Sustainable Bali sardinella Initiative White Paper. February 2012

Transcription

1 Sustainable Bali sardinella Initiative White Paper February 2012 A. Overview About the fishery Bali sardinella (Sardinella lemuru), locally known as lemuru, is a pelagic-neritic, schooling, and strongly migratory species that lives in the depth range of 15 to 100 m. The species is distributed through Eastern Indian Ocean (Phuket, Thailand, southern coast of East Java and Bali, and Western Australia) and Western Pacific (Java Sea, Philippines, Hong Kong, Taiwan Island, and southern Japan). The species forms large schools in coastal waters, particularly in the Bali Strait upwelling and is found in sheltered bays and lagoons. Lemuru is a fast growing fish with a life span of about 2 to 3 years. In the Bali region, spawning probably occurs at the end of the annual rainy season migration into the Bali Strait (usually September-February, but a peak mainly in December-January, judging by numbers caught), but the spawning grounds are not known. 1 According to the data from Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF) in 2010, total landing of lemuru from Indonesian waters reached 165,852 tonnes in 2009, increasing almost 20 percent from the previous year, valued at US$ million. The bulk of the catch is from the Bali Strait (contributing 65 percent of total production MMAF 2010). Lemuru contributed 80 percent of total fish production landed in the Bali Strait (Budihardjo et al in Djamali 2007). The Muncar District on the east coast of East Java is the most important fishing port (with Kedungrejo as its hub) for this fishery, while Negara District on the west coast of Bali is the second most important (with Pengambengan as its hub). The lemuru fishery in the Bali Strait is a closed fishery in the sense that only fishermen from both sides of the strait of the two bordering provinces, Bali and East Java, fish in this area. Purse seine (locally known as slerek) is the main gear used in the lemuru fishery; the average catch contributed by purse seine was about 92.8 percent of the total lemuru catch (Merta et al. 1999). The fishery developed rapidly following the introduction of purse seines in Other gears used in the fishery of the Bali Strait 1 Source: and 1

2 include payang seine (lampara), gillnet, handlines, and the stationary lift net (bagan). The latter is common especially close inshore, where it catches small-sized lemuru (sempenit) in August to December (see table 1). On average, slerek boats range in size from 25 to 30 GT. Fishing in the Bali Strait takes place all year round, although the peak catches occur seasonally. During the low season, some fishers switch to other fish such as tunas and hairtails. It appears that the average high catch does not correspond with the upwelling month; in fact higher catches were reported during the months of the northwest monsoon (November to January) (Merta et al 1999). Lemuru Fishing Ground in the Bali Strait Source: FAO (1999) Based on data from Muncar, the lemuru fishing season categorized by size is as follows: Table 1. Category of lemuru based on size No Category Size (cm) Season 1 sempenit < 11 August - December 2 protolan January December 3 lemuru May December 4 lemuru kucing > 18 October - December Source: Fishery Office of East Java Province 2000 and Merta 1992 in Djamali

3 Socio-economic importance Buchary (2010) noted that the slerek fishery plays an important role in these two districts, not only as a source of protein but also as a source of employment, and stimulates the local economy. It was suggested that at least 70 percent of the population in Muncar and Negara are engaged in slerek fishery activities, either directly as slerek fishers (i.e., fleet owners, skippers, and crew members) or indirectly (e.g., dealers/brokers, boat cleaners, fish porters, retailers, inter-regional traders, private financiers, beach-based entrepreneurs, seasonal vendors, fishmeal plant and cannery workers, boat mechanics, boat builders, ice plants, truck and motorbike rentals for transporting fish, weighing scale rentals, collectors of fish oils flushed as fish plants effluent, etc.). Fishery management Administratively speaking, the Bali Strait fisheries are managed by both Banyuwangi Regency, in the province of East Java, and Jembrana Regency, in the province of Bali. Historically, the effort to manage the fishery started in There has been a joint licensing agreement between the two provinces since 1977 as follows: Table 2. Development of Join Agreement Between East Java and Bali Provinces No SKB Quota for Purse Seine (units) No. SKB Date East Java Bali Total 1 1/39/77/EK/le/52/ Unit 2 156/1978/EK/146/ /1983/2194/ /1985/4/ /1992/673/ Note: A unit is a pair of boats a net boat and a fish boat that work in tandem. Source: FAO 2000; Merta et al 1999 in Wudianto 2001 The management plan for the lemuru fishery in the Bali Strait was established in 1999 and presents the status of the fisheries, its issues and problems, as well as potential for further action. A fishery management body was then established in 2000 comprising stakeholders from both provinces, overseen by both provincial and regency governments (FAO-Norway Government Cooperative Programme 2000). However, regular and meaningful working collaboration is minimal mainly due to lack of funding. In addition, 3

