InternationalJournalofAgricultural

Transcription

1 IJASVM InternationalJournalofAgricultural SciencesandVeterinaryMedicine ISSN: Vol.5,No.1,February2017

2 Int. J. Agric.Sc & Vet.Med Reda Mohamed et al., 2017 Research Paper ISSN Vol. 5, No. 1, February All Rights Reserved GROSS ANATOMICAL STUDIES ON THE VENOUS DRAINAGE OF THE INTESTINAL TRACT OF THE GOAT Reda Mohamed 1,2*, Zein Adam 2 and Mohamed Gad 2 *Corresponding Author: Reda Mohamed, reda.mohamed@sta.uwi.edu The main purpose of this study was to convey a more precise explanation of the veins drainage of the intestinal tract of the goat. Fifteen adult healthy goats of were used. Immediately after slaughtering of the goat, the portal vein together with the caudal vena cava was injected with gum milk latex colored blue with ultramine. Theresults showed that the duodenum was drained by the cranial pancreaticoduodenal and caudal duodenal veins. The jejunum was drained by the jejunal veins. The ileum was drained by the ileal, mesenteric ileal and antimesenteric ileal veins. The cecum was drained by the cecal vein. The ascending colon was drained by the colic branches and right colic veins. The transverse colon was drained by the middle colic vein. The descending colon was drained by the middle and left colic veins. The sigmoid colon was drained by the sigmoid veins. The rectum was drained by the cranial, middle and caudal rectal veins. Keywords: Anatomy, Goat, Intestine, Veins INTRODUCTION Goats characterized by their high fertility rate and are of great economic value, being a cheap meat, milk and some industrial substances. Metabolic wastes and CO 2 are carried to the capillaries from tissues by thin walled venules. From here on, the venues that collect the blood connect with each other thus forming the veins (Mutus, 2001). The anatomical studies of the venous drainage of the intestine in goat in the available literatures were lacking some data, except for the brief description in goat (Yadm et al., 1992). Anatomical studies on the venous drainage of the intestinal tract of the goat are necessary to know the pattern of its venous drainage to gain information in benefit of experimental caprine surgery, pharmacology and toxicology which can be applied to domestic animals and human Therefore, the present investigation aimed to describe fully the veins of the intestine in goat, regarding the origin, course and ramifications. 1 Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences,University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago. 2 Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni Suef University, Egypt. 78

3 MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, 15 adult apparently healthy goats of different ages and both sexes ranging from kg. body weight. The animals were collected from the faculty farm and from several local farms. General anaesthesia was induced by xylazine (Rompun) 0.5 mg/kg and cyclohexanone (Ketalar) 10 mg per kg body weight intramuscularly. Immediately after slaughtering, the abdominal cavity was opened by making alongitudinal incision in the midventral line of the abdominal wall starting from the xiphoid cartilage of the sternum till the anus, followed by ligating the portal vein close to its entrance into the porta hepatis. The blood in the portal vein and caudal vena was removed by injecting a saline solution followed by injected them with gum milk latex colored blue with ultramine in a retrograde manner (Heath, 1986). Careful gross dissection of the veins of the intestine was performed either before or after embedding in 10% formalin solution for 2-3 days. Dissected intestinal veins were photographed in situ and after taken out the intestine with a camera a codak digital camera (12 mega pixels). The nomenclature employed in this study was in accordance with that of the (Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria, 2005) and the available literatures whenever possible. RESULTS The venous blood of the intestinal tract was drained mainly via the cranial and caudal mesenteric veins, in addition to tributaries from the gastro-duodenal, urogenital as well as dorsal perineal veins. Portal Vein The portal vein (Figure 1) left the porta of the liver and soon detached the gastroduodenal, and then it passed dorsal to the hepatic artery, entering Figure 1: A Photograph Showing the Origin, Course and Distribution of the Gastroduodenal Vein of the Goat Note: (Left side): E-Pars Cranialis of Duodenum, 12- Gastroduodenal Vein, 13-Cranial Pancreaticoduodenal Vein, 14-Right Gastric Vein, 15-Right Gastroepiploic Vein. the free border of the lesser omentum and divided into splenic and cranial mesenteric veins. Gastroduodenal Vein The gastroduodenal vein (Figure 1) was emanated from the right aspect of the portal vein. It gave off cranial pancreaticoduodenal vein (Figure 1) to drain the sigmoid loop and descending part of the duodenum. Cranial Mesenteric Vein The cranial mesenteric vein (Figures 2-6) constituted the caudal continuation of the portal vein giving off caudal duodenal vein, jejunal veins, ileal veins, ileocolic vein and caudal mesenteric vein and terminated at the terminal part of the jejunum by dividing into the last two jejunal veins (Figure 4). Caudal Duodenal Vein The caudal duodenal vein (Figures 2, 6) passed caudally within the mesentery of the ascending limb of the duodenum giving off duodenal branches towards the mesenteric border of the 79

