Expedition Briefing 2012

Transcription

1 South Africa s Scavenger Species teen team Dr. Dawn Scott University of Brighton (UK) Dr. Richard Yarnell Nottingham Trent University (UK) Lynne MacTavish Mankwe Wildlife Reserve (South Africa) Dr. Anja Rott University Of Brighton (UK) Expedition Briefing 2012 E v e r y t h i n g y o u n e e d t o k n o w b e f o r e y o u g o Image Lynne MacTavish Providing life support for the planet since 1971

2 Timeline and Checklist In preparing for your upcoming Earthwatch expedition, please ensure that you: Immediately Read this Expedition Briefing and all enclosed materials thoroughly. Book an appointment with a doctor; you will need him or her to sign the Health section of your Earthwatch Participation Form. Make sure you understand and agree to Earthwatch policies and participant responsibilities. At least 90 days prior to your expedition start date Complete and return your volunteer forms. Below are the specific forms required for this expedition: Earthwatch Participation Form for Teens Travel Form European volunteers can download forms on: earthwatch.org/europe/volunteerforms US/North American volunteers can download forms at: earthwatch.org/volunteerforms Australian volunteers can download forms on: earthwatch.org/australia/expeditions/volunteer_forms/ Japanese volunteers can download forms on: earthwatch.jp/getinvolved/condition/formdownload-i.html Pay any outstanding balance on the minimum contribution for your expedition. Book travel arrangements (see the Rendezvous section for details). If you plan to purchase additional travel insurance, note that some policies require purchase when your expedition is booked (see the Insurance section for more information). If traveling internationally, make sure your passport is current and obtain a visa for your destination country, if necessary (see the Passports and Visas section for more details). Make sure you have all the necessary vaccinations for your project site (see the Health Information section). Purchase a guide book for your destination country. Bring your level of fitness up to the standards required (see the Project Conditions section). At least 60 days prior to your expedition start date Review the packing list to make sure you have all the clothing and any special equipment needed. Obtain any necessary prescription medications that will be needed for your travels. Up to 30 days before you leave for the expedition Read any required reading or websites recommended by the Earthwatch scientist(s) for your expedition. Make sure you have enough personal funds for your expedition (see the Travel Planning section). Leave the Earthwatch emergency contact number with a friend or relative (see the Emergency Contacts section). Leave a copy of your passport, visas and airline tickets with a friend or relative. Confirm your travel arrangements. Note: If you have signed up for an expedition within 90 days of the start date, you must return your fully completed volunteer forms as soon as possible.

3 South Africa s Scavenger Species Table of Contents GENERAL INFORMATION...1 PREPARING FOR YOUR EXPEDITION...4 THE RESEARCH...7 PROJECT STAFF...9 DAILY LIFE IN THE FIELD VOLUNTEER TRAINING AND ASSIGNMENTS TEAM ITINERARY AND DAILY SCHEDULE ACCOMMODATIONS FOOD TRAVEL PLANNING RENDEZVOUS PASSPORTS AND VISAS INSURANCE ADDITIONAL TRAVEL INFORMATION RECOMMENDED READING HELPFUL RESOURCES PROJECT CONDITIONS POTENTIAL HAZARDS HEALTH INFORMATION EMERGENCIES IN THE FIELD COMMUNICATIONS APPENDIX EARTHWATCH INSTITUTE POLICIES & PARTICIPANT RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES EXPEDITION PACKING CHECKLIST... 38

4 General Information Project title South Africa s Scavenger Species Earthwatch scientists Dr. Dawn Scott, Senior Lecturer, University of Brighton Dr. Richard Yarnell, Senior Lecturer, Nottingham Trent University Lynne MacTavish, Operations Manager, Mankwe Wildlife Reserve Dr. Anja Rott, Senior Lecturer, University Of Brighton Expedition Dates Team 2 (TEEN): July 30- August 10, 2012 Team 3 (TEEN): August 13- August 24, 2012 Expedition length: 12 days Team size max: 14 participants Minimum age of participation: 15 years* *Note: Teams 2 and 3 are reserved for participants years of age. (18-year-olds may only participate if they have just finished their last year of high school.) It may also be possible for 16- and 17-year-olds to participate on standard teams if accompanied by a parent or guardian. Contact Earthwatch for more information and see Volunteers Under 18 Years of Age in the Passports and Visas section for traveling advice for minors. Emergency Contacts Emergency contact number at Earthwatch headquarters in the US: +1 (978) (800) Note: The 800- number works as a toll free call only for calls placed within the US. After business hours, leave your message with our live answering service. State that you have an emergency communication and leave a clear message with the name of the field program, your name, location from which you are calling, and if possible, a phone number where you can be reached. An Earthwatch staff person will be contacted and will respond to your call within one hour. Medical and Security Assistance Helpline Numbers (For assistance while in the field) When calling any of the helplines, please mention Earthwatch and policy reference number CEGA Emergency Medical & Travel Assistance: +44 (0) You may call this number collect or reverse charges if necessary in a medical emergency. Henderson Risk Security Assistance and Advice: +44 (0) axisenquiries@hendersonrisk.com 1

5 EXPEDITION UPDATE: South Africa s Scavenger Species All Teams June 21, 2012 Dear Earthwatch Volunteer, This update contains additional or new information for your upcoming expedition to the South Africa s Scavenger Species project regarding a third-party indemnity form required for all volunteers, as well as camp rules applicable to the Teen Teams in particular (Teams 2 and 3). THIRD PARTY INDEMNITY FORM The Mankwe Wildlife Reserve has an indemnity form required for all volunteers on the South Africa s Scavenger Species project. You will be required to sign this upon your arrival to the project. A copy of the form is provided below so that you may read it prior to your arrival at the project site. Volunteers under age 18 will need this form signed by a parent/guardian before departing for the South Africa s Scavenger Species expedition. Please bring the signed form with you on the expedition and give it to your Earthwatch scientist upon arrival. CAMP RULES (Teen Teams only) Please also note that teens will be asked to sign an acknowledgement of the camp rules upon arrival; these rules can be found below. If you have questions as you prepare for your expedition, contact the appropriate Earthwatch office: Australia Office Japan Office UK Office US Office T: +61 (0) T: +81-(0) T: +44 (0) T: earth@earthwatch.org info@earthwatch.jp info@earthwatch.org.uk info@earthwatch.org

6 DOUMISHAND INVESTMENTS cc. INDEMNITY FORM I the undersigned Do hereby: request permission to enter the private game reserve situated on land belonging to AEL at it s Mankwe Factory and operated by Doumishand Investments cc. acknowledge that Mankwe Factory is an explosives factory and therefore is potentially hazardous and that in the game reserve I may encounter dangerous animals and snakes. acknowledge that the perimeter fence is electrified and is dangerous. acknowledge that swimming in any of the dams is done at my own risk and that the dam wall at the chalet and the area near it is dangerous and is out of bounds to all visitors, children should be supervised to ensure that they do not venture near the dam wall. waive all claims of whatsoever nature that I may acquire against AEL, its employees and contractors, including Doumishand Investments cc.and its members arising out of any injury or illness to myself or any loss of or damage to any of my property suffered while I am on AEL s property at its Mankwe Factory. indemnify AEL and Doumishand Investments cc and its members against all claims that may be brought against them by myself or any of my family and dependants or any of my guests arising out of the death or illness of or injury to any person or the loss of or damage to any property while I and/or any of my guests are on AEL s property at its Mankwe Factory. agree that this waiver and indemnity will be binding upon my estate and my heirs and assigns VOLUNTEER SIGNATURE.. DATE PARENT/GUARDIAN SIGNATURE (REQUIRED IF UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE).. WITNESS

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8 Dear Earthwatcher, Welcome to Earthwatch! We greatly appreciate your decision to contribute to hands-on environmental science and conservation. As an Earthwatch volunteer, you have the opportunity to create positive change. Each year we connect thousands of people just like you with research projects approximately 65 projects in more than 35 countries where they can participate in the fieldwork necessary to understand and help an array of species, habitats, and cultures. These projects focus on: climate change, cultural heritage, ecosystem services, and oceans. We are committed to caring for the safety of all those involved in our activities anywhere in the world. Although risk is an inherent part of the environments in which we work, through careful risk management and diligent planning we believe that all participants can have educational and inspirational Earthwatch experiences. We ve been providing volunteer field experiences for 40 years, so you re in good hands. It is essential that you carefully read your Expedition Briefing and fully complete the volunteer forms so that you are prepared. Your Expedition Briefing includes important information such as instructions for reaching the rendezvous point, what risks are present on the research project and how to avoid them, what to pack, what immunizations you need, how to physically prepare for your expedition, and more. It also explains the research being conducted on the project, why it s important, and what role you ll play as an Earthwatch volunteer. Well-prepared volunteers are better able to enjoy the unique and exciting experiences that an Earthwatch expedition offers and will be more helpful to the scientists important work. Open-mindedness, the ability to work on a team, and a desire to learn are all keys to a successful and enjoyable Earthwatch experience. We hope this expedition will inspire you to get more involved in conservation and sustainable development priorities not just out in the field but also when you return home. We encourage you to share your experiences with others, and to transfer your skills and enthusiasm to environmental conservation efforts in your workplace, community, and home. If you have questions as you prepare for your expedition, contact your Earthwatch office. Thank you for your support, and enjoy your expedition! Sincerely, Ed Wilson President and CEO 2

