Focus on Hucul horses during postnatal development in view of chosen morphometric traits

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1 Focus on Hucul horses during postnatal development in view of chosen morphometric traits H. PURZYC Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW, ul. Nowoursynowska 159, Warszawa, POLAND. *Corresponding author: SUMMARY The aim of this study has been the analysis of measured parameters at particular stages of Hucul horses postnatal development, namely: height at withers, chest s circumference and cannon s circumference. Measurements had been taken from 341 Hucul horses of both sexes. Obtained results were compared with a currently effective biometric pattern for adult Hucul horses. The study results, based on a good deal of material with reference to the horses various ages and different sexes, demonstrate increasing tendencies of metric traits in comparison with past patterns. Keywords: Horse, confirmation, mensuration. RÉSUMÉ Le cheval Hucul dans le développement postnatal sur la base de traits morphométriques sélectionnés L objectif de l étude était de caractériser les paramètres tels que la hauteur au garrot, le tour de poitrine et le tour du canon antérieur des chevaux hucul au cours du développement postnatal. 341 chevaux, mâles et femelles, ont été mesurés. Les résultats obtenus ont été comparés au standard officiel de la race hucul. Les résultats de ces études effectuées sur une population importante de chevaux hucul, de sexe et d âge différents, témoignent des tendances à l accentuation des traits morphométriques par rapport au standard officiel. Mots clés : Cheval, conformation, mensuration. Introduction Hucul horses are one of the oldest primitive breeds described in Poland. They represent a variety of mountain horse, which has evolved in the area of the Eastern Carpathian Mountains, more specifically the part belonging to Hucul Region and Bukovina. It is impossible to specify the exact time of rising the hucul horses. They are the crossbreed of different races and types of horses. They have been mould under the severe conditions of raising and the mountainous climate. The first information about hucul horses dates back to 1874 where they were presented as the mountainous ones with many merits PURZYC [24]. The first raising of hucul horses dates back to 1856 in Lucina (Austro-Hungarian kingdom). Currently they are being raised in a few countries of Europe: Romania, Slovakia, Hungary and the Czech Republic. However, more than a half of the whole population of hucul horses is raised in Poland where they have been under the program of preserving genetic sources [27]. Biometric pattern for adult Hucul horses has been established by Hucul Horses International Federation (HIF) in compliance with the regulations in the European Union. For the height at withers this pattern ranges between cm and cm in stallions and mares, respectively. Chest s circumference should be at least 30 cm longer than the height at withers in both sexes. In turn, for cannon s circumference the established pattern ranges between cm and cm for stallions and mares, respectively. The values of these three metric traits are used in animal husbandry for the evaluation of exterior of these horses. There are few publications in the literature on growth and postnatal development of Hucul horses. There is more available info about the average values of such parameters as height at withers, chest s circumference and cannon s circumference. The first research of morphometric traits of Hucul horses were carried out by OSOWICKI [19], STARZEWSKI [30] and HOLLÄNDER [8]. The biometric research of Hucul horses were carried out by KARIO and JACKOWSKI [12], SKWIERCZYŃSKA [29] as well as by KULISA et al. [17]. They all noticed a tendency of increasing some of horses` biometric features in the last years with height at withers, girth s circumference and cannon s circumference among others. Currently the detailed research of exterior, biometric rate and growth rate of Hucul horses in Poland has been done by PURZYC [25, 26], PURZYC and KOBRYŃCZUK [23] and PURZYC et al. [20-22]. The aim of this study has been the analysis of measured parameters at particular stages of Hucul horses postnatal development, namely: height at withers, chest s circumference and cannon s circumference. Materials and Methods 341 Hucul horses have been included in the study. The horses were divided into 6 groups according to their age (Table I). The research has been done in two state-owned studs and two private ones and was being done for two years. The identification of each individual was made on the basis of raising documentation. From among a variety of possible measurements to be taken, I have chosen the following: height at withers, chest s circumference and cannon s circumference. This choice was due to the fact that these particular