4 ascending limb of the duodenum and first jejunal vein (Figure 2) which passed towards the first part of the jejunum. Figure 3: A Photograph Showing the Origin, Course and Distribution of the Jejunal Veins of the Goat Jejunal Veins The jejunal veins (Figures 2, 3, 5, 6) were in number. Each jejunal vein passed within the mesentery towards the mesenteric border of the jejunal convolutions and divided into two main branches, cranial and caudal which anastomosed to form primary arches and secondary arches which gave several twigs were given to the jejunal wall (Figure 3). Ileal Veins The ileal veins (Figures 2, 4) were 3-7 in number that arose from the terminal part of the cranial mesenteric vein towards the mesenteric border of the ileum. Figure 2: A Photograph Showing the Origin, Course and Distribution of the Cranial Mesenteric of the Goat Note: A-Jejunum, B-The most outer centrifugal gyrus, 1-Cranial mesenteric vein, 2-Jejunal veins, 3-Primary arches of the jejunal veins, 4-Secondary arches of the jejunal veins, 5- Straight branches to the jejunal convolutions, 6-Right colic branches. Figure 4: A Photograph Showing the Distribution of the Ileal Veins and Termination of Cranial Mesenteric Vein as well as Cecal Vein of the Goat Note: A-Duodenum, B-Jejunum, C-Ileum, D-Cecum, E-Ansa proximalis, F-Gyri centripetales, G-Gyri centrifugales, H- Ansa centralis, I-The most outer centrifugal gyrus, J-Dorsal gyrus, K-Ventral gyrus, L-Colon transversum, M-Colon descendens. 1-Cranial mesenteric vein, 2-Caudal duodenal vein, 3-First jejunal vein, 4-Jejunal veins, 5-Ileal veins, 6- Ileocolic vein, 7-A common trunk for colic branches and right colic veins, 8-Colic branch of 7, 9-Colic branch of 6, 10-Last right colic vein, 11-Mesenteric ileal vein, 12-Cecal vein, 13-Antimesenteric ileal branches, 14-Cecal branches, 15-Antimesenteric ileal vein, 16-Caudal mesenteric vein, 17-Middle colic vein, 18-Left colic vein. Note: A-Jejunum, B-Ileum, C-Cecum, 1-Cranial mesenteric vein, 2-Ileal veins, 3-Last two jejunal veins, 4-Cecal vein, 5-Cecal branches, 6-Antimesenteric ileal branches, 7- Antimesenteric ileal vein. Ileocolic Vein The ileocolic vein (Figures 2, 5) came from the cranial mesenteric vein. It gave a common trunk for colic branches and right colic veins and mesenteric ileal vein. The common trunk for colic 80

