trigoniceps G.O.SARS 3 Scolecithridae 2 Scaphocalanus curtus (FARRAN) 2,3 Scaphocalanus similis HURE e SCOTO DI CARLO Scaphocalanus invalidus HURE e SCOTTO DI CARLO 2,3 2,3 Scolecithrix bradyi GIESBRECHT 2,3 Scolecithicella abyssalis (GIESBRECHT) 3 Scolecithricella dentata GIESBRECHT 2,3 Scolecithricella tenuiserrata GIESBRECHT 3 Scolecithricella vitata GIESBRECHT 2,3 Isokerandria Diaixidae 1 Diaixis pygmaea G.O.SARS 1,2,3,4 Tharybidae 1 Tharybis macrophthalma G.O.SARS 2,3 Heterarthrandri a Centropagidae 2 Centropages typicus KRÖYER 1,2,3,4,5 Centropages kröyeri GIESBRECHT 1,2,3,4,5

6 144 Natura Montenegrina, 2/2003 Centropages violaceus (CLAUS) 1,2,3,4 Isias clavipes BOECK 1,2,3,4 Temoridae 3 Temora stylifera DANA 1,2,3,4 Temora longicornis (MÜLLER) 2,3 Temorites brevis G.O.SARS 3 Temoropia mayumbaensis T.SCOTT 2,3 Metridiidae 1 Pleuromamma abdominalis (LUBBOCK) 2,3,4 Pleuromamma gracilis (CLAUS) 2,3,4 Lucicutiidae 1 Lucicutia clausi GIESBRECHT 2,3 Lucicutia flavicornis (CLAUS) 1,2,3,4 Lucicutia gemina FARRAN 2,3 Lucicutia lucida FARRAN 2,3 Lucicutia ovalis WOLFENDEN 2,3,4 Heterorhabdidae 1 Heterorhabdus abyssalis (GIESBRECHT) 2,3 Heterorhabdus papilliger (CLAUS) 2,3,4 Heterorhabdus spinifrons (CLAUS) 2,3 Augaptilidae 4 Haloptilus acutifrons (GIESBRECHT) 2,3 Haloptilus fertilis (GIESBRECHT) 2,3 Haloptilus longicornis (CLAUS) 2,3,4 Haloptilus mucronatus (CLAUS) 3 Haloptilus ornatus (GIESBRECHT) 2,3 Haloptilus oxycephalus (GIESBRECHT) 3 Haloptilus spiniceps (GIESBRECHT) 2,3 Augaptilus longicaudatus (CLAUS) 2,3 Augaptilus spinifrons G.O.SARS 3 Euaugaptilus hecticus (GIESBRECHT) 2,3 Euaugaptilus filiger (CLAUS) 3 Arierellus setosus GIESBRECHT 2,3

7 VUKANIĆ, V.: To Diversity of Crustaceans in the Adriatic 145 Condaciidae 2 Candacia aethiopica (DANA) 2,3 Candacia armata (BOECK) 1,2,3,4 Candacia bipinnata (GIESBRECHT) 2,3 Candacia elongata (BOECK) 2,3 Candacia longimana (CLAUS) 2,3 Candacia tenuimana (GIESBRECHT) 2,3 Candacia varicans GIESBRECHT 2,3 Paracandacia bispinosa (CLAUS) 1,2,3,4 Paracandacia simplex (GIESBRECHT) 2,3,4 Pontellidae 5 Anomalocera patersoni TEMPLETON 2,3 Pontella labiancoi (CANU) 3 Pontella mediterranea (CLAUS) 3 Labidocera brunescens (CZERNIAVSKY) 3 Labidocera wollastoni (LUBBOCK) 2,3 Pontelopsis regalis (DANA) 3 Pontellina plumata (DANA) 2,3 Acartiidae 1 Acartia clausi GIESBRECHT 1,2,3,4,5 Acartia longiremis LILJEBORG 3 Acarcia negligens DANA 2,3 Podoplea Mormonillidae 1 Mormonilla minor GIESBRECHT 2,3 Cyclopoida Oithonidae 1 Oithona helgolandica CLAUS 1,2,3,4,5 Oithona nana GIESBRECHT 1,2,3,5 Oithona plumifera BAIRD 1,2,3,4,5 Oithona setigera (DANA) 2,3 Cyclopinidae 1 Ratania flava GIESBRECHT 2,3 Harpacticoida Ectinosomidae 1 Microsetella rosea (DANA) 1,2,3 Microsetella norvegica (BOECK) 1,2,3 Macrosetellidae 1 Macrosetella gracilis (DANA) 2,3