2 MORPHOMETRIC STUDIES OF HUCUL HORSES FROM POLAND 501 parameters are taken into account in the evaluation of exterior in horses of various breeds and types. The height at withers was measured with the use of a measuring stick and the chest s circumference as well as cannon s circumference with the use of measuring tape. While taking the measurements I modeled ourselves upon methods suggested by other investigators [2, 3, 6, 7, 11, 14, 15, 28]. Based on obtained results of these measurements, arithmetic mean values, minimal and maximal values and standard deviations were calculated for each particular group of both sexes (Table II-IV, Figure I). For every calculated parameter a significance level was estimated with regards to the following: between mean values obtained for particular groups, between mean values obtained for stallions, mares or geldings and for the representatives of individual sexes between adjacent age groups, where α = 0,01 or α = 0,05 (Table II- IV). At the following stage a difference between the minimal value of the first (I the youngest) and the maximal value of the sixth (VI the oldest) age group was calculated, assuming that the maximum of investigated trait in the group VI was 100%. Owing to this I have gathered information concerning the values of studied traits, which were achieved during fetal and postnatal development (Figure II) [25]. Furthermore, a relative change of the values for the height at withers, chest s circumference and cannon s circumference were calculated with the use of normalized values for the mean of the youngest group (W) according to the following equation [13]: W = x VI - x I x 100 x I The level of changes for the calculated mean values have been divided into three groups: - up to 33% changes of a small degree or no changes; - between 33% and 66% changes of a moderate degree; - between 66% and 100% changes of a considerable degree (Figure III). Next, a morphological evaluation using a point method was carried out, which was based on the calculation of each nominated dimension into points, i.e. comparable and nonnominated values (Figure IV) [25]. The point method employed in the work is commonly used in archeozoology in the blood cell counts. It was described by LASOTA-MOS- KALEWSKA [18] and it has been used in the osteological tests on animals but for the first time it has been used in this thesis for the living specimen. In this study I had assumed that the minimal and maximal values of discussed parameters would correspond to the values from within the range points. This procedure served for producing a point scale, onto which mean values obtained for stallions, mares and geldings were put. Additionally, a type of graph to characterize the scatter of point values of all three studied parameters in the point scale was defined (Figure V). For statistical analysis I used Bartlett s test, Kruskel- Wallis s test, T-student s test and software for calculations and statistical graphics called R. In this study s denotes stallions, m mares and g geldings. Results Mean values of the height at withers, chest s circumference and cannon s circumference as well as significant statistical differences revealed between these values have been presented in tables II-IV and figure I. HEIGHT AT WITHERS (TABLE II, FIGURE 1) In group I mean values of the height at withers were cm and cm in stallions and mares, respectively. The difference between these mean values was statistically insignificant. In group II mean values of this feature increased in a statistically considerably significant way and were cm and cm in stallions and mares, respectively. No statistically significant difference between mean values for stallions and mares has been observed. In group III a further statistically significant increase of this parameter was recorded. Its value reached cm and cm in stallions and mares, respectively. Again, no statistically significant difference between males and females was found. In group IV I still observed considerable and statistically highly significant rise of the mean values for the studied feature, which were noted to be cm, cm and cm in stallions, mares and geldings, respectively. However, mean values were not statistically significant when individuals of opposite sexes were compared. Age group I II III IV V VI Sucklings Weanlings Yearlings Two-year-old Three-year-old Adults Age in weeks from 210 Sex Stallions Mares Geldings TABLE I : Material subjected to investigations with division into sex and age groups.