5 Figure 5: A Photograph Showing the Origin, Course and Distribution of the Common Stem of Colic Branches and Right Colic Veins of the Goat Note: A-Jejunum, B-Ileum, C-Cecum, D-Ventral gyrus, E-Middle gyrus, F-Dorsal gyrus, G-Centripetal gyri, H-Central flexure, I-Centrifugal gyri, 1-Cranial mesenteric vein, 2-Jejunal veins, 3-Ileocolic vein, 4-Right colic branch to the most outer centrifugal gyrus, 5-A common stem for colic branches and right colic veins, 6-Colic branch of 5, 7-Colic branches of 5, 8-Right colic veins, 9-Colic branch of 3, 10-Cecal vein. Figure 6: A Photograph Showing the Origin, Course and Distribution of the Caudal Mesenteric Vein of the Goat Note:. A-Duodenum, B-Jejunum, C-Cecum, D-Ventral gyrus, E- Middle gyrus, F-Dorsal gyrus, G-First part of centripetal gyri, H-The most outer centrifugal gyrus, I-Dorsal gyrus, J- Ventral gyrus, K-Transverse colon, L-Descending colon, 1- Cranial mesenteric vein, 2-Caudal duodenal vein, 3-Jejunal veins, 4-Ileocolic vein, 5-Colic branches, 6-Cecal vein, 7- Caudal mesenteric vein, 8-Middle colic vein, 9-Left branch of 8, 10-Right branch of 8, 11-Left colic vein. branches and right colic veins (Figures 2, 5) coursed on the ansa spiralis coli toward the central flexure where it terminated by dividing into the last colic branch and the first right colic vein. It gave off colic branches and right colic veins. The colic branches (Figures 2, 5) drained the ansa proximalis coli, the centripetal gyri and the central flexure of ansa spiralis coli. The right colic veins (Figures 2, 5) were 3-5 in number. They drained the centrifugal gyri and the dorsal part of the ansa distalis coli. The mesenteric ileal vein (Figure 2) followed the mesenteric aspect of the terminal part of the ileum detaching twigs which anastomosed with the antimesenteric ileal branches of the cecal vein. The cecal vein (Figures 2, 4, 5, 6) constituted the direct continuation of the ileocolic vein. It crossed the terminal part of the ileum to reach the ileocecal fold and extended along the ventral aspect of the cecum to its apex where it continued as antimesenteric ileal vein. Along its course, the cecal vein gave off cecal branches and antimesenteric ileal branches. The cecal branches (Figures 2, 4) ran within the ileocecal fold towards the ventral aspect of the cecum. The antimesenteric ileal vein (Figures 2, 4) passed towards the terminal part of the jejunum to join the last jejunal branch of the cranial mesenteric vein. It gave off antimesenteric ileal branches. The antimesenteric ileal branches (Figs. 2, 4) were in number which originated from both cecal and antimesenteric ileal veins, passed to drain the antimesenteric aspect of the ileum and anastomosed with the ileal veins of the cranial mesenteric vein. Caudal Mesenteric Vein The caudal mesenteric vein (Figures 2, 6) originated from the cranial mesenteric vein opposite to the origin of the caudal duodenal vein. After detaching the middle colic vein, the caudal mesenteric vein proceeded along the descending colon as the left colic vein. The middle colic vein 81

6 (Figures 2, 6) coursed within the mesocolon towards the transverse colon and divided into right and left branches (Figure 6) which drained the ventral gyrus of the ansa distalis, in addition to transverse colon and initial part of the descending colon. The left colic vein (Figures 2, 6) drained the descending colon via 8-10 small twigs, in addition to 2-3 fine sigmoid veins (Figure 7) to the sigmoid colon and terminated as the cranial rectal vein. The cranial rectal vein (Figure 7) ran caudally along the dorsal aspect of the rectum where it anastomosed with the middle and caudal rectal veins. Figure 8: A Photograph Showing the Origin, Course and Distribution of the Middle and Caudal Rectal Veins of the Goat Middle Rectal Vein The middle rectal vein (Figure 8) was detached from the urogenital vein. It followed on the dorsal aspect of the rectum and anastomosed with the cranial rectal and middle rectal veins and drained the rectum. Caudal Rectal Vein The caudal rectal vein (Figure 8) originated from Figure 7: A Photograph Showing the Origin, Course and Distribution of the Left Colic and Cranial Rectal Veins of the Goat Note: A-Cecum, B-Proximal loop, C-Distal loop, D-Transverse colon, E-Descending colon, F-Sigmoid colon, G-Rectum, 1- Cranial mesenteric vein, 2-Ileocolic vein, 3-A common stem for colic branches and right colic veins, 4-Colic branch of 3, 5-Colic branches of 2, 6-Last right colic vein, 7-Middle colic vein, 8-Left branch of 7, 9-Right branch of 7, 10-Left colic vein, 11-Sigmoid veins, 12-Cranial rectal vein. Note: A-Rectum, Urogenital vein, 2-Middle rectal vein, 3-Dorsal perineal vein, 4-Caudal rectal vein. the dorsal perineal vein. It passed caudodorsally to drain the caudal segment of the rectum and anus. DISCUSSION The current investigation revealed that the portal vein gave off splenic, cranial mesenteric and gastroduodenal veins simulated that reported in goat (Tipidamaz et al., 1997), ruminants (Ghoshal et al., 1981) and camel (Smuts and Bezuidenhout, 1987). The obtained results were parallel to those described in goat (Horowitz and Venzke, 1966), sheep (Heath, 1986), ruminants (Wilkens and Munster, 1981) and camel (Wally, 1986) that the gastroduodenal vein arises from the portal vein. However, Smuts and Bezuidenhout (1987) in camel mentioned that the gastroduodenal vein arises from the splenic vein. The findings in goat (Tipidamaz et al., 1997), ruminants (Ghoshal et al., 1981) and camel (Moustafa et al., 1986) affirmed our results where the gastroduodenal vein gave off cranial 82