9 Dear Earthwatch Volunteer, Welcome to a unique opportunity to research scavenger ecology and human-wildlife conflict in South Africa. Scavengers play a vital role in the environment by maintaining the balance of ecosystems through their specialized feeding habits. Our study focuses on the species that form the community of scavengers in our region of South Africa: the brown hyena; Cape, white-backed, and lappet-faced vultures; and the black-backed jackal. Across the globe, conflict between humans and wildlife is growing due to increased pressure on land use and resources. It is estimated that there are fewer than 1,700 free-ranging brown hyenas in all of South Africa, all vulture species are declining across the globe, and black-backed jackals continue to be the most persecuted carnivore in southern Africa. As part of this Earthwatch team, you will be involved in assessing scavenger populations in areas with different levels of protection and management in order to help develop our understanding of the ecology of these animals and the threats they face, and to aid future conservation strategies. Throughout Africa, many populations of scavengers live outside of protected areas in commercial landscapes, such as farmland and game ranches. Generally these populations are not the focus of ecological research, and they tend to be overlooked in national and international conservation plans. Commercial landscapes have a potential role in future biodiversity conservation; however, in these areas many scavengers are perceived as pests and they are therefore subjected to various levels of persecution. To help establish their conservation status and in the hope of finding some human-wildlife conflict resolutions, we urgently need to know about scavenger ecology and their role within ecosystems. As Earthwatch scientists, we work in collaboration with the North West Parks Board, Mankwe Wildlife Reserve, the Mammal Research Institute and the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Pretoria, the Cape Vulture Task Force (Endangered Wildlife Trust), and the Vulture Programme (VulPro), as well as a range of private land managers in the North West Province of South Africa. The research team has been working together for over 10 years. Lynne is the South African coordinator and organizes the logistics and over sees the field data collection. Dawn and Richard are UK-based scientists and members of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) hyena specialist group, and have researched African mammals for several years. They provide the scientific input for the carnivore side of the project. Two Ph.D. students also work on this project: Louisa, who is researching brown hyena ecology, and Robert, who is focusing on the black-backed jackal. We are also not forgetting the smaller scavengers, and Dr. Anja Rott from the University of Brighton joined the team last year to bring a unique dung beetle angle to the research. Our South African field staff led by Lynne are very friendly, knowledgeable, accommodating, helpful, and, most of all, passionate about wildlife and conservation. Volunteers will find plenty of opportunities to develop knowledge and skills. This project also provides the unique opportunity to actively encounter some of the management practices on a working wildlife reserve in Africa, including large mammal counts, antipoaching patrols, and the fire management program. But for all of our hard work, there will also be exciting opportunities to experience and learn more about other wildlife, enjoy the local cuisine and traditional activities, and relax and take in the African sunset. We hope you will come away from the project with many memories of amazing experiences, having gained new knowledge and contributed to the conservation of carnivores in the future. We look forward to sharing this African experience with you! Yours faithfully, Lynne MacTavish, Dawn Scott (Ph.D.), Richard Yarnell (Ph.D.), and Anja Rott, (Ph.D.) 3

10 Preparing For Your Expedition Please consider this Expedition Briefing required reading for participation in the project and bring it with you to the field. The Expedition Briefing is presented in four main parts: 1) The Research 2) Daily Life in the Field 3) Travel Planning 4) Project Conditions This briefing will describe the objectives and methods of the scientific research you will be contributing to on this trip, as well as the specific tasks in which you will participate. It will also answer your questions about travel, the research area, the living and working conditions that you will encounter. It is important to read this information to truly understand the work you will be contributing to and the logistics of your trip. This Expedition Briefing includes the most accurate information available at the time of your Earthwatch scientist s project planning; however, the precise work that you do may differ somewhat. Please keep in mind that research requires improvisation. Research plans, especially in the context of field research, evolve in response to new findings, as well as to unpredictable factors such as rainstorms, equipment failures, politics, etc. The nature of research expeditions requires flexibility in plans and expectations. To maximize the success of your experience, remember to expect the unexpected, be tolerant of repetitive tasks, and try to find humor in difficult situations. We will keep you informed if there are any major changes in the research plan or field logistics before you go into the field. Physical and Intellectual Preparation Reading in advance will enhance your understanding of the scientific questions addressed by the research. In addition, we encourage you to read novels and/or history books based in or near the research area of your expedition. Such texts will provide you with an interesting introduction to the location in which you will be living and working, and may help you perceive many unique features of the local culture and landscape. Also, pay attention to the Project Conditions section. Regular exercise is important training for doing fieldwork. Your ability to quickly adapt to your project s physical demands will enhance both your enjoyment of the work and the productivity of your team. The Expedition Briefing describes the physical demands of the project and may suggest specific activities for advance conditioning. Consider working on skills that will help you support, broaden, and recall this research experience. For instance, we encourage volunteers who will be participating in field biology research to take walks and to pay more attention to their surroundings. Begin developing the patience and observational skills of a scientist. Journal writing: We encourage you to bring a journal to record your daily observations, thoughts, ideas, stories, drawings, and/or feelings. You may also choose to take notes on scientific lectures, discussions, and findings. Your observations and field notes can be just as important to the research team as those gathered by more experienced staff members. And whether you can draw or not, sketches of your observations will also help you remember your experiences and describe them to others. 4

11 Photography and art: Bring along your camera and/or art materials. Though research tasks take precedence and require focus, we encourage you to record your experience through photographs or drawings whenever working conditions allow. As stories develop out of your day-to-day experience, keep an eye out for images to illustrate these stories. Action photos of your teammates working on a research task, of the research site, and of the research subject provide important visuals for presentations. If your expedition inspires any artwork that you are willing to share, Earthwatch Institute welcomes the opportunity to incorporate your photographs, drawings, watercolors and cartoons in its various publications and online. Emotional Preparation Most likely, you will be working in a place you have never been before, with people you have just met, on tasks that require new knowledge and skills. Some aspects of your expedition, whether physical, social or intellectual, are bound to challenge you and prompt emotional highs and lows. Be mindful of these feelings and don t hesitate to communicate concerns to the research staff. The following sequence of feelings is typical: Stage 1: Everything is new and exciting; you feel terrific. Stage 2: You feel disappointment in the reality of the situation; for instance, it has been raining for days and the work is more difficult than you expected it to be. Stage 3: Your emotions reach an even plateau; you understand and enjoy the work, and see that you are making a contribution. Being Part of a Team Your team consists of a relatively small group of volunteers and project staff. Many people are not used to the close living conditions and/or physical demands common to field research. The ability to get along with others is of paramount importance. Your expedition may include group activities, such as meal preparation and clean up, which require as much teamwork as the research itself. At the start of your project, staff and volunteers will establish ground rules that will ensure a fun, safe, respectful, inclusive, and productive experience for the whole team. When abroad or in another part of the country, you are viewed as an ambassador of your home region. Be courteous and respectful of local customs, as well as the diverse backgrounds and customs of your teammates. Your professionalism and general demeanor are important to your Earthwatch scientist(s), Earthwatch, and all volunteers who may follow you. The poor judgment of one team member, for example violating program rules or possessing illegal drugs, could jeopardize the entire mission of this and future expeditions. 5

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13 The Research South Africa s Scavenger Species Research Goal The South Africa s Scavenger Species project will provide a better understanding of the ecology and ecosystem functioning of scavengers in the North West Province in South Africa. More specifically, we hope to increase public understanding of the value and function of scavengers within ecosystems to increase tolerance, facilitate human-wildlife coexistence, and reduce anthropogenic threats to these species. Need for the project We focus on the plight of scavengers in unprotected areas. Natural scavengers are essential components of ecosystem functioning; however, their role and importance in maintaining ecosystems and biodiversity and reducing the prevalence of diseases is little understood. These species include brown hyenas, jackals, and vultures. Due to the recycling function these scavengers fulfill, people tend to regard them with disdain and, in many cases, to heavily persecute them or otherwise subject them to activities leading to population declines. What consequences do ecosystem function and biodiversity face as a result of the loss of these species? The project aims to determine the role and importance of scavengers within human-dominated agricultural environments, to ensure that people recognize their importance, and to aid their long-term survival. Many protected areas have limited impact because of their size and location. Less than 2.5% of the North West province land is officially protected. Inaccessible or inhospitable human-dominated landscapes often surround protected areas, which frequently isolates the animals in the protected areas from other potential populations. To ensure the long-term survival of many species, we must understand the ecology of wildlife in unprotected landscapes. This requires addressing human-wildlife conflict issues and increasing the understanding and value of maintaining such species in commercial landscapes. It is estimated that there are fewer than 1,700 free-ranging brown hyenas in South Africa as a whole. Many populations of brown hyenas live in unprotected areas, and people may shoot them, poison them, trap them, and hunt them with dogs in predator control programs (Smithers, 1986). Such activities can drastically reduce brown hyena numbers, and, for the conservation of this species, we must know how many brown hyenas exist outside protected areas. Jackals also face human persecution and population control, but we have few estimates of their numbers, the level of persecution they experience, and the effect of persecution on their ecology. Vultures, key scavengers throughout the world, face declining numbers both globally and at a national level in South Africa. South Africa hosts several vulture species, including the globally threatened Cape vulture and the nearthreatened white-backed vulture. Our project objectives are to: 1. To determine the distribution and abundance of scavengers across the North West Province and determine what factors are affecting distribution patterns using GIS (Global Information Systems) analysis. 2. Assess and compare scavenger presence, abundance, density, diet, breeding, and habitat use in areas with different levels of protection and land use. 3. Assess the frequency and availability of carrion and other potential food items inside and outside protected areas, and evaluate the levels and types of management deployed with respect to scavengers. 4. Investigate the affect of mammalian community composition on dung beetle diversity. 5. Promote human-wildlife coexistence through training, educational support, publicity, and promotion via a range of media. 7