3 502 PURZYC (H.) Sex Age group Stallions Mares Geldings n min max x s n min max x s n min max x s I ,0 118,0 102,2 A 7, ,0 118,0 104,5 E 7, II I-II ,0 131,0 119,6 AB 4, ,0 132,0 119,3 EF 5, III II-III ,0 139,0 128,6 BC 4, ,0 136,0 128,9 FG 3, IV III-IV ,0 141,0 135,1 Ca 4, ,0 143,0 134,8 Gb 4, ,0 143,0 134,9 4,4 V IV-V ,0 145,0 140,0 a 3, ,0 146,0 138,6 b 3, ,0 141,0 137,4 1,9 VI V-VI ,0 144,0 140,8 D 2, ,0 146,0 137,4 D 3, ,5 146,0 138,5 5,4 TABLE II : Height at withers (cm) in appropriate age groups and its statistical evaluation. α = 0,01 (capital letters); α = 0,05 (small letters). Sex Age group Stallions Mares Geldings n min max x s n min max x s n min max x s I ,0 128,0 100,5 A 14, ,0 138,0 105,5 D 16, II I-II ,0 165,0 137,6 AB 7, ,0 164,0 138,4 DE 8, III II-III ,0 173,0 156,4 BC 8, ,0 168,0 154,6 EF 7, IV III-IV ,0 180,0 169,2 C 6, ,0 183,0 167,9 FG 7, ,0 180,0 164,0 b 6,3 V IV-V ,0 178,0 172,2 4, ,0 188,0 15,8 G 7, ,0 188,0 171,9 b 7,5 VI V-VI ,0 192,0 174,3 a 7, ,0 202,0 180,2 a 9, ,0 184,0 173,4 1,7 TABLE III : Chest s circumference (cm) in appropriate age group and its statistical evaluation. α = 0,01 (capital letters); α = 0,05 (small letters). Sex Age group Stallions Mares Geldings n min max x s n min max x s n min max x s I ,0 16,0 12,9 A 1, ,8 15,0 13,0 G 1, II I-II 25 14,0 17,0 16,3 AB 0, ,5 18,0 15,8 GH 0, III II-III 26 16,0 20,5 18,1 BC 1, ,0 19,5 17,8 Hb 0, IV III-IV 10 18,0 21,0 19,4 CD 1, ,0 19,5 18,2 Dbcd 0, ,0 20,5 18,9 c 0,9 V IV-V 10 18,5 21,0 19,8 Ea 0, ,0 20,5 18,8 Ed 0, ,5 20,0 19,0 a 0,7 VI V-VI 13 18,5 20,5 19,7 F 0, ,0 23,0 18,9 F 0, ,0 21,0 19,5 1,2 TABLE IV : Cannon s circumference (cm) in appropriate age group and its statistical evaluation. α = 0,01 (capital letters); α = 0,05 (small letters). In group V the mean values of this dimension increased either in a statistically significant way for stallions and mares or statistically insignificant way for geldings, reaching cm, cm and cm in stallions, mares and geldings, respectively. Once more, no statistically significant difference between males and females was found. In group VI this dimension rose in a statistically insignificant way for stallions and geldings or dropped in a statistically insignificant way for mares, reaching values cm, cm and cm in stallions, mares and geldings, respectively. Nevertheless, a statistically highly significant difference was found between mean values in stallions and mares. CHEST S CIRCUMFERENCE (TABLE III, FIGURE 1) In group I mean values of chest s circumference were and cm in stallions and mares, respectively. The difference between these values revealed no statistical significance. In group II I have observed the increase of these parameter values, which was of high statistical significance, reaching cm and cm in stallions and mares, respectively. This increase did not show any statistically significant difference between mean values for stallions and mares. In group III the mean values of the investigated trait increased in a statistically significant way amounting to

4 MORPHOMETRIC STUDIES OF HUCUL HORSES FROM POLAND 503 FIGURE 1 : Height at withers (A), chest s circumference (B), cannon s circumference (C). s - stallions, m mares, g geldings. FIGURE 2 : Values of height at withers (A), chest s circumference (B) and cannon s circumference (C) reached in prenatal (darker colour) and postnatal development (lighter colour) - %. s - stallions, m mares, g geldings. FIGURE 3 : Mean values of height at withers (A), chest s circumference (B) and cannon s circumference (C) normalized for the mean of youngest group - %. s - stallions, m mares, g geldings. FIGURE 4 : Mean values of height at withers (A), chest s circumference (B) and cannon s circumference (C) and corresponding numbers of points; stallions, mares, geldings. - stallions, - mares, - geldings. FIGURE 5 : Height at withers (A), chest s circumference (B) and cannon s circumference (C) expressed in points. s - stallions, m mares, g geldings.