8 146 Natura Montenegrina, 2/2003 Tachydiidae 1 Euterpina acutifrons (DANA) 1,2,3 Clytemnestridae 1 Clytemnestra rostrata (BRADY) 1,2,3,4 Clytemnestra scutellata (DANA) 2,3 Oncaeidae 3 Oncaea conifera GIESBRECHT 2,3 Oncaea dentipes GIESBRECHT 2,3 Oncaea media GIESBRECHT 1,2,3,4 Oncaea mediterranea (CLAUS) 1,2,3,4 Oncaea ornata GIESBRECHT 2,3 Oncaea subtilis GIESBRECHT 1,2,3 Oncaea venusta PHILIPPI 2,3 Lubbockia aculeata GIESBRECHT 2,3 Lubbockia squllimana CLAUS 1,2,3,4 Pachos punctatum (CLAUS) 3 Sapphirinidae 3 Sapphirina angusta DANA 2 Sapphirina auronitens CLAUS 2,3 Sapphirina gemma DANA 1,2,3 Sapphirina iris (DANA) 2,3 Sapphirina lactens GIESBRECHT 2,3 Sapphirina maculosa GIESBRECHT 3 Sapphirina metallina DANA 2,3,4 Sapphirina nigromaculata CLAUS 2,3,4 Sapphirina ovatolanceolata DANA 2,3 Sapphirina opalina DANA 2,3 Vettoria granulosa (GIESBRECHT) 2,3 Vettoria longifurca (ROSE,VAISSIERE) 3 Vettoria parva (FARRAN) 3 Copilia mediterranea (CLAUS) 1,2,3 Copilia quadrata DANA 1,2,3,4

9 VUKANIĆ, V.: To Diversity of Crustaceans in the Adriatic 147 Copilia vitrea (HAECKEL) 2,3 Corycaeidae 1 Corycaeus (Corycaeus)clausi DAHL 1,2,3,4 Corycaeus (Agetus)typicus (KRÖYER) 1,2,3,4 Corycaeus (Agetus)flaccus GIESBRECHT 2,3,4 Corycaeus (Onychocorycaeus)giesbrechti F.DAHL 1,2,3 Corycaeus (Onychocorycaeus)latus DANA 2,3,4 Corycaeus (Onychocorycaeus)ovalis CLAUS 2,3,4 Corycaeus (Ditrichocorycaeus)brehmi STEUER 1,2,3,4 Corycaeus (Urocorycaeus)furcifer CLAUS Corycaeus (Corycella)rostrata CLAUS 1,2,3,4 Monstrilloida Authors: G a m u l i n, T., V u k a n i ć, D., H u r e, J., R e g n e r, D., B e n o v i ć, A. A small number of Cladocera occurs in Adriatic seven species distributed in three genera: Penilia, Evadne and Podon. Cladocera are surfacial species 0-50m of depth, so that they are present in the entire Adriatic. Only 4 species occur more numerously and more frequently, the others occurring only as individual specimens. Penilia avirostris DANA was registered in Adriatic for the first time in 1908, subsequently the authors register it in brackish waters of estuaries and bays; it is especially numerous in July or August. Podon intermedius LILJEBORG is distributed in coastal and bay waters almost exclusively in stratum below 20m. Evadne spinifera P.E.MÜLLER occurs in surface stratum of coastal and surfacial waters. Evadne tergestina CLAUS along the coast occurs in individual specimens and it is somewhat more numerous in open sea, exclusively in the surfacial stratum (V u k a n i ć, D , V u k a n i ć, V., 2003, 2004). Tab. 2. List of faunistical composition of Cladocera in Adriatic CLASS BRACHIOPODA SUBCL. DIPLOSTRACA ORDER CLADOCERA Suborder. Super fam. Fam. No. gen Sp. Author Ctenopoda Sidoidea Sididae 1 Penilia avirostris DANA 1,2,4,5 Onychopoda Polyphemoidea Podonidae 2 Evadne tergestina CLAUS 1,2,3,4,5 Evadne spinifera P.E.MÜLLER 1,2,3,4,5