14 Volunteer Involvement Volunteers help us to assess comparable populations of scavengers in Mankwe Wildlife Reserve and Pilanesberg National Park. Volunteers assist with surveying carnivores, vultures, and dung beetles. They participate in spotlighting, camera trapping, latrine surveys, power line surveys, monitoring feeding, and pitfall trapping. They also help with our engagement with local schools when they visit. Each team experiences different activities and different seasons in Africa, but highlights include the night work with carnivores, where volunteers may get opportunities for amazing wildlife sightings, and visiting local schools. Without volunteer input, enthusiasm, and energy, our project would not be feasible or nearly as enjoyable. Research Area The project s study sites, Pilanesberg National Park and Mankwe Wildlife Reserve, are located within 50 kilometers (31 miles) of the Pilanesberg massif, northwest of Johannesburg, South Africa in the North West Province. The landscape is part of the Southern African bushveld, a classic African savanna of mixed grasses spotted with trees. For further information on the area s terrain and climate, see the Project Conditions section. The North West Province of South Africa (see map) endures some of the most environmental stress in South Africa due to the conversion of land to agriculture and mining, land degradation, and bush encroachment induced by overgrazing, trade in fauna and flora, introduction of exotic species, excessive burning, and groundwater abstraction. Private owners control most of the province, with less than 2.5% of land designated as protected areas. This makes it an ideal location to address questions surrounding the role of wildlife within humandominated landscapes, and to explore how components such as scavengers contribute to long-term ecosystem functioning. A great diversity of cultures lives in South Africa, each with unique characteristics to appreciate. South Africa has 11 official languages. About two-thirds of South Africans are Christian, mainly Protestant, belonging to a variety of churches, including many that combine Christian and traditional African beliefs. Your Earthwatch team will be living and working with a range of South African nationals of various ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Research Achievements The project has run since It initially focused on brown hyena ecology, but has since expanded to look at other scavengers and their functional role within ecosystems. We have developed protocols for surveying and monitoring a range of carnivores at different spatial scales and under different land uses (Thorn et al., 2009, 2010, 2011). We have also produced updated regional distribution maps for several species (Thorn et al., 2011), which provide more detailed data for conservation status assessment and future monitoring; we are still collecting information to extend these distribution maps nationally. Detailed assessment of ecology is still ongoing. So far, we have researched diet (Van der Merwe et al., 2009), and we still collect data on radio-collared individuals to document patterns of habitat use and distribution in protected and unprotected areas. Landowners have completed questionnaires at regional and national levels, and we have two publications forthcoming from this research, which will detail losses, perceptions, and threats (Thorn et al, submitted). Throughout our project, we engage in activities that promote biodiversity conservation and human-wildlife coexistence. Over the course of the project, more than 500 local people have made educational visits to our research site, and more than150 Earthwatch volunteers and150 local landowners have participated in the project. 8

15 PROJECT STAFF Earthwatch scientists Lynne MacTavish has served as the operations manager at Mankwe Wildlife Reserve since She has a diploma in tourism and has worked in the tourist industry for more than 18 years. She also runs her own catering business. Lynne is an experienced Level 3 field guide with the Field Guides Association of Southern Africa, and is also qualified in first aid. She was the recipient of the UBS Bank African Scientist Programme fellowship award for training in principal investigator responsibilities, scientific training, and support. She has been fundamental in developing this project and its success over the last 5 years and has helped to expand it to include a diversity of groups. She has been the Earthwatch scientist present for all 25 teams that have run to date, and leads the field training, safety assessment, data collection, and field logistics. She will lead some teams in 2012 along with other scientists, and will run the logistical management and arrangements for all 2012 teams. Dr. Anja Rott is a senior lecturer in ecology at the University of Brighton, UK. She holds a degree in biology from the University of Bayreuth, Germany, and earned her Ph.D. researching parasitoid food webs at Imperial College, London. She is a fellow of the Royal Entomological Society and a member of the British Ecological Society and the Entomological Society of America. She also holds a postgraduate teaching qualification. Dr. Rott has more than 15 years of experience in academic research with expertise in community, population, and chemical ecology, as well as entomological ecology (multitrophic insect-plant interactions, pollination ecology, and dung beetle ecology). She has conducted fieldwork in South Africa, India, and Europe. Dr. Richard Yarnell is a senior lecturer at Nottingham Trent University, UK, specializing in human-wildlife conflict. He holds a degree in zoology from the University of Aberdeen and a master s in ecology from the University of Wales, Bangor. He earned his Ph.D. researching the effects of game ranch management on small mammal populations at the University of Brighton in collaboration with the University of Pretoria before working as CEO for the Badger Trust in the UK. He has since returned to academia to pursue his research interests and currently has two Ph.D. students undertaking studies on human-carnivore conflict in South Africa and Europe. Dr. Yarnell currently is program leader for an M.S. course on biodiversity surveying and will be helping to direct research on this year s Earthwatch expeditions, but is not expected to be able to join the teams in the field. Dr. Dawn Scott is a principal lecturer in ecology at the University of Brighton, UK, and specializes in mammalian predator and prey ecology. She obtained her first degree in biological sciences at the University of Durham in 1995, focusing on animal ecology. She then went on to become the mammal biodiversity coordinator for a Jordan-based Darwin Initiative project, and in 2000, she completed her Ph.D. on aspects of the ecology of desert rodents in Jordan. After earning her Ph.D., she went on to become the biodiversity research co-coordinator for a project in Kafue National Park, Zambia. Dr. Scott has more than 10 years of experience in academic research, with expertise in mammal ecology, biodiversity, and behavior, and has undertaken several field research projects investigating issues surrounding human-wildlife conflict in Jordan, Chile, Zambia, South Africa, Indonesia, and the UK. She will be responsible for overseeing project cohesion, data collection and analysis, budgeting, promotional material, publication production, and administration of the project, but is currently not expected to be able to join the teams in the field. 9

16 Earthwatch field staff Louisa Richmond-Coggan is a Ph.D. research student at Nottingham Trent University, UK. She holds a degree in geography from Lancaster University and a master s in conservation biology from the Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology at the University of Kent. Her master s research, which was in collaboration with a Darwin Initiative project and Friends of Conservation (an international NGO), assessed wildlife distribution and population trends in the Greater Mara Ecosystem in Kenya by focusing on the effects of landscapes and threats on four key species: elephants, lions, zebras, and wild dogs. Her Ph.D. research on brown hyenas is continuing within the same field. She completed her fieldwork in South Africa in July 2011, but is hoping to join a team this year. Lauren Jones has been involved with brown hyena research since 2007, when she set up her own brown hyena research project in a local game reserve. Since then, she has been linked to this Earthwatch project, and since 2009, she has been involved with the project at Manwke, acting as field team leader for several teams. Due to her dedication to a career in wildlife conservation, she has recently been awarded a UBS Bank African Scientist Programme Fellowship grant to support her full-time B.S. studies in zoology, and an Earthwatch Capacity Building Programme Award for African Nationals to support her involvement with other Earthwatch projects. She is currently a full-time student but also works with Earthwatch teams as a team leader and member of the field staff. Dr. Bryony Tolhurst has a B.Sc. in zoology and an M.Sc. in wildlife management and conservation. Bryony undertook her Ph.D. in the behavioral ecology of mammals, focusing on carnivores and human-wildlife conflict in the UK. She has previous research experience in several countries in Africa and has worked on Earthwatch teams in Ecuador and South Africa, including as a former guest lead scientist for this project. She has previously worked with raptors and has a keen interest in the vulture side of the project. Dr. Emma Stone has worked in conservation research for over 12 years. To date, most of her research has been in Africa. After completing her undergraduate degree, she worked for 6 years in Zambia as an assistant research coordinator on the Biodiversity Project in Kafue National Park and as a project manager at Munda Wanga Wildlife Park. In Zambia, she researched a variety of species while conducting biodiversity surveys, so she is familiar with most African groups: birds, butterflies, beetles, reptiles, amphibians, and large and small mammals, including bats. She has also worked on various short-term projects, including a 9-month study the impact of domestic cats on wildlife in Bristol, UK, funded by the People s Trust for Endangered Species (formerly Mammals Trust UK), and as an assisting ecologist studying African wild dogs in South Luangwa National Park in Zambia. Emma has a broad interest in conservation biology, in particular the behavioral and ecological responses of wildlife to changes in the environment. She completed her master s research in 2005, developing survey methods for brown hyena populations in South Africa (the pilot project for this expedition), and her Ph.D. research focused on the impact of artificial lighting on the development of bats in England. She has been guest lead scientist on previous Earthwatch teams for this project. Dirk Boshof is a third-year student at Tshwane University of Technology in Pretoria. Dirk studies game ranch management and is currently completing a practical placement year at Mankwe Wildlife Reserve. During this year, Dirk will be involved in all aspects of research and conservation management. Dirk is a qualified first-aider and has obtained a Level 1 Nature Guide qualification from the Field Guides Association of Southern Africa (FGASA). He knows local fauna and flora well, particularly the flora. Phil Riekert is a third-year student at Tshwane University of Technology in Pretoria. Phil studies game ranch management and is currently completing a practical placement year at Mankwe Wildlife Reserve, during which he will be involved in all aspects of research and conservation management. Phil has a strong background in conservation management and in the local fauna and flora because of his work on other reserves. 10

