Conflict over Cougars
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- Jade Davidson
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1 Conflict over Cougars A Window on Scientific Management David Mattson USGS Southwest Biological Science Center
2 Size of cougar kills Living with Cougars in the Flagstaff Uplands
3 Trends
4 Circa 1500
5 Circa
6 Circa present
7 Changes in management SCIENTIFIC MGMT & CIVIC WILDLIFE ORGANIZATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT
8 Persistence of goals 1980-present Dominionistic Utilitarian Ecologistic Scientific Naturalistic Heritage Provision of sport-hunting Depredation control Human safety
9 Flagstaff Phoenix Tucson
10
11
12
13
14 Known sites of cougar predation
15 The Normal Regime of Rule-Making & Implementation
16
17 9 month season No area limits Until recently, no limit on type of animal Hunter reports kill within 10 days 1 lion/resident/year, with some exceptions
18 Monitoring the lion population & managing the harvest $10 $13
19 Monitoring the lion population & managing the harvest $10 $13
20 A Regime Shift
21
22 Incidents Mt Elden Flagstaff Sabino Canyon - Tucson 2004
23 Incidents Opening the door to public input only gives voice to the animal rights nuts who will never be satisfied with less than a complete no kill policy. The governor is mightily displeased.
24 A Regime Shift Some symptoms Existential anxiety Public discontent Incivility
25 A Regime Shift Some symptoms Great difficulty identifying & securing the common interest
26 An Analysis Problem orientation Decision process (Psycho-) Social process Kellert s schematic of worldviews
27 World Views (Kellert 1996, Ruther 2005) Negativistic Utilitarian/Dominionistic Ecologistic/Scientistic Aesthetic/Naturalistic Humanistic/Moralistic
28 The Ingroup The Dominionistic/Utilitarian Subsystem
29 Hunters Wildlife watchers Hunters
30 Hunters NON-HUNTERS HUNTERS
31 Hunters Non-hunter Hunter worldviews HUNTERS NON-HUNTERS
32 Hunters Outfitters AGFD
33 Agency wealth
34 Agency governance Commission Set policy Hire/fire the Director Safari Club International Yuma Rod & Gun Club Safari Club International Boone & Crocket records; North American bighorn sheep Grand Slam Veteran of game management agencies
35 Agency culture
36 Agency plans
37 Agency plans
38 Agency plans
39 The Dominionistic/ Utilitarian Subsystem Legitimacy and wealth are largely generated within the subsystem through provision of the wildlife product.
40 MODELS OF GOVERNANCE & MANAGEMENT Total Quality Management through provision of the wildlife product.
41 MODELS OF GOVERNANCE & MANAGEMENT Scientific Management Let Arizona Game & Fish manage wildlife, using scientific and statistical methods, rather than having to be concerned about the public, political, and media reaction. No commissioner should ever have to bow to the wishes of emotional masses when science proves them wrong politics should never interfere in their decisions. Problems are of a technical & biophysical nature to be defined and solved by the experts (i.e., AZGF)
42 Virtually no concept of governance related to liberal democracy & civility. Essentially no way to conceptualize management as fundamentally about identifying & securing common interests.
43 A Dynamic Environment
44 World Views (Kellert 1996)
45
46 Social Capital & Public Trust Capacity for Civility Organizational Involvement Club attendance Trust Philanthropy
47 Social Capital & Public Trust Capacity for Civility
48 Social Capital & Public Trust Capacity for Civility Attentiveness of goals to emerging values r = 0.63
49 Social Capital & Public Trust, & " ~ Capacity for Civility Potential for conflict over state wildlife management A1 L i z <.> - i. em, disenfranchised ' 1 St Princi pal C omponent - - h