10 148 Natura Montenegrina, 2/2003 Evadne nordmanni LOVEN 3,2 Podon leuckartii SARS 1,2 Podon intermedius LILJEBORG 1,2,3,4,5 Podon polyphemoides LEUCKART 3,2 Author: V u k a n i ć, D., Vukanić., V, C a r u s, J.V., H u r e, J., G a m u l i n., T. From the total of 29 localities in southern Adriatic 77 species of Decapoda has been recorded and classified into 25 families. Some species new for the Adriatic have been found, but their author does not quote them. From the group Natantia Merker-Poček, B. has recorded 15 species, and of Reptantia 60 species. The number of species per localities is quoted in data, as well as their abundance and participation rate. The same author has cited the data from the Monograph by O. Peste Die Decapodenfauna der Adria, who recorded 38 families with 143 species registered in the entire Adriatic. Registered species from southern Adriatic belong to the following families: Calappidae, Crangonidae, Diogenidae, Dorippidae, Dromiidae, Galatheidae, Goneplacidae, Homolidae, Latreillidae, Leucosiidae, Majidae, Nephropidae, Paguridae, Paleomonidae, Palinuridae, Pandalidae, Porcellanidae, Portunidae, Processidae, Scyllaridae, Xanthidae. The highest numeosity was recorded for the species: Plesionika hetrocarpus (max no.of ind. 648), Parapenaeus longirostris (no of.ind. 320) and Penaeus kerathurus (no. of ind. 97); these species are economically very significant, they opulate mainly muddy and sandy bottoms, and they are considered to be exclusively characteristic. Different from well known species Parapenaeus longirostris and Plesionika hetrocarpus, the speciesa Penaeus kerathurus occurs exclusively on depths to 100m, where the influx of fresh water is felt and where the production is significantly higher. It has been recorded in the Bokokotorski Bay and in the estuary of the Bojana River. Numerosity of Reptantia is much higher than in the shallower areas. Their frequency according to number of specimens and weight briskly declines with the increase of depth. Opposite to this, in group Natantia presence of species and number of specimens is higher on greater depths than in shallower areas. From the above one may conclude that there are some habitats which are exclusively populated by the group of decapodes Natantia and they are deeper muddy bottoms from 200 to 500 m of depth. Reptantia usually populate the areas to 200m of depth and their frequency and numerosity there is higher. In percentages the most frequent are Macropipus tuberculatus, Dorippe lanata, Galathea noxa and Glathea squamifera. Nephrops norvegicus in southern Adriatic occurs in a small number, mainly on greater depths, what is not the case in the central Adriatic (Poček-Merker, B., a survey).