17 Dougal MacTavish, who pioneered the Mankwe Wildlife Reserve in 1989, is the site manager and chief warden. He has been working in conservation for more than 29 years: 20 in South Africa and 9 in Zimbabwe. He has a CIS qualification and Level 1 Field Guide qualification with the FGASA and is a master tracker, qualified firstaider, and professional hunter. Stephen Dell is head ecologist at Pilanesberg National Park, which is run by the North West Parks and Tourism Board. He will be the project s collaborator and contact at Pilanesberg, and will advise on the setup and design of the monitoring of the park s carnivore populations. One or more field team leaders will join each team in the field. They will be responsible for assisting the Earthwatch scientists with research, training, and assignments. Park wardens, staff, and students (primarily from the University of Pretoria, Technikon Witwatersrand, and the University of Natal) will also be invited to join the project. These may include master s students and final-year graduate students who may be able to incorporate the study into their dissertations. Up to four students will likely be involved per year. Earthwatch Teen Team Facilitator An Earthwatch Teen Team facilitator will join your team to provide additional guidance, supervision, and activity organization for the expedition. Your facilitator will be there to help from the time you step off the plane for the team rendezvous to the end of the expedition. He or she will encourage team spirit by planning events such as team-building exercises, presentations and recreational and cultural activities. If you have any questions or problems during your expedition, such as issues with another volunteer, homesickness, or an emergency back at home, you should feel comfortable talking to your facilitator. You should also follow the advice and expectations set by your facilitator regarding safety and personal conduct. All Teen Team facilitators have experience teaching and leading groups of teenagers and are familiar with the team dynamics necessary to make each expedition a success. (Teen: Facilitator ratio: approx. 6:1) Penny Rees is the mum of a 26-year-old son and a 23-year-old daughter. She has spent over 10 years working with school learners in the wild, and has facilitated programs ranging from a 6-year-old s "day in the bush" birthday party to research groups for university students. Penelope has traveled extensively in Southern Africa as well as overseas. She is tolerant of all people, their cultures and different outlooks on life, and loves to meet and get to know new people. She has facilitated teen and teacher teams on Earthwatch research projects, and looks forward to working again with Earthwatch and to being part of a team that does so much good work. Staffing Schedule (Subject to Change) Staff Member Present Team 2 Team 3 Staff Member Present Team 2 Team 3 Lynne MacTavish x x Dirk Boshof x x Anja Rott x Phil Riekert x x Louisa Richmond- Coggan x Dougal MacTavish Lauren Jones x Stephen Dell x x Bryony Tolhurst Penny Rees x x Emma Stone 11

18 Daily Life in the Field VOLUNTEER TRAINING AND ASSIGNMENTS Training You will receive one or two days of initial training in field and survey techniques, GPS (Global Positioning System) use, identification of mammals (especially carnivores) and the signs they leave behind, and use of field equipment. Subsequent training will continue throughout the expedition. Feedback sessions and guidance during training will facilitate volunteer comprehension. Daily checks of data and peer review will also be put in place as common practice during data collection. Training will include the following topics: Background and history of the project Health and safety on site and during fieldwork Scavenger ecology and conservation Human-wildlife conflict and conservation issues in South Africa Methodological theory and practice Spoor identification with qualified wildlife tracker (Note: Spoor refers to all visible signs left by a carnivore, and therefore includes both tracks and feces.) Game reserve management Call-in, night drive, camera trapping, scent station, spoor survey, behavioral studies, and animal capture methodology Basic field skills, distance estimation, use of GPS, species identification, etc. The Earthwatch scientists will give the team a more detailed on-site project briefing when you arrive. Assignments Teams will vary in their research objectives. See schedule below for your team s expected research focus. Typically, hyena work will be done by all teams, but the extent of the focus on hyenas, vultures, jackals, or dung beetles will vary between teams. Hyena and Jackal Studies Volunteers will be trained in camera trapping, scat surveys and collection, spotlighting, call-ins, scent station monitoring, and behavioral studies. The methods for jackals and hyenas sometimes run in parallel. Activities vary across seasons and teams, depending on research requirements. Typically spotlighting/night drives are conducted by all teams. Call-ins and latrine surveys are conducted by August teams. Camera trapping and drag baiting are conducted by November, February, and June/July teams. All teams with jackal studies will require volunteers to assist with spoor surveys, camera trapping, and night drives. The Earthwatch scientist or team leader will always accompany volunteers while they are in the field. 12

19 Vulture Studies Volunteers will be trained in carrying out vulture roost counts, surveying for evidence of fatal bird-power line interactions, recording of antelope deaths, and using camera traps to monitor the utilization of ungulate carcasses by scavengers. The numbers of vultures perching on electricity pylons will be counted using telescopes in the evening, and the volunteers will also search for any vultures fitted with coded wing-tags. Volunteers will carry out surveys beneath power lines to record evidence of fatal collisions by vultures and other large birds. The volunteers may also search for and record details about antelope deaths to provide information about seasonal ungulate mortality and therefore the availability of food for the scavenging community. Camera traps will sometimes be placed at carcasses to monitor the diversity and abundance of different species utilizing carrion on the reserve. All of these activities will be carried out regularly throughout the year, depending on time availability and the presence of carcasses during the expedition. Dung Beetle Studies Training will be given on how to identify dung, set up and monitor traps for beetles, conduct behavioral studies, and identify beetles. Volunteers will be involved with all field tasks during the dung beetle work. The Earthwatch scientist(s) or team leader will accompany volunteers in the field at all times and verify identifications. Beetle work will be done in conjunction with hyena and jackal surveys. Management Activities All teams will have an opportunity to be involved with management activities of the site, which may include mammal assessments, fire management, and anti-poaching activities. School visits may occur at the end of the teams so that the volunteers will have had time to develop a greater understanding of the project to communicate to the schoolchildren. Volunteers may help to prepare educational material and activities for school visits and/or go to school themselves, and may be engaged in other promotional activities when they arise. You will have the opportunity to take responsibility for different aspects of the fieldwork and to develop your own personal interests within the scope of the research. For spoor surveys, camera trap setting, prey assessment, and training, team members will walk or drive around the sites. Nighttime call-ins and drives will mainly involve sitting in a vehicle looking for carnivores. Night work can be tiring and will be done on a rotational basis. It is very likely, but NOT guaranteed, that you will see brown hyenas and lions as well as other carnivores and wildlife during survey work. It will be helpful if volunteers have had experience hiking, working outdoors, and using binoculars. Here is a breakdown of volunteer assignments and the estimated proportion of time to be spent on each, but please remember that specific tasks on each team will vary depending on research needs: Training (10%) Spoor and sign surveys (20%) Camera trap setting and monitoring (10%) Night-time call-ins (only possible for some groups) and night drives for carnivores (20%) Behavioral studies (10%) Vulture roost counts and power line surveys (10%) Collating results and review sessions (10%) Other activities, possibly including dung beetle experiments, prey assessment, scent station monitoring, den searching, paste searches, setting hair catches, etc. (10%) Controlled Burning on the Reserve Volunteers will have the option to observe controlled burning on the reserve during the course of the expedition. These controlled burns are part of the reserve s savanna management program and are relevant to the project, as 13