5 504 PURZYC (H.) cm and cm in stallions and mares, respectively. The difference between mean values in males and females was of no statistical significance. Similarly, in group IV the studied dimension grew in a statistically significant way reaching cm, cm and cm in stallions, mares and geldings, respectively. The differences in mean values were of no statistical significance for the representatives of individual sexes. In group V a further increase of values was achieved: cm, cm and cm in stallions, mares and geldings, respectively. I observed the increase of the studied feature, which was either statistically insignificant in stallions, statistically significant in geldings or statistically very significant in mares in comparison to the previous group. No statistically significant differences were found between stallions, mares and geldings, respectively. In group VI the mean values of chest s circumference statistically insignificantly increased and were cm, cm and cm in stallions, mares and geldings, respectively. The differences of size of this parameter between mean values for the sexes taken into account were of statistical significance only between stallions and mares. CANNON S CIRCUMFERENCE (TABLE IV, FIGURE 1) In group I the value of this dimension was 12.9 cm in stallions and 13.0 cm in mares. The difference between these values revealed no statistical significance. Group II demonstrated a statistically highly significant increase in this parameter which was 16.3 cm and 15.8 cm in stallions and mares, respectively. No significant difference was observed between males and females. In group III the mean value of the investigated trait grew in a statistically significant way reaching 18.1 cm in stallions and 17.8 cm in mares. The difference between mean values in males and females was not significant. In group IV this value grew reaching 19.4 cm in stallions, 18.2 cm in mares and 18.9 cm in geldings. The increase was statistically significant (mares) and very significant (stallions) in comparison to group III. The differences of this parameter value between mean values were significant between mares and geldings and statistically very important between stallions and mares. In group V the mean value of cannon s circumference increased reaching 19.8 cm in stallions, 18.8 cm in mares and 19.0 in geldings. Only in mares the increase was statistically very significant in comparison to previous group. The statistically significant difference was observed between stallions and geldings, and statistically very significant difference between stallions and mares in the same age group. In group VI this dimension increased in a statistically insignificant way (mares, geldings) and in the same way it decreased (stallions) in comparison to the previous group to 19.7 cm in stallions, 18.9 cm and 19.5 cm in mares and geldings, respectively. However, a statistically very significant difference was found between mean values in stallions and mares. The relative value of height at withers achieved in the prenatal development in comparison to the stage of development in the postnatal life amounted to 72.6% in stallions, 76.1% in mares, 73.8% in geldings. For chest s circumference the values reached 57.7% in stallions, 58.5% in mares, 58.9% in geldings, and for cannon s circumference 65.5% in stallions, 68.8% in mares and 66.2% in geldings (Figure 2). The relative changes of size occurring between the youngest and oldest age groups, determined on the basis of normalized traits for the mean of the youngest group, were different for the sexes and analyzed parameters (Figure 3). The changes of a small degree or no changes at all were observed in the values calculated for height withers in mares. It points to the fact that mean values of these traits in group I were the same or similar to the values in group VI. The changes of a moderate degree were observed in the values calculated for height at withers in stallions and geldings, cannon s circumference for both sexes. The changes of a considerable degree, in which the mean values of the investigated traits from group I differed greatly from the mean values from group VI, were noted in values calculated for chest s circumference for both sexes. Based on the applied point method the mean values of investigated traits were transferred to the point scale. It this way the non-nominated values were obtained which could be presented in the from of points on the scale. The height at withers ranged between 90.0 cm and cm in these horses. It corresponded to the number of points (stallions), (mares) and (geldings) (Figure 4). The arrangement of the values of this trait on the point scale constituted an oblique graph with a predominance of large dimensions (Figure 5). The chest s circumference ranged between 76.0 cm and cm