11 VUKANIĆ, V.: To Diversity of Crustaceans in the Adriatic 149 Tab.3. List of faunistical composition of Decapoda(Reptantia) in southern Adriatic CLASIS SUBCL. CRUSTACEA MALACOSTRACA ORDO SUBO. DECAPODA MACRURA REPTANTIA Section Super fam. Familia No gen Sp. Author Palinura Eryonidea Erynidae 1 Polycheles typhlops Hekker 1,3 Scyllaridea Scyllaridae 1 Scyllarus arctus Linneaeus 1,3 Palinuridae 1 Palinurus elephas Fabricius 1 Astacura Nephropidae Nephropsidae 1 Nephrops norvegicus Linnaeus 1 Thalassinidea Upogebiidae 1 Upogebia sp. 1,3 Anomura Coenobitoidea Diogenidae 3 Daradanus arrosor Herbst 1 Pagurioidea Paguridae 2 Anapagurus laevis Bell 1 Pagurus alatus Fabricius 1 Pagurus prideauxi Leach 1,3 Pagurus sculptimanus Lucus 1 Pagurus sp. 1 Pagurus variabilis M.Edw. 1 Galatheidae Galatheinae 2 Galathea dispersa Bate 1,2,3 Galathea intermedia Liljeborg 1,2,3 Galathea nexa Eubleton 1,3 Galathea sp. 1 Galathea strigosa Linnaeus 1,2,3 Galathea squamifera Leach 1,2,3 Munida perarmata M.Edw 1 Munida rugosa Fabricius 1,3 Porcellanidae 1 Porcelana sp. 1,2 Brachiura Dromiidea Dromiidae 1 Dromia personata Linnaeus 1 Homolidae 1 Homola barbata Fabricius 1

12 150 Natura Montenegrina, 2/2003 Latreillidae 1 Latreillia elegans Roux 1 - Dorippidae 2 Dorippe lanata Linnaeus 1,3 Ethusa mascarone Herbst 1,2,3 Leucosiidae Ebaliinae 1 Ebalia granulosa M.Edw. 1 Ebalia sp. 1 Ebalia tuberosa Pennant 1,2,3 - Calappidae 1 Calappa granulata Linnaeus 1 Maiidae Inachinae 3 Achaeus cranhii Ceach 1 Achaeus sp. 1 Inachus dorssetensis Pennant 1,3 Inachus leptochirus Leach 1 Inachus thoracicus Roux 1 Macropodia rostrata Linnaus 1,3 Macropodia longipes M.Edw. 1 Macropodia longirostris Fabricius 1,3 Pisinae 1 Lissa chiragra Fabricius 1,3 Maiinae 1 Maia squinado Herbst. 1,2,3 Maia verrucosa M.Edw. 1,3 Pisinae 1 Pisa armata Latreille 1 Pisa nodipes Leach 1 Pisa tetraodon Pennat 1 Portunidae Portumninae 1 Bathynectes longipes Risso 1,3 Xanthidae Menippinae 1 Pilumnus hirtellus Linnaeus 1,3 Xanthinae 1 Xantho incisus grannulicarpus Forrst Xantho poressa Olivi 1 Xantho sp. 1 Goneplacidae Goneplacinae 1 Gonoplax rhomboides Linnaeus 1,2,3 Pinnotheridae Pinnotherinae 1 Pinnotheres pisum Linnaeus 1 Authors: B. M e r k e r - P o č e k, C. V. K u r i a n, R. G u r n e y 1,2

13 VUKANIĆ, V.: To Diversity of Crustaceans in the Adriatic 151 Tab.4.List of faunistical composition of Decapoda (Natantia) in southern Adriatic CLASIS CRUSTACEA SUBCL. MALACOSTRACA ORDO DECAPODA SUBO. MACRURA NATANTIA Section Super fam. Familia No gen Sp. Author Penaeidea Penaeidae Aristaeinae 2 Aristaeomorpha foliacea Risso 1,2,3 Aristeus antennatus Risso 1 Solenocerinae 1 Solenocera membramacea Risso 1,2 Penaeinae 2 Penaeus kerathurus Forskal 1,2 Parapenaeus longirostris Lucas 1,3 Caridea Pandaloidea Pandalidae 2 Chlorotocus crassicornis Costa 1 Plesionika marita A.Milne Edwards 1,2 Plesionika heterocarpus Costa 1,2 Plesionika edwardsi Brandt 1,2 Alpheoidea Processidae 1 Processa canaliculata Leach 1,2,3 Crangonoidea Crangonidae 1 Pontophilus spinosus Leach 1,2,3 Paleomonoidea Pontoniinae 2 Pontocaris cataphractus Olivi 1 Auhors: B. M e r k e r - P o č e k, C. V. K u r i a n, R. G u r n e y Pontocaris lacazei Gourret 1 Typton spongicola Costa 1,3 The specific traits of Adriatic Sea as a production basin and ecological diversity of their southern, northern and coastal areas result in the diversity of composition, abundance and horizontal and vertical distribution of its biota in pelagial and benthos There are different, even opposite opinions about the level of productivity of Adriatic Sea. Adriatic Sea is a part pf the Mediterranean, sea poor in nutritive salts. The Adriatic is also poor in them, therefore, on basis of those factors it has been divided into several zones which mutually differ for their production, where two factors play a decisive role: they are the contents of the nutritive salts and the depth of the sea. It is divided in 4 zones, and each of them has its hydrological characteristics. Zone A includes the entire southern Adriatic and a main part of the central one to the line Ankona-Dugi otok, which follows the isobath 50-70m, this zone excludes the insular part of the Adriatic. That is the most maritime part of this sea