20 they affect the movement of the hyenas and their prey. Burn management generally takes place in June, July, and/or August. Dead grassland areas are burned under controlled conditions to remove unsuitable grazing and browsing material. Controlled burns are done against the wind along a firebreak or road and stop against another firebreak or road. Burning against the wind, controlled fires move relatively slowly and do not typically create intense heat or flames. The volunteers task will be to monitor the controlled burns to make sure fire does not cross any of the firebreaks or roads, and to alert the fire team if any crossings are spotted. Volunteers will NOT be conducting the burns and are NOT to attempt to prevent fire crossings themselves, but are merely to observe the burns and alert the fire team as needed to any crossings they see happening. Participation in these activities is entirely voluntary and optional, and thorough fire safety training is required and will be provided for any volunteers who wish to participate as observers. Monitoring for Evidence of Poaching Volunteers will have the option to join the Mankwe scouts to gather evidence of poaching. Small groups of volunteers will assist an experienced tracker in determining whether poachers have been on the reserve during the night. A distance of approximately 4 kilometers will be covered, and the tracker will train the volunteers to look for spoor and snares. Snares will be removed, and any sign of poaching activity will be reported to management. Please note that this activity is scheduled at times when poachers are not typically active in order to avoid confrontation with poachers. The purpose of this exercise is to monitor poaching activity only. TEAM ITINERARY AND DAILY SCHEDULE Please be aware that weather and research needs can lead to changes in the daily schedule. Should this situation arise, your cooperation and understanding are appreciated. Project activities will vary seasonally. Below is an outline of what is likely to happen on your team; however, note that the exact schedule will depend on the project s current needs and will be set at the start of each expedition. Subject Activity Team 2 Team 3 Community School visits* X X Management Fire management X X Antipoaching X X Dung beetles Pitfall trapping and identification X Vultures Camera trapping at a carcass As opportunities arise Power line assessment X Power line roost surveys X Carnivores Call-ins X Camera trapping X X Spotlighting X Latrines X X *We will try to do an educational school visit every team, but due to examination periods at the schools it is not always possible. 14

21 Day 1 Meet and travel to field site, introduction and orientation drive, down time in the evening Day 2 Orientation, field training in methodology, identification of carnivore signs (e.g., tracks, feces, etc.), group activities, down time in the evening Days 3-4 Sign surveys, camera trapping, data collation, night drives and call-ins at Mankwe site Days 5-7 Sign surveys, camera trapping, night drives and call-ins at Pilanesberg site Day 8 Recreational day with an excursion to Pilanesberg National Park in the morning or afternoon/evening and other team activities (park entry fees are covered; however, meals and any extras such as snacks or ice cream will be at your own expense). Days 9-10 Sign surveys, camera trapping, data collation, night drives and call-ins at Mankwe site, possible school visit Day 11 Data collation, project summary, and sundowner evening at Mankwe Wildlife Reserve Day 12 Volunteers will be collected by a transfer company at 12 noon and taken to the airport drop-off for departure. Typical Research Day Time Activity 8:00 a.m. Rise, eat breakfast 8:30 a.m. Begin morning fieldwork 12:30 a.m. Lunch and midday break; daily briefing; data collection talks 2:00 p.m. Continue fieldwork 6:00 p.m. Dinner Recreational time is typically given at midday. Volunteers are encouraged to rest in the shade during this time. Volunteers will also have a full recreation day, usually in the middle of the expedition. 7:00 p.m. Evening fieldwork 11:00 p.m. End evening activities 15

22 Recreational Day For safety reasons, the team will spend the recreational day as a group. Volunteers will have an option to stay behind in the accommodations to rest provided adequate supervision is possible, but must understand that they will not be free to leave camp or go off on their own if they choose this option. Please be aware that schedules can and do fluctuate due to reasons beyond our control, but the following is a typical schedule for the recreational day: Time Activity 8:00 a.m. Rise, eat breakfast 9:30 a.m. Depart Mankwe for local curios market 10:00 a.m. Visit local curios market 11:00 a.m. Visit KwaMaritane Lodge (game hide) 1:00 p.m. Lunch (at your own expense, approximately R150 per person) 3:00 p.m. Game drive in Pilanesberg National Park 7:00 p.m. Return to Mankwe for dinner 8:00 p.m. Evening around campfire Earthwatch Recreational Time Policy Earthwatch will accompany teen participants from the rendezvous to the end of the expedition. If there is a recreational day during the expedition, the project staff and/or Teen Team facilitator will supervise a planned team activity or a small choice of supervised recreational activities that have been vetted and comply with Earthwatch standards. You will also have the option of remaining at the project accommodations to rest, provided supervision is possible. ACCOMMODATIONS Sleeping During the expedition, your team will be based at Motlobo Dam campsite in the heart of Mankwe Wildlife Reserve at a scenic spot overlooking a dam. You may sleep in a two-room brick house, a wooden cabin, or a walk-in safari tent, depending on the number of team members. The house sleeps up to eight people in two separate bedrooms. There are three tents, each of which sleeps two to four people and has an en suite bathroom with flush toilet, sink, and shower. There are also two wooden cabins with en suite bathroom; the cabins can accommodate up to four volunteers, but are generally kept to two when possible. Most people will share a sleeping area with one or two others of the same gender. Beds, pillows, duvets, and sheets are provided, but you must bring your own warm sleeping bag during the winter months (June, July and August). Sleeping bags are not necessary for the October, November, and February teams. A camp attendant will sweep up and clean showers, etc. 16

23 Earthwatch A tent at Mankwe Bathrooms Bathroom facilities include hot showers and flush toilets. Hot water is supplied by a wood-fired or gas boiler. Electricity Electric lighting is provided by a generator that is switched on every evening at sunset (usually around 6 p.m.) and switched off at 10 p.m. The campsite has electrical outlets, so cameras, cell phones, ipods, etc. may be charged while the generator is running. However, please do not bring unnecessary items, such as hairdryers, as they will overload the system. Some equipment (e.g., rechargeable batteries) can be charged at Mankwe Wildlife Reserve with the permission of Operations Manager Lynne MacTavish. We advise, though, that you make sure to bring all batteries required for camera equipment, etc., as it can be very hard to find them locally. Please also bring the correct adaptors for South African plugs. 17

24 Internet and Communications The cell phone reception at the camp has greatly improved, so volunteers can use smart phones to gain access to the Internet. Please ensure that you register for international roaming in your own country. SIM cards may be purchased at the Johannesburg airport upon arrival. MTN service provider has the strongest reception in our area. As the Internet connection is very slow, it is impossible to Skype at Mankwe. On the recreational day, volunteers can make use of the Internet at Kwa Maritane Lodge for a cost of about R50. You cannot connect your own computer to the Internet at camp; in the case of an emergency, Lynne will bring her laptop with Internet connection to the camp. It may be possible for project staff to download photos onto a computer if you bring appropriate cables, etc. If volunteers would like a copy of photos taken during their expedition, we suggest you bring a memory stick. Facilities and Amenities The camp has a wooden dining area, including a sink, refrigerator, and cooking utensils, and a washing area with clotheslines. There are two barbeque areas with fire pits and a communal teaching hut with a field library and equipment, as well as two covered outside study areas. Distance to Field Site Mankwe is about a 15-minute drive from the entrance to Pilanesberg National Park and about 40 minutes from Kgaswane Mountain Reserve. Volunteers will be transported around Mankwe Wildlife Reserve in open-topped vehicles, but closed vehicles will be used at all other sites and on public roads. Services and Restaurants in Walking Distance There are no services within walking distance. The nearest town is Mogwase, a 15-minute drive from camp. 18

25 FOOD A local chef will provide breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Lunch and dinner will be a mix of international and local cuisine, including traditional South African meals such as poitjiekos (game stews) and braais (barbeques), using free-range game from the game reserve. Unless you wish to do so, you will not be required to assist in shopping, food preparation, or clean up. In the occasional event that the team wishes to bring a picnic or braai on a day trip, you may be asked to help prepare your own lunch. Most meals will be eaten communally on site in the eating area. When working in the Pilanesberg National Park, a picnic dinner will be eaten at one of the game-viewing hides in the park. Lynne runs an on-site shop that sells snacks, drinks, postcards, and Mankwe and project merchandise, such as T-shirts and hats. To make purchases at the shop, place your order in the order book provided, and Lynne will bring the requested items that evening or the following day. Your shop bill will be calculated at the end of your stay. Lynne takes GB pounds, US dollars, and South African rand; shop accounts may not be paid by traveler s checks or credit cards. Below are examples of the foods you might expect in the field. Please bear in mind that variety depends on availability. This list is intended to provide a general idea of food types, but it is very important that volunteers be flexible. Breakfast: Lunch: Dinner: Cereal, fruit, toast and bread, jam, tea, coffee, occasionally hot breakfast Breakfast salad, quiche, soups, bread rolls Braais, stews, pasta, potatoes, vegetables, vegetarian options, dessert Snacks/Other: Fruit, biscuits, crisps (potato chips), chocolate, etc. may be purchased from the on-site shop at your own expense. Beverages: Water: Juice, cordials (fruit drink concentrate), coffee, tea. A range of canned sodas may be purchased on site at the volunteers expense. Clean drinking water available on site Special Dietary Requirements Please alert Earthwatch to any special dietary requirements (e.g., diabetes, lactose intolerance, nut or other serious food allergies) as soon as possible, and note them in the space provided on your volunteer forms. Accommodating special diets is not guaranteed and can be very difficult due to availability of food, location of field sites, and other local conditions. Special note to vegans: Please be aware that it is often difficult to accommodate vegans. It may be possible to get meatless meals, but vegans may have a problem avoiding animal products altogether. If this is an issue, then participation on this Earthwatch expedition should be carefully considered. 19