7 pancreaticoduodenal, right gastric and right gastroepiploic veins. However, in goat (Horowitz and Venzke, 1966) mentioned that the gastroduodenal vein gives off cranial pancreaticoduodenal and right gastroepiploic veins. While in camel (Smuts and Bezuidenhout, 1987) mentioned that the gastroduodenal vein gives off cranial pancreaticoduodenal and right gastric veins. It was recorded that the sigmoid loop as well as the descending part of the duodenum were drained via duodenal twigs given off from the cranial pancreaticoduodenal vein; the same findings were also in goat (Yadmet al., 1992) and ruminants (Ghoshal et al., 1981). Our results achieved that the cranial mesenteric vein is formed by caudal duodenal, jejunal, ileal, ileocolic and caudal mesenteric veins. While Yadm et al. (1992) stated that the cranial mesenteric vein in goat gives off the caudal pancreaticoduodenal and caudal mesenteric veins then it trifurcates into jejunal vein, right colic vein and ileocolic vein. However, Tipidamaz et al. (1997) in goat mentioned that the cranial mesenteric is formed by the caudal pancreaticoduodenal, jejunal, ileal, ileocolic and right colic vein. In ruminants (Ghoshalet al., 1981) stated that the cranial mesenteric vein gives off caudal mesenteric vein then it terminates by dividing into the ileocolic, right colic and ileal veins. W hile in camel (Wally, 1986) the cranial mesenteric vein gives off jejunal and caudal mesenteric veins. Our study, demonstrated from jejunal veins. While Yadm et al. (1992) in goat the jejunal branches are in number. However, Tipidamaz et al. (1997) in goat mentioned that the jejunal veins are While, they were 5 jejunal veins in camel (Wally, 1986). In the present findings, the first jejunal vein arose from the caudal duodenal vein, a result which was not reported by previous authors. The current work under discussion revealed that the jejunal veins drained the most outer centrifugal gyrus via right colic branches, a result which was in a line with that obtained by Yadm et al. (1992) in goat. In the present findings, the course and pattern of distribution of the jejunal veins simulated that given by in camel (Wally, 1986). Moreover, such jejunal veins anastomosed with each other forming numerous arcades to drain the jejunum, a result which confirmed that given by in goat (Yadm et al., 1992) andruminants (Ghoshalet al., 1981). The recent study revealed that the ileal veins originated from the terminal part of the cranial mesenteric vein. They were represented by 3-7 in number. Furthermore, such ileal veins gave off branches to its neighboring part of the last centrifugal coils of the ascending colon and anastomosed with the mesenteric ileal branch of the ileocolic vein, a result which was not reported by previous authors. The obtained results showed that the ileocolic vein runs caudo-ventrally towards the cecocolic junction, extended toward the ileocecal junction where it continued within the ileocecal fold as a cecal vein, a result which simulated that in camel (Wally, 1986). In the current study, the ileocolic vein gave off a common trunk for both colic branches and right colic veins, in addition to last right colic vein, mesenteric ileal vein and a colic branch. However, Yadm et al. (1992) in goat mentioned that the ileocolic vein detaches a colic branch, small cecal veins and ileal vein. While the ileocolic vein gives 83