in these horses. The lowest and highest values in points were (stallions), (mares) and (geldings) (Figure 4). The arrangement of the trait values constituted an oblique graph with a predominance of large dimensions (Figure 5). The cannon s circumference ranged between 10.8 and 23.0 cm in the representatives of this horse breed. It corresponded to the number value in points: (stallions), (mares) and (geldings) (Figure 4). The arrangement of the trait values constituted an oblique graphs with a predominance of large dimensions (Figure 5). Discussion The object of the research the results of which are presented in this study was the analysis of height at withers, chest s circumference and cannon s circumference in Hucul horses at particular stages of postnatal development with regard to sexual dimorphism. The research shows that the most intensive growth of individuals of this breed took place up to group IV, i.e. to the second year of life. It was also observed at further stages of

6 MORPHOMETRIC STUDIES OF HUCUL HORSES FROM POLAND 505 development, yet of less intensity. It was found that the dimensions of the studied horses bodies faster acquire the typical of mature individuals in stallions than in mares. It proved very important that the mean values of dimensions of three - year old horses in many cases, and less frequently in two year old horses, were higher than the studied individuals qualified for the group of adult horses. The analysis of the height at withers in adult horses showed that the mean values of this parameter correspond to the standard established by Hucul Horses International Federation (HIF) both for mares and stallions. It is significant that mares qualified for group V display a higher mean and minimal value than the individuals of the same sex from the older group. The same phenomenon is observed for the maximal value in stallions. It reaches the maximal value of the standard established by HIF in this group. Moreover, the minimal value in the mares belonging to the oldest group does not reach the minimal value established by HIF. It is very significant that both stallions and mares reach mean values established as a biometric standard of the adult Hucul horse by HIF already from group IV. The investigations of the chest s circumference showed that similarly to the height at withers the mean values of adult Hucul horses are within the standard established by HIF. Yet it was noted that the minimal value of stallions and mares from group V and VI is lower than the minimal value of the generally accepted pattern. Analogously to the measurements of the height at withers it is observed that Hucul horses reach mean values corresponding to the morphological type of horses of this breed already in group IV. Moreover, it can be noticed than the minimal value in stallions from group V is the same as in the representatives of this sex belonging to the oldest group. However, this value was higher in three year old mares than in adult mares. The results of the mean values of cannon s circumference for adult stallions and mares were within the range established by HIF, as in the case of the two remaining morphological traits. Only in this case it was found that mean values of cannon s circumference of the studied horses acquire the traits of the Hucul horse already in group III exceeding at the same time the maximal value of the generally binding pattern. Also a higher mean value (stallions) and minimal mean value (mares) are observed in the horses belonging to group V compared to the group of the oldest horses. A similar increasing tendency of biometric traits values of Hucul horses for height at withers, chest s and cannon s circumference was observed by KARIO and JACKOWSKI [12] and BRZESKI and KULISA [1]. The first investigations in to morphometric traits of Hucul horses were carried out by OSOWICKI [19], STARZEWSKI [30] and HOLLÄNDER [8]. The results of the measurements obtained by these authors constitute the most important comparable material as regards their quality, because the investigated individuals laid foundations for the present day breeding of Hucul horses. The comparison of the present study results with the results of the biometric investigations conducted by OSOWICKI [19], STARZEWSKI [30] and HOLLÄNDER [8] also points to the general increasing tendency of the metric traits values of Hucul horses in the course of time. The results of these investigations prove that Hucul horses living currently in Poland are characterized by a different morphotype as compared to the individuals of this breed from the beginnings of the 20 th century. This fact may be connected with a change in the type of utilizing Hucul horses as well as with a change in breeding, particularly in the first years of life, feeding and the change in utilizing