26 Travel Planning You are encouraged to register your travel itinerary with your embassy. For information on embassies around the world, see embassyworld.com. Citizens of Australia may register online at: orao.dfat.gov.au. British citizens may register online at: fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/staying-safe. Citizens of the United States may register online at: travelregistration.state.gov. Citizens of other countries are encouraged to check with their appropriate embassy or consulate regarding registration. RENDEZVOUS The rendezvous and departure information for this project has been removed from this web version of the expedition briefing. It is only available in the printed version of the briefing. Please do not make any travel arrangements to join an expedition without having full and up-to-date travel information from Earthwatch. Full rendezvous details, including places and times are available from Earthwatch upon request prior to registration for an expedition. Please use the Contact Us button on the top right-hand corner of the website to get in touch with an Earthwatch representative, who will be very happy to help you. PASSPORTS AND VISAS Passport Information All visitors to South Africa must be in possession of a passport valid for at least six months past the date of entry and containing at least two consecutive blank (unstamped) pages, not including the endorsement pages at the very back. You may be refused entry if you do not comply with these requirements. Visa Information Citizens of the US, EU, Australia, Canada and Japan do not need a tourist visa for stays of up to 90 days for entry. Citizens of other countries should check with their travel agent or a visa agency for specific visa and entry requirements. Travelers are advised to check visa regulations well in advance of traveling. For Volunteers Requiring Visas ONLY: Essential Information Type of Visa Where to Get a Visa Required Information Contact Information Cost of a Visa Volunteers requiring a visa must get a TOURIST VISA. Contact the nearest South African embassy or consulate to find out how to apply for your visa. Please note that this process can take weeks or more. We strongly recommend using a visa agency, which can both expedite and simplify the process. See below for a list of visa agencies. You will need to send your passport (valid for at least six months beyond your stay), a Visa Application and Immigration Form, two to four passport-size photos, and payment to the embassy or visa agency (if applicable). Please be sure that your passport is valid for at least six months beyond your stay. Your passport must also contain at least two consecutive blank (unstamped) pages, not including the endorsement pages at the very back. This information is available in the print version of the briefing only. Generally between US$40 and 100, but varies from country to country and can potentially cost up to US$180. A visa agency will charge an additional fee. 20

27 Note: The purpose of your visit is for vacation, holiday, or travel. Foreign immigration officials do not always understand the concept of a working vacation or volunteering. Words such as working, volunteering, research, or scientific expedition can raise questions concerning the country s foreign labor laws and/or prompt questions about official scientific research permits and credentials, etc., to which volunteers on their own will not be equipped to respond. All required research permits for the project are in place and have been approved by the proper authorities. Visa Agencies In the United States In Europe In Australia Travisa* 290 5th Avenue, 4th Floor New York, NY Tel: (212) Fax: (212) Hours: 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM EST Web: travisa.com (*See the website for additional offices) CIBT, Inc.-UK 25 Wilton Road Lower Ground Floor Victoria SW1V 1LW Tel: Fax: +44 (0) Calling from Europe outside UK: +44 (0) info@uk.cibt.com Web: uk.cibt.com (has alternate address for urgent requests) Ask your travel agency if it can send your visa application on your behalf. Volunteers Under 18 Years of Age Entry to Foreign Countries In an effort to prevent international child abduction, many governments have initiated procedures at entry or exit points to protect minors. Thus, if a minor will be traveling with only one guardian, or if for any reason he or she will be traveling alone (such as for a Teen Team), it may be necessary to have a notarized letter from all legal guardians stipulating that the minor may travel unaccompanied or in the presence of a single guardian. This letter must give an explanation for why only one parent or someone other than a parent is signing the letter. For example, if one parent is deceased, only one parent has legal guardianship, or if people other than the parents are legal guardians, the letter should state that. Airline Documentation Requirements Airlines may also have documentation requirements for unaccompanied minors. Parents of minors are responsible for checking with each airline that their child will be flying to ensure that sufficient documentation is provided. This could include a copy of a birth certificate or a notarized letter stating that the minor has his or her parent s permission to travel alone or with only one parent. Note: Requirements by specific countries and airlines vary and change frequently. You MUST keep informed of the requirements on your own to avoid problems at immigration. If a letter is not available, the volunteer under 18 can be refused entry into the country or on a flight. There is nothing Earthwatch Institute can do to help in this circumstance. Additional Passport and Visa Resources For Japanese citizens: rainbowt.jp/travel/visa_top.html For Australian citizens: passports.gov.au and dfat.gov.au/visas/index.html For US citizens: passportvisasexpress.com Travel Document Systems: traveldocs.com/index.htm 21

28 INSURANCE MedEvac assistance, advice, and insurance are included in the contribution you pay to Earthwatch. This covers trip cancellation and your travel medical risks, including medical expenses and emergency medical evacuation, while you are traveling. This coverage is valid in the country of your Earthwatch expedition (Note: For US volunteers, as long as the expedition is over 100 miles from your place of residence) and during travel to and from your expedition. Please see the Earthwatch website for more information on insurance provision. If you have additional vacation time before and/or after your Earthwatch expedition that forms part of your overall time away from your place of residence, this additional vacation time is not covered under this policy. If you are in any doubt as to whether your travel plans before and/or after your Earthwatch expedition constitute additional vacation time, please contact the insurance provider. This insurance policy is secondary to your existing health insurance policy (e.g. the NHS in the UK). If you signed up through Earthwatch UK/Europe, or Earthwatch Japan: Details of the included insurance policy can be found at earthwatch.org/europe/insuranceinfo. Please refer any queries regarding this policy to Earthwatch s Operations Department at or insurance@earthwatch.org. You can find information about additional insurance available to UK residents for coverage before or after your Earthwatch project at earthwatch.org/europe/insuranceinfo. Should you have any questions about whether you require coverage for your travel plans, please review the policy summary and the FAQs at the website above. If you signed up through Earthwatch US: Details of the US insurance policy can be found at earthwatch.org/insurance. Please refer any queries regarding this policy to Earthwatch s Operations Department at or insurance@earthwatch.org. You can find information about additional insurance available for coverage before or after your Earthwatch project at earthwatch.org/insurance. Should you have any questions about whether you require coverage for your travel plans, please review the policy summary and the FAQs at the website above. Emergency Medical and Evacuation Assistance (For All Volunteers) Emergency medical and evacuation assistance is available for all Earthwatch participants from CEGA Medical, a twenty-four-hour international emergency medical and evacuation service. Please see the contact information on the General Information page. For non-emergency information from CEGA, such as advice on visa and vaccine requirements, you may call the CEGA Non-Emergency Medical & Travel Advice helpline at +44 (0)

29 ADDITIONAL TRAVEL INFORMATION Luggage General considerations: Do not bring more luggage than you can carry and handle on your own. If traveling by air and checking your luggage, you are advised to pack an extra set of field clothing and personal essentials in your carry-on bag in case your luggage is lost and/or takes several days to catch up with you. Many airlines have strict baggage policies. Please check with your airline(s) on baggage weight limits, liquid restrictions, fees for checked baggage, etc. Checking luggage: Please note that if you will be taking an international flight that has one or more connections within the country of your destination, it will be necessary to collect any checked bags at the airport where you first arrive in the destination country. After proceeding through customs, you will have to recheck your luggage before flying on to your final destination. Money Matters Local currency: South African Rand (ZAR; symbol R) = 100 cents. Notes are in denominations of R200, 100, 50, 20, and 10. Coins are in denominations of R5, 2 and 1, and 50, 20, 10 and 5 cents. See the International SOS website and xe.com/ucc for currency information and exchange rates. Personal funds: You will need money to cover any additional snacks or drinks you wish to purchase, along with any souvenirs. Operations Manager Lynne MacTavish can accept and change common currencies, and there are also currency exchange counters at international airports. Cash machines or ATMs can be accessed at Mogwase (the closest village) and Rustenberg. Be cautious when withdrawing money from an ATM. If you see someone who looks suspicious, don t withdraw money; instead, look for another ATM. If anyone asks you for help, do not help him or her or engage in conservation. Again, if you feel suspicious or uncomfortable, just leave the ATM. Keep your cash out of sight and in a safe place. Tipping: Most restaurants do not add a service charge to bills, and it is customary to leave a 10-15% tip. Parking and gas station attendants may be given whatever small change you have available; this is always appreciated, even though it may seem like a small amount. Note: Gratuities for the kitchen and camp staff at Mankwe Wildlife Reserve are completely voluntary but much appreciated. Your Destination Language: Afrikaans, English, and various local or tribal and regional languages. All project activities and instruction will be conducted in English. Cultural considerations: Generally, you should not wear skimpy or revealing clothing and particularly when not at Motlobo camp. If you would like to contribute to the local schools, stationery is always welcome, as they are perennially undersupplied. Electricity: 220/230 volts AC, 50 Hz. Most plugs are Type M (three round pins see image) but some plugs with two smaller pins are also found on appliances. Adaptors can be purchased but may be in short supply. US-made appliances may need a transformer. Please do not bring unnecessary electrical equipment, as the system at the campsite is easily overloaded and charging capabilities will be limited. For additional information, see kropla.com/electric2.htm. 23