8 off colic branches, right colic veins and cecal vein in goat (Tipidamaz et al., 1997). The vein gives off common trunk for both colic branches, and right colic veins, in addition to cecal and ileal veinsin ruminants (Wilkens and Munster. 1981). The common trunk for colic rami and right colic veins in our study was also reported by in ruminants (W ilkens and Munster, 1981). HoweverGhoshal et al. (1981) in ruminants and Smuts and Bezuidenhout (1987) in camel stated the right colic vein originates directly from the cranial mesenteric vein. While it springs from the caudal mesenteric vein in camel (Wally, 1986). In the present work, the ansa proximalis and centripetal gyri were drained via colic branches simulated that given by Tipidamaz et al. (1997) in goat and Wally (1986) in camel. In agreement with that in goat (Tipidamaz et al., 1997) and ruminants (Ghoshalet al., 1981), our results declared that the right colic veins drained the centrifugal gyri and the dorsal part of the ansa distalis coli except the most outer centrifugal gyrus which was drained by the jejunal veins. The present investigation asserted that the mesenteric ileal vein arose from the ileocolic vein to drain the mesenteric border of ileum, a result that passed parallel to that in goat (Yadm et al., 1992). However (Ghoshal et al., 1981) in ruminants stated that two ileal branches arise from the ileocolic vein, one of them directs towards the mesenteric border of the ileum and the other to the antimesenteric border. While Wally (1986) stated that the mesenteric ileal veins are represented by a short and a long branch to the ileum in camel. In accordance with that given in camel (Wally, 1986), our findings achieved that the cecal vein was considered as the direct continuation of the ileocolic vein. However, Yadm et al. (1992) in goat, Ghoshal et al. (1981), in ruminants and Smuts and Bezuidenhout (1987) in camel stated that the cecal vein arises from the ileocolic vein. While the cecal vein arises from the ileocecal veinin camel (Omar, 1978). The cecal vein in goat gave off cecal and antimesenteric ileal branches; similar result was recorded by Maala and Sack (1983) in ox and Wally (1986) in camel. However in goat (Yadm et al., 1992) the cecal vein releases small cecal veins to the cecum at its mesenteric border. The cecal vein in our results terminated as antimesenteric ileal vein, the same result was described by in ruminants (Wilkens and Munster, 1981). While the cecal vein terminates as a small twig on the free border of the jejunumin camel (Wally, 1986). Findings of the present work showed that the caudal mesenteric vein gave off the middle colic vein, and then it proceeded along the descending colon as the left colic vein which released sigmoid veins and terminated as the cranial rectal vein. Analogous results were described by goat Yadm et al. (1992) in goat and Wilkens and Munster (1981) in ruminants. On the other handin camel (Smuts and Bezuidenhout, 1987) the caudal mesenteric vein gives off left colic and cranial rectal veins. Concerning the origin of the middle colic vein, the obtained results as well those in goat (Tipidamaz et al. 1997), ruminants (Ghoshal et al., 1981) and camel (Omar, 1978) it arose from the caudal mesenteric vein. However the middle colic vein in camel (Wally, 1986) arises from the right colic vein.while it arises from the cranial mesenteric vein in bovine (Levine et al., 1987). 84