14 152 Natura Montenegrina, 2/2003 and covers approximately 57% of its surface. It is characterized by a low contents of nutritive salts and weak influence of the coast, but, it is under the powerful influence of the Mediterranean. In this part of the Adriatic the species are brought by the eastern adriatic stream from the mediterranean. The zone B covers northwestern part of the Adriatic which is more abundant in nutritive salts, it stretches north of the line Ankona-Dugi otok, on the west it occupies the shallower part of Adriatic along the coast of Apenine Peninsula, to the peninsula Gargano. That zone covers 23% of the surface area of the Adriatic. Zone C is a channel area situated within the insular series, covering some 18% of the surface area of Adriatic with depths of 70m, that is the zone of increased production. Zone D is along the coast, includes the bays and mouths of the rivers, under the influence of the coast and fresh waters, it is significantly enriched by the salts of phosphorus and nitrogen. It covers 1-2% of the surface area of the Adriatic (B u l j a n, 1973). In Boka Kotorska Bay there have been registered so far 5 species of Cladocera, 66 species of Copepoda and 19 species of Decapoda. In southern Adriatic, the three groups of crustaceans are presented as follows Cladocera with 7 species, Copepoda with 155 species. In the entire Adriatic 220 species of Copepoda are known. Decapoda according to M e r k e r - P o č e k, (1970) 25 families with 77 species, O. P e s t a (1918) 38 families with 143 species registered in the entire Adriatic. Števč i ć (1968) cites 48 families of Decapoda for the Adriatic. In zooplanktonic biocenosis of southern Adriatic Cladocera participates with 1.46% to 2.05% in a deeper sea, Copepoda with 82.26% to 84.72%. According to percentage of species as related to the total zooplankton in the sea, the predominating group are copepode crustaceans. The best studied crustacean group in Adriatic Sea are the copepode crustaceans in plankton and decapode crustaceans in benthos. The other groups have been insufficiently studied and the data are very scarce or there are no any. The best studied area of the Adriatic Sea is the northern Adriatic, Kvarner area and the central Adriatic. Southern Adriatic has not been included in more details in the investigastion except for the group Copepoda. Fauna of Crustacea in the sea is endangered by various activities of human on the coast and the sea. The most endangered are the shallow areas, like, for example Bokokotorski Bay which has a large influx of fresh waters from the ground. The greatest problem in registering the danger for Crustacea and implementation of their protection is the lack of data on presence, way of living and distribution of individual taxons. General conclusion on diversity of Crustacea may be exposed as a plan for its estimate and protection which would understand: 1. Taxonomic, ecological and zoogeographical investigations 2. Establishing the composition of fauna of Crustacea 3. Determining the factor of being endangered 4. Monitoring 5. Mapping of internationally significant species 6. Establishing the red list of endangered taxons 7. Establishing and implementation of protection measures