30 Time zone: GMT + 2 hours. For time worldwide with GMT/UTC, see worldtimeserver.com. Telephone Dialing codes: When calling South Africa from another country, dial the country s international dialing code, followed by (27) and the number. When calling within South Africa, omit the (27) and dial (0). When calling another country from South Africa, dial (00), followed by the other country s country code and the number. Note: you should check with your cell phone provider to obtain any carrier-specific dialing codes you may need; many providers have dialing procedures that may differ in whole or in part from these directions. For additional information, see kropla.com/dialcode.htm. Country Information UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office: fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/ Country information from around the world: countryreports.org National Geographic Map Machine: plasma.nationalgeographic.com/mapmachine US State Department: state.gov Online unit conversions: onlineconversion.com Worldwide weather: wunderground.com or tutiempo.net/en ATM locator: visa.via.infonow.net/locator/global/ or mastercard.com/atmlocator/index.jsp RECOMMENDED READING Below are additional recommended materials for those interested in further preparing for the expedition. Some may be purchased online through popular vendors. See the Helpful Resources section for suggested vendor websites. Scientific media Books Mills, G. Kalahari hyaenas: comparative behavioral ecology of two species. Caldwell, NJ: The Blackburn Press, Articles Thorn, M., Green, M., Keith, M., Marnewick, K., Bateman, P.W., Cameron, E. Z., and Scott, D.M. (2011). Distribution patterns and implications for the status of carnivore populations in northern South Africa. Oryx 5(44). Thorn, M., Green, M., Bateman, P.W., Waite, S., and Scott, D.M. Brown hyaenas on roads: Estimating carnivore occupancy and population size using spatially auto-correlated sign survey replicates. Biological Conservation 144(6): Thorn, M., Green, M., Bateman, P., Cameron, E., Yarnell, R., and Scott, D.M. Comparative performance of spoor surveys, spotlighting, camera trapping and audio playbacks in a landscape-scale carnivore survey. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 40(1): Thorn M., Scott, D.M., Green, M., Bateman, P., and Cameron, E. Camera trapping as a means of estimating brown hyaena occupancy. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 39(1) (2009): Van der Merwe, I., Tambling, C., Thorn, M., Scott, D., Yarnell, R., Green, M., Cameron, E., and. Bateman, P. Determining diet composition and overlap of three carnivores by scat analysis. African Zoology 44(2): Popular media Books Carruthers, V. Wildlife of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik Publishers, Note: Good general book covering a wide range of wildlife but not in much detail. Mills, G., Mills M. Hyaena nights, Kalahari days. Johannesburg: Jacana Media,

31 Field guides Estes, R. The behavior guide to African mammals. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, Note: Excellent if you are interested in the behavior of the large mammals. Sinclair, I., Hockey, P, and Tarboton, W. Guide to the birds of Southern Africa, Second edition. Cape Town: Struik Publishers, Note: Essential guide for birdwatchers. Stuart, C., and Stuart, T. Field guide to mammals of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik Publishers, Note: Good photographic field guide to aid in identification. Stuart, C., and Stuart, T. Field guide to tracks and signs of Southern and East African wildlife. Cape Town: Struik Publishers, Note: Good photographic guide to aid in track identification. Walker, C. Signs of the wild. Cape Town: Struik Publishers, Note: Another good photographic field guide to aid in identification using tracks and other evidence. Project-related websites Mankwe Wildlife Reserve: mankwewildlifereserve.net/ Pilanesberg National Park: tourismnorthwest.co.za/pilanesberg/index.html IUCN Hyaena Specialist Group: hyaenidae.org/about-the-group/richard-yarnell-dawn-scott.html Dawn Scott: brighton.ac.uk/pharmacy/contact/details.php?uid=ds10 Richard Yarnell: ntu.ac.uk/apps/profiles/ /dr_richard_yarnell.aspx Publicity film: youtube.com/user/earthwatchinstitute Encyclopedia of Life: fieldguides.eol.org/fieldguide-view.php?guidekey=159 Earthwatch and the Encyclopedia of Life have partnered to bring an exciting new resource to participants on this expedition. Encyclopedia of Life s mission is to increase awareness and understanding of living nature. Scientists from around the world contribute information to this online encyclopedia, which gathers, generates, and shares knowledge in an open, freely accessible, and trusted digital resource. Through the link above, you can familiarize yourself with the fauna you may encounter on your expedition, and share your experiences with other volunteers upon your return. The first link will bring you to a field guide, which can be printed and taken with you, and includes a map and information about species specific to your study region. The second link will bring you to the Earthwatch collection, which allows you to read more in-depth descriptions of the species as they are found throughout the world, look at photos, and learn from the comments and insights of experts and scientists. You too can contribute to the site by adding your own observations and photos. Look around and have fun with this great resource! Field report Each Earthwatch Institute-supported project submits a report on the past year s research and results to Earthwatch, generally on an annual basis. The most recent field report for this project is available online through earthwatch.org/fieldreportpdf/scott_fieldreport2009.pdf. HELPFUL RESOURCES Please see Earthwatch s Volunteer Resources pages for additional information on: Travel agencies with whom Earthwatch volunteers can get preferential rates Recommended kit and clothing providers Recommended travel booksellers Volunteers who sign up through our US office, visit: earthwatch.org/volunteerresources Volunteers who sign up through our UK office, visit: earthwatch.org/europe/volunteerresources 25

32 Project Conditions Please show this section to a doctor when he/she is completing the Health section of your Earthwatch Participation Form. Be sure to discuss vaccination requirements with the doctor well in advance of your departure date. See the Health Information section for vaccination information. To the doctor: This patient has volunteered to join a field research team that has specific physical demands of which you and the patient should be aware. We need your accurate evaluation of this patient s ability to meet the conditions detailed below in order to care for his or her health and safety, and to assess that he or she can participate fully and effectively. General Conditions The study sites vary in terrain. Generally in areas where teams will be walking it will be relatively flat or undulating, but the ground is very uneven. The altitude of the area ranges between 1,000 and 1,400 meters (3,300 and 4,600 feet) above sea level. The climate is subarid, with an annual rainfall of approximately 650 millimeters (25 inches), mostly falling during summer thunderstorms between October and March. Remember that seasons in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres are reversed. The weather is expected to vary within the limits below: Annual Humidity 20% to 70% Temperature range Altitude Rainfall 42 to 95 F / 6 to 35 C 3,300-4,600ft / 1,000-1,400m 650mm / 25in per year June/July/ August Temperatures can drop below freezing at night and be up to 28 C/82 F in the day, so make sure you bring warm clothes for the night work and a good sleeping bag. All participants must be able to: Independently follow verbal and visual instructions. Consistently and immediately comply with project/park/reserve staff, field ranger, and guide instructions. See clearly (with corrective lenses is fine) to a distance of 500 meters (1,640 feet), as well as close-up to read the instruments used during the project. Since fieldwork is also conducted at night, all participants must also be able to see in low light conditions. Hear well either naturally or with a hearing aid in order to follow instructions in the field, particularly in the event of an emergency. Enjoy being outdoors all day in all types of weather (see General Conditions), often exposed to the sun for long periods of time or highly variable weather conditions, which may include large temperature differences between night and day and sudden storms or drops in temperature. Enjoy being outdoors in the potential presence of wild and sometimes dangerous animals, snakes, and insects. Traverse over rough, uneven terrain with areas of dense, thorny vegetation, animal holes that can be hard to spot, or rocky and steep slopes for up to 4 kilometers (2.5 miles) per day and generally up to 2 hours per day at an average rate of 1 kilometer (0.6 mile) in 15 minutes, with minimal fatigue. 26