4 awareness and understanding of how a fishery management body should and can function amongst government officials involved is lacking (Buchary 2010). Fishmeal industry Unlike other reduction fisheries, such as Peruvian anchovy, which is mainly used for producing fishmeal and fish oil, lemuru is mainly used for human consumption. Aside from being consumed as fresh fish, lemuru is also processed for canning, fishmeal, and dried fish. Lemuru is considered to be very fatty and easy to spoil, which can influence the quality. The high-quality larger-sized fish are processed for canning (sardines), while smaller fish and spoiled larger fish are processed for fishmeal at the plants. A mixture of different species (other than sardines and mostly not economically important) is usually sold to the fishmeal plants and fish rejected by fishmeal plants and canneries are therefore sold to beach-based traditional fishmeal entrepreneurs for making flake meal. In addition to imported fishmeal, Bali sardinella (especially the smaller sempenit) is an important species used in Indonesian feed mills, in addition to imported fishmeal. According to fishmeal processors, pelagic fishes, like Bali sardinella (lemuru) are the best basic materials due to higher protein content. Most of products of canned sardines, fish oil, and fishmeal are for export and only a small portion stays in the domestic market. Demand for fishmeal in Indonesia is around 150,000 tonnes a year a level local producers can not yet meet, even though the total production capacity is around 175,000 tonnes. The capacity utilization of the domestic industry is still low. In 2007, the capacity utilization of fishmeal industry in the country was only 38% percent. To produce 150,000 tonnes of fishmeal a year requires around 750,000 tonnes of sardine, based on the assumption that 1 kg of fishmeal will need 5 kg of raw sardine. Other small pelagics that are used for fishmeal in Indonesia are: ikan pepetek or ponyfish (Leiognathidae), ikan layang or scad (Decapterus, spp.), sardine (spotted sardinella, rainbow sardine), and some discards from tuna, mackerel, and sardine canneries. However, fishmeal production in other areas is actually very small compared to the industry in East Java, and it is mostly a home industry, which makes collecting data difficult (A. Yohan, personal communication 20 th June 2011). In 2007, the domestic fishmeal production was around 59,774 tonnes, an increase of 23 percent from the previous year. However, in 2008, the production dropped drastically to 22,719 tonnes, a 60-percent decrease. In general, the average domestic fishmeal production is about 25,000 to 50,000 tonnes per year, depending on the availability of raw material (A.Yohan, personal communication, 20 th June 2011). The production level is determined mostly by the availability of basic material, especially lemuru. Since the 4

