Seoul. Generating useful images for medical applications from the Visible Korean. Min Suk Chung, MD, PhD

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1 Generating useful images for medical applications from the Visible Korean Seoul Min Suk Chung, MD, PhD Department of Anatomy Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea

2 Serially sectioned images can be applied to making volume models with real color and high resolution.

3 Sectioned images of whole body were made in US, Korea, China. Visible Korean (2000 -) Chinese Visible Human (Chongqing, ) Virtual Chinese Human (Guangzhou, ) New Visible Chinese (Jinan, ) Visible Human Project (1991 -)

4 All principal investigators have met. Visible Human Project (Prof. Spitzer) Virtual Chinese Human (Mr. Tang) New Visible Chinese (Prof. Liu) Visible Korean (Prof. Chung) Chinese Visible Human (Prof. Zhang)

5 Users are able to select one of data sets according to purposes. Visible Human Project Visible Korean Chinese Visible Human Virtual Chinese Human

6 Visible Korean Human. Its techniques and applications (Clin Anat, 2006) Visible Human Chinese Visible Human Visible Korean

7 Visible Korean: Sectioned images of male whole body Min Suk Chung, MD, PhD Department of Anatomy Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon, Korea

8 MRIs and CTs of a male cadaver (33 years, 164 cm, 55 kg, Leukemia) were scanned.

9 Cadaver was embedded and frozen.

10 Cadaver was sectioned. (Thickness 0.2 mm)

11 Both intervals and pixel size of sectioned images were 0.2 mm.

12 8,510 sectioned images were acquired.

13 Some sectioned images were used in Atlas of Human Anatomy (Korean Association of Anatomists, 2009)

14 Sectioned images were registered to a patient s MRIs. Cadaver s sectioned image Patient s MRI Patient s sectioned image

15 Visible Korean was introduced on newspaper. (Hankook-Ilbo; Dec, 2011)

16 Volume model of whole body was made.

17 Structures should be outlined in sectioned images to make 3D models of structures.

18 1,702 sectioned images were chosen at 1 mm intervals (originally 0.2 mm) to outline. 1 mm

19 Sectioned images were printed out on papers, where structures were annotated by pen. According to the Terminologia Anatomica

20 Systems Structures Skeletal 191 Articular 52 Muscular 266 Alimentary 75 Respiratory 43 Urinary 10 Genital 20 Endocrine 3 Cardiovascular 128 Lymphoid 1 Nervous 95 Sensory 22 Integumentary 1 Total 937

21 Technical report on semiautomatic segmentation using the Adobe Photoshop (J Digit Imaging, 2005)

22 Outlined images were acquired.

23 Outlining was verified. Color-filled images Coronal images Sagittal images

24 Outlining of the detailed structures in sectioned images from Visible Korean (Surg Radiol Anat (SCIE), 2012) A few hours Three months Eight years

25 Browsing software of the Visible Korean data used for teaching sectional anatomy (Anat Sci Educ (SCIE), 2011)

26 Viewer of Visible Korean data was made.

27 Volume models of structures were made.

28 Volume models of head and thorax were made. Hamburg, Germany

29 3D models were made. (Anatomage, US)

30 For making surface model, outlines were stacked. Outlines of gallbladder

31 Technique of semiautomatic surface reconstruction of the Visible Korean Human data using commercial software (Clin Anat, 2007) Mimics version (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium)

32 Advanced surface reconstruction technique to build detailed surface models of liver and neighboring structures from the Visible Korean Human (J Korean Med Sci, 2009)

33 Surface model of the gastrointestinal tract constructed from the Visible Korean (Clin Anat, 2009)

34 Virtual gastroscopy was done.

35 Three-dimensional surface models of detailed lumbosacral structures reconstructed from the Visible Korean (Ann Anat, 2011)

36 Three-dimensional reconstruction of urogenital tract from Visible Korean Human (Anat Rec Part A, 2006)

37 3D models were made. (Stanford Univ, US)