15 VUKANIĆ, V.: To Diversity of Crustaceans in the Adriatic Establishing and implementation of regulatory framework 9. Inclusion in international endeavors of biodiversity preservation R E F E R E N C E S Benović, A. i V. O n o f r i, (1983): Prilog poznavanju mrežnog zooplanktona Kotorskog zaljeva. Studia Marina, 13-14: B l i s s, D. E. (1982): The Biology of Crustacea. Volume 1, Systematics, the fossil record, and biogeography. Academic Press 1982.Department of Biological Science. Florida State University: B u l j a n, M. (1974): Basic Characteristics of the Adriatic Sea as a Production Basin. Acta Adriatica, Vol. 16 (2): Fonda, S. (In Ghirardelli et al.) (1987): Outline of Oceanography and the Plankton of the Adriatic Sea. Marin Eutrophication and Population Dynamics. Proceedings of the 25 th EMBS: G a m u l i n, T. (1938): Prilog poznavanju planktonskih kopepoda Boke Kotorske. Godišnjak Oceanogr. instituta, 1: K a r a m a n, G. i H. G a m u l i n - B r i d a, (1970): Contribution aux recherches des biocenoses benthiques du Golfe de Boka Kotorska. Studia Marina 4: K a r a n, T. (2000): Diverzitet slatkovodnih i suvozemnih rakova (Crustacea) Jugoslavije i Balkanskog poluostrva. Diplomski rad. Biološki fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu K a e s t n e r, A. (1970): Invertebrate Zoology Crustacea. Volume 3. Interscience publishers, New York. Merker-Poč e k, B. (1970): Situation et distribution bathimetrique de cartaines especes de Natantia dans l Adriatique meridionale. Studia Marina, (4): Merker-Poč e k, B. (1970) Doprinos upoznavanju autoekologije dekapodnog raka Plesionika heterocarpus COSTA-Nove vrste za Jadransko more. Studia Marina, (p): Merker-Poč e k, B. (1973): Preliminarni podaci o rasprostranjenju, biomasi i abundanciji dekapodnih rakova u južnojadranskoj kotlini. Studia Marina, (60): Merker-Poč e k, B. (1969): Elaborat-Organska produkcija suvozemnih i morskih ekosistema, Podprojekat: Organska produkcija morskih ekosistema, Zavod za biologiju mora Kotor. R e g n e r, D. (1976): On the Copepods Diversity in the Central Adriatic in Rapp. Comm. int. Mer Médit. 23 (9):

16 154 Natura Montenegrina, 2/2003 R e g n e r, D. (1985): Sesonal and Multiannual Dynamics of Copepods in the Middle Adriatic. Acta Adriat. 26 (2): R e g n e r, D. (1998): Copepod Communities in the Middle Adriatic as Affected by Different Levels of Pollution. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 26: R o s e, M. (1993): Copépodes pelagiques. Faune de France, 26: Vukanić, D. i D. R e g n e r, (1995): Uticaj dominantnih vrsta kopepoda na ukupnu biomasu populacije u estuarsko-neritičkom području južnog Jadrana. Zbornik radova naučnog skupa u organizaciji CANU IBM Kotor. "Istraživanje Jadranskog mora i zaštita".1: 7. Vukanić, D. (1971): Kopepodi Bokokotorskog zaliva. Studia Marina, (5): Vukanić, D. (1975): Prilog poznavanju zooplanktona obalnih voda južnog Jadrana. Ekologija (Acta Biologica Jugoslavica). 10 (1): Vukanić, D. (1979): La recherches sur la Zooplanktons dans la baie de Kotor. Nova Thalassia, 3 (1): Trieste. Vukanić, D. (2002): Seasonal Rhythm of Vertical Distribution of Copepods in Deep Waters of South Adriatic. Stud. Mar. 23 (1): Vukanić, V. (2002): Pregled sistematsko ekoloških istraživanja zooplanktona Bokokotorskog zaliva kao pokazatelja kvaliteta mora. Specijalistički rad. Biološki fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu. pp Vukanić, V. (2003): Penilia avirostris-indicator of Refreshed and Eutrophic Water. JDZV VODA pp Vukanić, V. Survey of Systematic-Ecological Research on Zooplankton in Boka Kotorska Bay. Zbornik PMN, Banja Luka, 3, (4-5):