5 better quality of lemuru mostly goes to canning factories, the producers of fishmeal in Indonesia use fish residue or a mixture of fish with low quality as the basic materials. The shortage in fishmeal supply has to be covered with imports to Indonesia, which have tended to increase in volume in the past years. Imported fishmeal is very important for feed production in Indonesia. According to the industry, 95 percent of fishmeal needed to compose shrimp feed is imported, while for fish feed, 70 percent is imported. The volume of imported fishmeal is much higher than domestic production. In 2008, imports totaled 68,274 tonnes valued at US$ million, a 22-percent increase from the previous year. However, this volume is still much lower than total imports in 2006, which was 88,852 tonnes, valued at US$ Peru is the largest supplier of fishmeal for Indonesia. Other suppliers from Latin America are Chile and Mexico. Other major suppliers in Asia include Korea, Malaysia, and Japan (MMAF 2010). Fishmeal producers are generally located in areas that have fishing ports or fish processing factories such as frozen fish and canned fish plants as a source of fish residue. East Java is the center of the fishmeal industry. In Muncar, there are about 24 fishmeal producers with the production capacity of 10 to 20 tonnes/day/unit, 12 canneries with production capacity of 50 to 100 tonnes/day/unit, and 24 smoked fish (pemindangan) producers with production capacity of 3 to 5 tonnes/day/unit. Meanwhile, in Pengambengan, about 10 canneries and fishmeal producers have a total capacity of 59,117 tonnes of fish per year. In the last 5 years, the producers have been operating below their capacities due to lack of raw material. Some of the producers even have had to stop operating or operate below optimal level (some operate seasonally depending on the raw material supply) (Huda and Sari 2009). B. Problem Statement Stock is overfished and information on the stock is scarce Although, compared to other fisheries in Indonesia, the lemuru fishery has been well studied, information on the stock is scarce, and the data, with the exception of catch statistics, are outdated. Still, various stock assessments conducted from 1977 to 2007 using different modeling approaches all concluded that the fishery was overfished. Research by Zulbainarni (2002) in Huda and Sari (2009) also suggested that the lemuru fishery in the Bali Strait has experienced overfishing due to excessive inputs (efforts). In addition, Sujastani and Nurhakim (1982) also suggested that the Bali Strait has indicated a biological overfishing trend due to the large number of purse seines operating. Huda et 5

6 al. (2009) also noted that current catches level of lemuru fishery have been exceeding the MSY at level of 34,000 tonnes per year. Unreported catches are high The level of underreporting is very high the average ratio (actual catch/ reported catch) for the past 50 years is about 2.3. Poor coordination between institutions in the fishing port leads to possible fishing activities by unlicensed fishing vessels as well as underreporting. Not all sardine caught and landed are entirely reported; on an average fishing day, only about 45 percent of the catch is landed and reported at government landing sites (Buchary 2010). Small-sized lemuru Lemuru needed for fishmeal is mostly sempenit (< 11 cm), therefore the fishermen often catch more of those than big lemuru, especially in August to September (Wudianto et al. 2001; Indrawati 2000 in Joesidawati et al. 2005). During those months, the fishermen will try to catch sempenit, supported by smaller boats so they can reach the inner coastal area easily. The catch of smaller lemuru has potentially led to recruitment overfishing in the Bali Strait (Joesidawati et al. 2005). Lack of participation of stakeholders in developing the management plan This fishery is one of the first in the country where management has been relatively successful. However, progress has been slowed by a lack of stakeholder participation in developing the management plan and by the absence of a permanent management body. Difficulties in finding raw material Fishmeal producers have been complaining about the difficulty in securing basic material resulting in low capacity utilization. Recent news indicates that the supply of raw material from domestic sources has decreased significantly due to extreme weather, while imported fish are still expensive. Lack of raw material has caused increased competitiveness among fishmeal producers in Muncar, East Java. As a result, the price of lemuru has increased (Kompas 2011). Reports suggest that practically no sardine have been landed for the last 1 year and 4 months. In October 2011, the landings started to increase slowly. Some experts from MMAF suggest that the disappearance of lemuru is part of a natural pattern in a 5-year (Kontan, 30 March 2011). Meanwhile, a local fisherman suggested that the disappearance of lemuru is due to coral reef destruction in the Bali Strait, in 6

7 addition to overcapacity in Muncar and pollution from industries surrounding the Bali Strait (Media Indonesia, 26 September 2010). Source: Banyuwangi Fishery Office (2011) C. Sustainable Solution Considering the above challenges, there is the need to work with all stakeholders, including progressive Indonesian aquaculture and aquafeed industries, other nongovernmental organizations active in the area, government regulatory agencies, and major aquaculture buyers to support the fishery improvement process aimed to ensure the sustainability of the fishery through better management. Research on the social and government perceptions of lemuru fishery conditions and alternative management by Joesidawati et al. (2005) offered some prioritized steps that the government could take, including improve regulation (especially for joint agreement between East Java and Bali); implement MCS (monitoring, control and surveillance); monitor the number of boats operating in the Bali Strait and total catch for each boat with regular data recording; and improve co-management. Some initial steps that the fishmeal industry could take include: 7