38 Surface model was superimposed on serially sectioned images. Vrlp3.wmv

39 Portable document format file showing the surface models of cadaver whole body (J Korean Med Sci, 2012)

40 Paper was introduced. (Yonhap News; Aug, 2012)

41 HDRK-Man: a whole-body voxel model based on high-resolution color slice images of a Korean adult male cadaver (Phys Med Biol 53, 2008) A polygon-surface reference Korean male phantom (PSRK-Man) and its direct implementation in Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation (Phys Med Biol, 2011)

42 Virtual reality simulator for the training of lumbar punctures (Methods Inf Med, 2009) Haptic device Surface model Sectioned images

43 Augmented reality (Munich, Germany) Ultrasound probe Head mounted display Phantom made of Visible Korean

44 Augmented reality

45 Visible Korean is exhibited in Gwacheon Science Museum.

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48 Visible Korean: Sectioned images of head Min Suk Chung, MD, PhD Department of Anatomy Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon, Korea

49 A donated Korean male cadaver (67 years old, 1,620 mm height, 45 kg weight, myasthenia gravis, no metal tooth) was selected.

50 Head was separated and embedded.

51 Head was serially sectioned (Thicknesses 0.1 mm) to acquire 2,343 sectioned images (Pixel size 0.1 mm). Canon EOS 5D (Resolution 4,368 2,912)

52 Sectioned images of head

53 Structures were labeled in sectioned images (Intervals 2 mm).

54 A proposal of new reference system for the standard axial, sagittal, coronal planes of brain based on the serially-sectioned images (J Korean Med Sci, 2010)

55 Structures were labeled in coronal and sagittal images.

56 Sectioned images of the cadaver head including the brain and correspondences with ultrahigh field 7.0 T MRIs (Proc IEEE, 2009)

57 7.0 Tesla MRI Brain Atlas. In Vivo Atlas with Cryomacrotome Correlation (Springer, 2009) Atlas was introduced on TV. (SBS News; February, 2010)

58 Segmentation and surface reconstruction of the detailed ear structures, identified in sectioned images (Anat Rec, 2011)

59 Segmentation of cerebral gyri in the sectioned images by referring to volume model (J Korean Med Sci, 2010)

60 Systematized methods of surface reconstruction from the serial sectioned images of a cadaver head (J Craniofac Surg, 2012)

61 Surface models were superimposed on sectioned images, outlined images, or MRIs.

62 Accessible and informative sectioned images and surface models of a cadaver head (J Craniofac Surg, 2012 (Accepted))

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66 Visible Korean: Sectioned images of female pelvis Min Suk Chung, MD, PhD Department of Anatomy Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon, Korea

67 Female cadaver (42 years old, length 1,520 mm, weight 54 kg, alcoholism) was selected. Cadaver was laid down in prone position. Curved buttocks

68 MRIs and CTs (Intervals 1 mm, Pixel size 1 mm) of pelvis were scanned.

69 Pelvis was placed in embedding box and embedded.

70 Sectioned image (Pixel size 0.1 mm, 48 bit color) was acquired. Size mm mm Canon EOS 5D (Resolution 4,368 2,912)

71 (42 years old) Ovary shows follicles of different Ovary stages. External iliac artery External iliac vein Rectum Urinary bladder Primary follicle Secondary follicle Mature follicle Medulla Cortex External iliac vein Uterine artery Obturator nerve Iliolumbar artery Internal iliac artery Uterine artery Internal iliac artery Obturator nerve Lumbosacral trunk Internal iliac vein Sacrum First sacral nerve Middle rectal artery Middle rectal artery First sacral nerve Internal iliac vein Lumbosacral trunk