from a draught and pack to saddle horse. Also climate and environmental conditions may affect a horse morphotype. Most probably it is a result of earlier breeding practice aiming at increasing the size of the Hucul horse in state studs (Tylicz and Siary), which is mentioned by CYWIŃSKI [4], HRO- BONI [9, 10], BRZESKI and KULISA [1]. It could be observed that Hucul horses coming from private studs in substantial part demonstrated the traits most similar to maximal values in particular groups. But that does not mean that there were no large individuals, of large body dimensions, in state studs. It seems that these differences were caused mainly by a slightly different form of breeding, utilizing and feeding the animals, particularly young individuals. On account of their merits the breeding of Hucul horses has become popular all over Poland. It can be noted that most individuals of this species bred on lowlands are characterized by slightly higher values of morphometric traits. Due to the change of the Hucul horse morphotype in recent years the statistical analysis presented in this study allowed to work out the morphological pattern of Hucul horses living currently in Poland. As earlier measurements show, the established measuring standards for the discussed horses are not adequate to the results obtained in this study. The results obtained on large material considering different age and sex of the studied horses show increasing tendencies of metric traits compared with currently binding patterns. Apart from the fact that mean measurement values of basic exterior traits are within the range established by HIF in compliance with the regulations in the European Union, most representatives of this breed display values exceeding the mean value of particular dimensions. Moreover, the established norm, eg. for chest s circumference, is valid only for adult mares in which this dimension is by 30% greater than the height at withers, according to our study results. This finding can also be observed while analyzing the values of three basic morphological traits of Hucul horses entered in the last volume of the Herd Book [16]. For that reason I suggest an increase in maximal value for the established standard, which is cm in stallions, cm in mares for height at withers and 20.5 cm in stallions, 20.0 cm in mares for cannon s circumference. As far as chest s circumference is concerned the percentage threshold of this trait should be lowered by 10% in stallions and 5% in mares, which is justified by an increase in the height at withers. It seems, however, that this parameter should be best expressed in absolute and closely determined values. Hence it is suggested to accept as the norm the values ranging from cm to cm in stallions and from cm to cm in mares. Due to the change of the pure bred Hucul horse pattern in Poland a question arises if the present day representative

7 506 PURZYC (H.) of this breed will not lose the morphotype typical of the Hucul horse. The breed of these horses is a representative of the mountain breed which was originally reared in a harsh environment and utilized first of all as draught and pack horses. The technique of rearing, utilization, climate and geographical environment formed a typical representative of the discussed breed. With the progress of civilization and a growing interest in the Hucul horse, in conditions untypical of this breed, also its morphological type undergoes change. The best brood material of the discussed breed is thought to come from state studs due to the way and conditions of rearing. One should be aware of danger connected with adaptation of stud stallions and mares to conditions different from the ones which formed their original morphotype, and consequently the change of morphological traits. The point method applied in this study, based on the conversion of nominated dimensions (cm) in to points, i.e. non nominated and comparable values, was used to determine changes occurring in the population of Hucul horses. The appropriately high number of non nominated values allowed to measure the arrangement of points on the point scale [25]. Height at withers and both chest s and cannon s circumference were characterized by an oblique graph with a predominance of large dimensions. It may be then concluded that the population of Hucul horses was homogeneous but not stabilized and the eliminating techniques were used in breeding [18]. This result confirms the earlier mentioned breeding practice aiming at increasing the Hucul horse size in state studs. The research demonstrating the difference between the minimal value of group I and maximal value of group VI showed that body proportions of the youngest horses in relation to the adult and oldest horses are very differentiated. The following rule is observed