8 Share information to better understand the feed mills sources of fishmeal and fish oil, including the identity of the species, the location of the fishery, and any public information on their status. Assist the Association of Animal Feed Producers (GPMT) in raising awareness among industry groups and government agencies about the sustainability issues of feed fisheries. An awareness workshop should be targeted to industries and government agencies with an overview of the global fishmeal issue (from small pelagic and trash fish), as well as a discussion of buyer pressure and incentives and the need to meet Global Aquaculture Alliance (GAA) certification standards regarding shrimp feed. The workshop is expected to bring together all key stakeholders involved in the fishery to identify steps to be taken to improve the fishery through better management. References: Buchary, E. A In Search of Viable Policy Options for Responsible Use of Sardine Resources in the Bali Strait, Indonesia. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Graduate Studies (Resources Management and Environment Studies). The University of British Columbia. Vancouver, BC. March Djamali, A Evaluasi Keberlanjutan dan Optimalisasi Pemanfaat Sumberdaya Ikan Lemuru (Sardinella lemuru Bleeker 1853) di Perairan Selat Bali. Evaluation of Sustainability and Optimalization of Lemuru Fishery (Sardinella lemuru Bleeker 1853) in Bali Strait. Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Java. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Report of a Workshop on the Fishery and the Management of Bali Sardinella (Sardinella lemuru) in Bali Strait. Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia, 6 8 April Workshop Proceedings and Recommendations. Fishcode Management FAO/Norway Programme of Assistance to Developing Countries for the Implementation of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. Rome, September Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Norway Government Cooperative Programme Fish Code Management. Papers Presented at the Workshop on The Fishery and Management of Bali Sardinella (Sardinella lemuru) in Bali Strait. FishSource. Bali sardinella profile. +stock+units+undefined Huda, H. M., and Y. D. Sari Dinamika Pemanfaatan dan Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Ikan Lemuru di Selat Bali. Balai Besar Riset Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan (BBR-SEKP). 8

9 Joesidawati, M. I., Purwanto, and Asriyanto The Alternative Management for the Bali Strait Sardine (Lemuru) Fishery. Jurnal Pasir Laut, 1 (1): Kompas, 7 April Daily Newspaper. Industri Ikan di Jatim Lesu. Industri Ikan di Jatim Lesu. Kontan. 30 March Daily Newspaper. Industri Pengalengan Ikan Kesulitan Bahan Baku Ikan Lemuru dan Cakalang. Media Indonesia. 26 September Daily Newspaper. Nelayan Muncar Masih Paceklik Ikan Lemuru. Merta, I. G. S., K. Widana, Yunizal, and R. Basuki Status of the Lemuru Fishery in Bali Strait Its Development and Prospects. Papers presented at the workshop of the fishery and management of Bali sardinella (Sardinella Lemuru) in Bali Strait. Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia, 6 8 April Sujastani, T. and Nurhakim, S Potensi Sumberdaya Perikanan Lemuru (Sardinella longiceps) di Selat Bali. The Stock Assessment of Lemuru (oil sardinella), Sardinella longiceps, in Bali Starit. In S. Nurhakim, Budihardjo and Suparno (Eds.) Prosiding Seminar Perikanan Lemuru (Vol 2. pp 1-11). Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perikanan. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, Departemen Pertanian. Wudianto, Analisis Sebaran dan Kelimpahan Ikan Lemuru (Sardinella lemuru Bleeker 1853) di Perairan Selat Bali: Kaitannya dengan Optimalisasi Penangkapan Analysis of Distribution and Abundance of Lemuru (Sardinella lemuru Bleeker 1853) in Bali Strait: In Regard to Catch Optimization. 9