50 Social Capital & Public Trust Capacity for Civility Potential for conflict over state wildlife management
51 The Outgroup Animal Rights & Animal Welfare Activists
52 The Outgroup Animal Rights & Animal Welfare Activists ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT
53 Animal Rights & Animal Welfare Activists
54 Animal Rights & Animal Welfare Activists OTHER ANIMAL RIGHTS
55 Animal Rights & Animal Welfare Activists a religious fervor
56 Animal Rights & Animal Welfare Activists a religious RECTITUDE fervor
57 Animal Rights & Animal Welfare Activists
58 Percent of AZ residents who did not know who manages AZ wildlife Animal Rights & Animal Welfare Activists
59 Animal Rights & Animal Welfare Activists Foci of articles in the Flagstaff, AZ, Daily Sun during normal periods,
60
61 Perturbations (continued)
62 Perturbations Mt Elden Flagstaff Sabino Canyon - Tucson 2004
63 Perturbations Mt Elden Sabino Canyon Tucson Daily Star Flagstaff Daily Sun
64 Perturbations Foci of articles in the Flagstaff, AZ, Daily Sun during perturbations, normal periods,
65 Perturbations The governor is mightily displeased.
66 Perturbations AZGF defends its legitimacy who said AGFD was doing a good job. who knew AGFD managed Arizona s wildlife.
67 Discourse content The Problem AZGF is over-reacting, not being responsive or creative, & is serving the special interests of hunters. People are irresponsible, for example by having dogs off leash; unbridled development is also a problem. Cougars are a threat to human safety
68 Discourse content The Problem AZGF is over-reacting, not being BLAME: AZ Game & Fish responsive or creative, & is serving INTENT: Intentional the special interests of hunters. BLAME: People are The irresponsible, Public; developers, for example by having recreationists dogs off leash; unbridled INTENT: development Intentional is also & a Inadvertent problem. Cougars are a threat to human safety BLAME: Cougars INTENT: Intentional & Inadvertent
69 Discourse content The Problem AZGF is over-reacting, not being BLAME: AZ Game & Fish responsive POLICY, or normal creative, & is constitutive serving INTENT: Intentional the special interests of hunters. BLAME: People are The irresponsible, Public; developers, for example by having PSYCHO-SOCIAL recreationists dogs off leash; unbridled INTENT: development Intentional is also & a Inadvertent problem. BLAME: Cougars Cougars INTENT: Intentional are BIOPHYSICAL a threat & to Inadvertent human safety
70 Discourse content The Solution Close conflict areas, educate, enforce leash laws, do research, and make people responsible for their actions. Kill the threatening cougar, kill more cougars in general, & educate the public.
71 Discourse content The Solution Authority: USFS, State & County governments, Close conflict areas, AZ Game educate, & Fish enforce leash laws, do research, and make Responsibility: people responsible PERSONAL, for their actions. USFS, State & County governments, AZ Game & Fish Authority: Kill the threatening AZ Game cougar, & Fish kill more Responsibility: cougars in general, AZ & Game educate & Fish, the public. Hunters
72 Discourse content The Solution Authority: USFS, State & County governments, Close conflict areas, AZ Game educate, & Fish enforce leash MODIFY laws, PEOPLE S do research, BEHAVIOR and make Responsibility: people thru responsible formal & PERSONAL, informal their policy actions. USFS, State & County governments, AZ Game & Fish Authority: Kill the threatening AZ Game cougar, & Fish kill more Responsibility: cougars in KILL general, ANIMALS AZ & Game educate & Fish, the public. Hunters
73 The Solution?
74 Learning (& Change)?
75 Learning(& Change)? Workshops to develop a standard protocol for responding to incidents. (Stabilize expectations)
76 Learning(& Change)??
77 Learning(& Change)? Legislation?
78 Learning(& Change)? Change in hunting regulations & development of a management plan (Stabilize expectations & increase legitimacy)
79 Learning(& Change)? INVOKED THE NORMS OF OTHER STATE GAME & FISH AGENCIES
80 Learning(& Change)? Modal Value Profile of Game & Fish Employees SKILL RESPECT POWER
81 Learning(& Change)? Demands by Animal Rights Activists Stop all cougar hunting Stop hunting females Stop using hounds Curtail the hunting season No effect on harvest Require inspection of kills Require closure of hunt in GMUs meeting quota Prepare & implement management plan Revise & justify cougar density estimates
82 I Demands by Animal Right! Activist!! Symbolic rather.;-=-i than substantive ) Designed to 1 conform state with broader norms
83 Alternatives? Substantive reorientation toward civility and liberal democracy will require: Restructured funding to represent a broader spectrum of stakeholders. Rules for Commission composition that insure broader stakeholder representation. Change in agency culture to engender democratic & civil ideals of governance. Change in societal norms & expectations...?
84 Alternatives? Nearer term: Develop parallel institutions of wildlife management involving a broad spectrum of stakeholders dealing with concrete rather than symbolic issues.
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