here: the higher values a given morphometric trait has obtained in the prenatal life, the lower its increase in the postnatal development. Relative values reached in the prenatal development were noticeable, though to a small degree, for the height at withers compared to the postnatal life. The chest s and cannon s circumference were characterized by low relative values; yet they did not reach the value lower than 50% of the final value possible to attain in the individual s development. Moreover, this regularity was confirmed by calculation of relative values obtained as a result of normalization for the mean value of the youngest group. They gave a different picture with reference to a separate parameter and different sex. This method confirms the observations of pace of changes expressed in absolute values. It may by accepted that the studied horses obtain proportions typical of adult individuals most frequently in the third year of life and the full development of the morphotype at the age of about 6 years. This regularity had been observed before [5]. Sexual dimorphism of morphometric traits in Hucul horses is poorly marked [25]. These horses do not differ in the first months of life as regards body dimensions and proportions. In the light of the above statements it must be emphasized that the differences between adult males and females of this breed became noticeable in a very significant way for the height at withers and cannon s circumference. A significant difference was found between adult stallions and mares for the chest s circumference. References 1. - BRZESKI E., KULISA M: Charakterystyka biometryczna koni huculskich. Zesz. Nauk. AR w Krakowie. Zootechnika, 1993, 29, CHODOWIECKI J. K: Mierzenie konia. Jeź. i Hod., 1930, 8, CHODOWIECKI J. K: Ocena konia. Jeź. i Hod., 1936, 4, CYWIŃSKI L: Hodowla konia huculskiego. Przegl. Hod., 1958, 1, GREGOROWICZ J: Memoriał w sprawie koni huculskich wzniesiony na II walnem zgromadzeniu członków Oddziału Tow. Tatrzańskiego pod nazwą Czarnohorskiego w Kołomyi dnia 29 grudnia 1878 r. przez Jana Gregorowicza. Jeź. i Hod., 1931, 47, HOFMAN W: Hippometrja. Jeź. i Hod., 1926, 45/46, HOFMAN W: Hippometrja. Jeź. i Hod., 1926, 47/48, HOLLÄNDER M: Koń huculski, 24 pages, Nakład ZHKH, Warszawa, HROBONI Z: Kierunki w polskiej hodowli koni. Przegl. Hod., 1958, 4, HROBONI Z: Konie huculskie w Polsce. Koń Pol., 1968, 2, JAGIELSKI B: Hippologia pages, Wyd. Arkady, Warszawa, KARIO W., JACKOWSKI M: Pomiary biometryczne młodych koni huculskich. Zesz. Nauk. AR Kraków. Sesja Nauk, 1991, 29, KOBRYŃ H: Zmiany niektórych cech morfologicznych konia w świetle badań kostnych materiałów wykopaliskowych z obszaru Polski, 78 pages Wyd. SGGW AR Warszawa, Warszawa, KOTOWICZ F: Hippometria. Jeź. i Hod., 1938, 5, KOTOWICZ F: Hippometria. Jeź. i Hod., 1938, 6, KSIĘGA STADNA KONI RASY HUCULSKIEJ: Tom VIII, 421 pages, PZHK, Warszawa, KULISA M., ŁUSZCZYŃSKI J., SKWIERCZYŃSKA S: Różnice we wzroście wymiarów ciała źrebiąt huculskich urodzonych w dwu kolejnych latach. Zesz. Nauk. PTZ. Przegl. Hod., 1996, 25, LASOTA-MOSKALEWSKA A: Podstawy archeozoologii. Szczątki ssaków, 231 pages, Wyd. Nauk. PWN, Warszawa, OSOWICKI A: Das Huzulenpferd. Stuttgart, PURZYC H., KOBRYŃ H., KOMOSA M., BOJARSKI J: Ocena eksterieru konia huculskiego na podstawie wybranych wskaźników morfometrycznych (część I). Acta Sci. Pol., Medicina Veterinaria, 2007, 6, PURZYC H., KOBRYŃ H., KOMOSA M., BOJARSKI J: Ocena eksterieru konia huculskiego na podstawie wybranych wskaźników morfometrycznych. Wskaźniki głowy. Acta Sci. Pol., Medicina Veterinaria, 2008, 7, PURZYC H., KOBRYŃ H., KOMOSA M., BOJARSKI J: Ocena eksterieru konia huculskiego na podstawie wybranych wskaźników morfometrycznych. Wskaźniki klatki piersiowej i miednicy. Acta Sci. Pol., Medicina Veterinaria, 2008, 7, PURZYC H., KOBRYŃCZUK F: The analysis of Hucul horse body parameter growth rates. In: 28 th Congress of Polish Anatomical Society and 42 nd Symposium of Polish Society of Histochemists and Cytochemists. September 5-7, Poznań. Folia Morphologica, 2007, 66, PURZYC H: A general characteriscic of Hucul horses. Acta Sci. Pol., Medicina Veterinaria, 2007, 6, PURZYC H: Cechy konia huculskiego w świetle badań morfometrycznych [The Traits of Hucul Horse In the Light of Morphological Research]. PhD Diss., 234 peages, SGGW, Warszawa, PURZYC H: Morphometrical characteristics of the huculski horses from Poland. In: 21 th Congress of Polish Anatomical Society, June 23-25, Kielce PURZYC H: Remarks on the history of breeding Hucul horses. Acta Sci. Pol., Medicina Veterinaria, 2007, 6, SASIMOWSKI E: Technika pomiarów biometrycznych koni. Med. Wet. 1959, 8, SKWIERCZYŃSKA S: Wzrost i rozwój konia. Hucuły. Praca magisterska, AR Kraków, STARZEWSKI T: O koniu huculskim w Polsce, 37 pages, Roczn. Nauk Roln. i Leśn., Poznań, 1927.