9 Draining of the distal loop of the ascending colon, transverse colon and the initial part of the descending colon occurred via the middle colic vein. However, the latter part was excluded from the draining are as mentioned in goat (Yadm et al., 1992). In agreement with that in goat Yadm et al. (1992) and in ruminants (Wilkens and Munster, 1981), the present results revealed that the left colic vein was a direct continuation of the caudal mesenteric vein after detaching the middle colic vein which drained the descending colons.while it arose from the caudal mesenteric vein in goat (Tipidamaz et al., 1997). However in camel (Wally, 1986) the left colic veinis the direct continuation of the caudal mesenteric vein after detaching the right colic vein. Findings of the present work showed that the sigmoid veins arose from the left vein to supply the sigmoid colon. While the sigmoid veins arose from the caudal mesenteric veins in goat (Tipidamaz et al., 1997). In the present findings, the cranial rectal vein was the direct continuation of the left colic vein on the dorsal aspect of the rectum, a result which simulated to that reported in goat (Yadm et al., 1992), ruminants (Ghoshal et al., 1981) and camel (Wally, 1986). However, in goat (Tipidamaz et al., 1997) and in camel (Saber, 1979) the cranial rectal vein in camel arises directly from the caudal mesenteric vein. The obtained results were similar to those described by in camel (Wally, 1986) that the cranial rectal vein drains the peritoneal part of the rectum and terminates by anastomosing with the middle and caudal rectal veins. The obtained results showed that the middle rectal vein arises from the urogenital vein, a result which recoded by Ghoshal et al. (1981) in both sexes in ruminants. However, the middle rectal vein arises from the ventral perineal veinin camel (Saber, 1979). In agreement with that described in female goat (Yadm et al., 1988), goat and cow (Ghoshal et al., 1981) and goat and ox (Wilkens and Munster, 1981), the caudal rectal vein was detached from the dorsal perineal vein. While in male goat (Yadm et al., 1988), camel (Wally, 1986) such a vein originates from the ventral perineal vein. The caudal rectal vein in goat drained the caudal segment of the rectum and anus, however, in camel (Wally, 1986) the caudal rectal vein drains the anal canal and orifice. CONCLUSION The venous blood of the intestinal tract was drained via the branches of the cranial and caudal mesenteric veins, in addition to tributaries from the gastroduodenal as well as middle and caudal rectal veins. ACKNOWLEDGMENT I am very grateful to the technical staff and lab assistances in the Department of Anatomy for their assistance. REFERENCES 1. Ghoshal N G, Koch T and Popesko P (1981), The Venous Drainage of the Domestic Animals, pp , W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Toronto, Sydney. 2. Heath T (1968), Origin and Distribution of Portal Vein in the Sheep, Am. J. Anat, Vol. 122, pp Horowitz A and Venzke W G (1966), The 85

10 Distribution of Blood Vessels of the Postdiaphragmatic Digestive Tract of the Goat, Coeliac Trunk Gastroduodenal and Splenic Tributaries of the Portal Vein, Am. J. Vet. Res, Vol. 27, pp Levine S A, Smith D F, Wilsman J and Kolb D S (1987), Arterial and Venous Supply to the Bovine Jejunum and Proximal Part of the Ileum, Am. J. Vet. Res, Vol. 8, pp Maala C M and Sack W O (1983), The Venous Supply of the Cecum, Ileum and the Proximal Loop of the Ascending Colon in the Ox, Anat. Histol. Embryol, Vol. 12, pp Moustafa M S, Abu-Zaid S M, EL-Nahla S M and Wally Y R (1986), Some Anatomical Observations on the Venous Drainage of the Intestinal Tract of the One Humped Camel (Camelus deomedarius), Alex. J. Vet. Sci, pp Mutus R (2001), Macroanatomical and Morphometric Investigation on the Maxillaryvein in Rabbits, Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci, Vol. 25, pp Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (2005) 5 th Edition, Cloumbia, Gent, Editorial Committee Hanover, Sapporo. 9. Omar A M (1978), Some Anatomical Studies on the Portal Vein of the One Humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius), M.Sc., Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt. 10. Saber A S M (1979), The Arteries and Veins of the Pelvic Limb of the Camel with Special Reference to the Angioarchitecture of the Foot Pad, Ph.D., Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt. 11. Smuts M M S and Bezuidenhout A J (1987), Anatomy of the Dromedary, pp , Clarendon Press, Oxford. 12. Tipidamaz S, Dasci Z, Yalcin H and Besoluk K (1997), Macroanatomic Investigations on the Formation of the Portal Veins and it s Intrahepatic in Angora Goat, Vet. Bil. Derg, Vol. 13, pp Wally Y R (1986), Some Anatomical Observations on the Intestinal Tract of the one Humped Camel ( Camelus dromedarius), M.Sc., Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. 14. W ilkens H and Nickel R (1981), A Schummer and E Sieferle: The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals, pp , Berlin- Hamburg, Verlag. 15. Yadm Z A, Gad M R and Ragab G A (1992), Venous Drainage of the Gastrointestinal Tract in the Goat, Beni-Suef Vet. Med. J, Vol. 40, pp Yadm Z A (1988), Some Anatomical Studies on the Perineum of the Goat, Ph.D., Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. 86

11