72 Sectioned images were satisfactory. Visible Korean Visible Human Project Digital Chinese Human

73 Structures were outlined.

74 After outlining, surface models were made. Bones Ligaments Nerves Blood vessels Muscles Skin

75 Hip joint ligaments, identified in a cadaver s sectioned images to be surface reconstructed (Clin Anat, (Accepted))

76 Surface models were made. (Tokyo, Japan) 会陰筋群を下から見たところ [ 会陰筋群がすべて一体化しているのがわかる ] 球海綿体筋坐骨海綿体筋 浅会陰横筋 外肛門括約筋

77 Visible Korean: Sectioned images of female whole body Min Suk Chung, MD, PhD Department of Anatomy Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon, Korea

78 Whole body of female cadaver (26 years old, length 172 cm (stature 160 cm), 56 kg, stomach cancer) was CT scanned.

79 Cadaver was placed for serial sectioning in horizontal direction.

80 Cadaver was embedded.

81 Whole body of female cadaver was sectioned (Jan - Feb, 2009; Jan - Feb, 2010). 0.2 mm 0.2 mm 1 mm (Lower limb) Pixel size 0.1 mm (Digital camera with 24 million pixels)

82 Structures are being outlined.

83 Visible Korean is ongoing research. Male whole body Male head Female pelvis Female whole body MRIs, CTs Sectioned images Outlined images Dog, Cat

84 SCI articles on Visible Korean 1. Visible Korean Human. Improved serially sectioned images of the entire body. IEEE Trans Med Imaging, Technical report on semiautomatic segmentation using the Adobe Photoshop. J Digit Imaging, Visible Korean Human. Its techniques and applications. Clin Anat, Technique of semiautomatic surface reconstruction of the Visible Korean Human data using commercial software. Clin Anat, Generating useful images for medical applications from the Visible Korean Human. Comput Methods Programs Biomed, Advanced surface reconstruction technique to build detailed surface models of liver and neighboring structures from the Visible Korean Human. J Korean Med Sci, Surface model of the gastrointestinal tract constructed from the Visible Korean. Clin Anat, Sectioned images of the cadaver head including the brain and correspondences with ultrahigh field 7.0 T MRIs. Proc IEEE, 2009

85 SCI articles on Visible Korean 9. A proposal of new reference system for the standard axial, sagittal, coronal planes of brain based on the serially-sectioned images. J Korean Med Sci, Advanced features of whole body sectioned images: Virtual Chinese Human. Clin Anat, Segmentation of cerebral gyri in the sectioned images by referring to volume model. J Korean Med Sci, Three-dimensional surface models of detailed lumbosacral structures reconstructed from the Visible Korean. Ann Anat, Segmentation and surface reconstruction of the detailed ear structures, identified in sectioned images. Anat Rec, Browsing software of the Visible Korean data used for teaching sectional anatomy. Anat Sci Educ (SCIE), 2011

86 SCI articles on Visible Korean 15. Systematized methods of surface reconstruction from the serial sectioned images of a cadaver head. J Craniofac Surg, Outlining of the detailed structures in sectioned images from Visible Korean. Surg Radiol Anat (SCIE), The Visible Human Projects in Korea and China with improved images and diverse applications. Surg Radiol Anat (SCIE), Portable document format file showing the surface models of cadaver whole body. J Korean Med Sci, Accessible and informative sectioned images and surface models of a cadaver head. J Craniofac Surg, 2012 (Accepted) 20. Hip joint ligaments, identified in a cadaver s sectioned images to be surface reconstructed. Clin Anat, (Accepted) 21. Two-dimensional sectioned images and three-dimensional surface models for learning the anatomy of female pelvis. Anat Sci Educ, (Accepted)

87 Published articles on Visible Korean Domestic journals SCIE journal SCI journals Year Main experiment was launched by KISTI support.

88 Korean is searched in MeSH.

89 Visible Korean is entry term for Visible Human Projects, MeSH.

90 Visible Korean was introduced on TV. (YTN News; June, 2008)

91 Visit anatomy.co.kr for more information.