33 Tolerate long periods of time in the field; days can be long, and some fieldwork is conducted at night. Carry personal daily supplies up to 5 kilograms (11 pounds), such as lunch, water, and some small field equipment (e.g., binoculars). Get oneself up into and down out of project vehicles unassisted, including vans, trucks with high beds, or open-topped safari vehicles. Sit or ride in project vehicles, with seatbelt fastened, in close proximity to other team members, while traveling over rough and bumpy roads for up to approximately 6 hours per day. Although the team will take regular breaks, in some research areas you will not be permitted to get out of the vehicle and walk around at will due to the presence of dangerous animals. Get low enough to access and collect samples on the ground and in the brush, and to access or set up camera traps. Search for animal signs (scat, tracks) on the ground while moving over rough, uneven, sometimes rocky terrain with areas of dense, thorny vegetation, while steering clear of obstacles and animal holes. Keep as quiet as possible while working in the bush. Tolerate some smoke in the air and protect oneself form harmful smoke inhalation if participating in the voluntary monitoring of controlled burning activity. Volunteers who choose to participate as monitors will be placed in areas deemed by the fire team as unlikely to be affected by smoke but winds can change and it is impossible to guarantee a smoke-free zone. Tolerate the possibility of not having a reliable source of electricity throughout the night for the length of the project. POTENTIAL HAZARDS If you feel ill once you return from your trip, make sure you inform your doctor that you have recently returned from a tropical region. There is a range of potential hazards associated with working in an African game reserve. You will receive training in field health and safety, and will be given safety guideline documents. Safety training topics will include what to do in an emergency, how to behave when encountering different wildlife, procedures to undertake in a snakebite incident, insect hazards on site, and how to avoid and prevent any problems. All team members will carry a whistle and personal first aid kit at all times, and a first aid kit will also be kept at the field base. All fieldwork will be undertaken in pairs of two or more, within 45 minutes of emergency medical aid. See below for a list of potential hazards and precautions that can be taken to avoid them. Hazard Type Transportation Associated Risks and Precautions Transportation hazards include fast and reckless drivers, livestock and wildlife in the road, rain, poor lighting, banditry, tire punctures due to thorny brush, and vehicle breakdowns. Traffic moves on the left side of the road. South African road conditions are considered good, particularly in urban areas; however, some roads at the study sites can be quite poor. They may be dirt, gravel, or corrugated and may be very bumpy and either dusty or muddy and slippery depending on weather conditions. Team members may travel in open-backed vehicles at sites with no large predators. Although the team will take regular breaks, in some research areas you will not be 27

34 permitted to get out of the vehicle and walk around at will due to the presence of dangerous animals. Volunteers must remain seated whenever the vehicle is in motion; speeds will be kept to no more than 50 kilometers/hour (30 miles/hour) but usually around 30 kilometers/hour (20 miles/hour). Only authorized, insured, and appropriately experienced staff will drive vehicles in which volunteers will travel. Volunteers are not permitted to drive. When traveling between sites or in Pilanesberg, volunteers will be in closed vehicles. Unnecessary night transportation is avoided, but some night drives are done as part of the research. Seatbelts should be worn whenever they are available. Walking/Hiking/ Climbing Animals at Accommodations Large Animals Project Site and Perimeter Fence When working in the Pilanesberg National Park, it is strictly forbidden for volunteers to lean or climb out of the windows of the closed vehicles. Volunteers will only be allowed to get out of the vehicle at tourist hides and at the Pilanesberg Visitors Centre. There is a possibility of sprains (e.g., ankle), bruises, and strains due to walking over uneven ground in the field area. The terrain can be relatively rough and uneven with areas of thick vegetation, especially in the wet season. There may be many animal holes in the ground; these can be covered by grass and therefore be hard to spot. Dense, thorny acacia scrub exists in certain areas, and there is rocky and steep terrain at some sites. Volunteers are advised to walk carefully and attentively and be aware of their surroundings at all times. Team members will walk along tracks and paths where possible. Appropriate clothing and footwear (e.g., long trousers, a hat, socks, and well-broken-in hiking boots with ankle support) are compulsory during fieldwork. Closed-toe shoes must be worn at night. There are two domesticated cats at the study site in Mankwe. Volunteers with allergies should bring medication (antihistamines, etc.) as appropriate and make note of allergies on the Health Form. There is a range of large and potentially dangerous mammals, including lions, rhinos, and elephants, in the region. Remember that all wild animals can be dangerous. Do not approach, antagonize, provoke, or tease any animal. Due to the presence of wildlife in the area, volunteers are not permitted to leave the research camp area, as defined by the lawns that surround the camp (beyond the lawns is long bush grass). In sites where large predators and elephants are present, fieldwork will be undertaken from a closed vehicle. Experienced guides will accompany team members into the field and will advise in the case of an encounter. Note: Field rangers will carry weapons and will accompany groups to areas with large hazardous animals. These weapons are for your protection and rangers are well trained in their use. Volunteers will NOT be permitted to handle weapons at any time. Weapons are kept unloaded unless the teams are walking on transects (long, continuous strips of vegetation). When walking in the bush with armed rangers, volunteers should walk in single file and always behind the guide. They should not linger behind but keep within 5 meters of the team member in front of them. Volunteers should be a quiet as possible and be dressed in khaki or earth-toned colored clothing. It is of the utmost importance to obey the guide and be aware of your surroundings at all times. The Mankwe Wildlife Reserve is a privately owned game reserve located on land leased from the AEL Mining Services company for the past 20+ years. Adjacent to the reserve, AEL runs a factory that produces detonators used in mining operations. There is a risk associated with being in proximity to an explosives factory in the event of an accident. However, AEL has over 100 years of experience in the mining industry, and extensive safety and risk management practices. Please also note that the reserve perimeter fence is electrified due to the presence of wildlife within and outside the reserve. To avoid the risk of electric shock, do not touch this fence and always be aware of your surroundings. 28

35 Monitoring for Evidence of Poaching Animal Handling Snakes Insects Plants Smoke Inhalation Burns As part of your team s work you may have the opportunity to take part in the optional activity of monitoring for evidence of poaching. Project staff will give a safety briefing regarding this optional activity. Although the activity is timed so as to look for evidence of poaching that may have happened overnight, and not scheduled at a time when poachers are typically active, there is always a possibility that your group could encounter a poacher. Volunteers who choose to take part in this optional activity should heed the instruction of the project staff, scouts, and/or tracker at all times. Volunteers should not engage with a poacher should one be encountered. As part of your work, you may participate in animal or vulture handling. Potential risks are bites or scratches. If you do participate in these tasks, you will be given instructions, briefed on safety, and supervised and/or assisted at all times. Protective equipment will be provided (e.g., long gloves, face masks, safety glasses), and team members should always wash their hands after handling animals. Participants may not handle animals unless under direct supervision of trained project staff and will not be permitted to handle the neck or head of vultures. A range of venomous snakes are present, including spitting cobras and vipers. Training in snakebite prevention and what to do in the event of an incident will be given prior to fieldwork. Snakebite procedures will also be posted at the field base. Ankle-high hiking boots should be worn for protection. Closed-toe shoes must be worn at night. Under no circumstances will volunteers be allowed to handle or attempt to catch a snake. Biting insects (e.g., ants, spiders, flies, and mosquitoes) and stinging insects (e.g., bees and wasps) are present in the field areas. Ticks, which can transmit encephalitis, may also be present. To minimize risk, bring and use insect repellent, check yourself daily for ticks, and wear proper neutral-colored field attire, including long pants tucked into socks. Ticks that are latched onto the skin should be removed with tweezers; staff can assist if needed. Care should be taken to prevent insect bites and stings, and volunteers with the potential for allergic reactions should bring medication (antihistamines, at least two EpiPens, etc.) as appropriate. There are plants in the area that may be poisonous if eaten or if they come into close contact with open wounds. Several plant species, such as acacia, have large thorns that can cause injury. Staff will aid in the identification of potentially harmful plants. Certain plants and pollens may cause allergic reactions (e.g., hay fever) in some volunteers. Those with allergies should bring and carry medication (antihistamines, at least two EpiPens, etc.) as appropriate and identify themselves to all first-aid-trained staff. Smoke inhalation is possible during the voluntary monitoring of controlled burning activity. The likelihood of harmful smoke inhalation can be reduced by covering the nose and mouth with a scarf or similar items (dust masks can be provided) and removing oneself from smoky areas immediately. Volunteers who choose to participate as monitors will be placed in areas deemed by the fire team as unlikely to be affected by smoke but winds can change and it is impossible to guarantee a smoke-free zone. Anyone with respiratory problems is advised not to take part in the burn monitoring or is confined to follow-up vehicles only. It is possible, though highly unlikely, that volunteers could be burned while monitoring controlled fires. To maximize their safety, volunteers are never placed in areas known to be dangerous or assigned dangerous tasks during controlled burns conducted by Mankwe Reserve staff. Volunteers only serve as monitors, following behind set fires and alerting the fire team to any crossings. At the first sign of danger to volunteers, they will be removed to a safe area. In the unlikely event of a volunteer sustaining a burn, normal first aid procedures will be followed. Staff and field ranger instructions must be followed at all times. 29

36 Climate/Weather Swimming Political/Social/ Cultural Project Tasks/ Equipment Personal Security Traveler s diarrhea Weather-related risks include heat stroke, heat exhaustion, sunburn, dehydration, and encountering sudden storms or drops in temperature, which may lead to chills. There may also be large temperature differences between night and day; it can get quite cold at night, particularly in the austral winter (June, July, and August teams). All team members are asked to carry at least 1 quart (about a liter) of water, a personal first aid kit, a sun hat, and sunscreen during fieldwork. Volunteers should be sure to drink plenty of water throughout the day and inform a staff member if they are feeling tired or ill. Fieldwork will be restricted during the hottest part of the day in the dry season. Bring appropriate waterproof and warm clothing; clothing that can be layered is highly recommended. Weather conditions will be monitored through local media during the expedition. Swimming or wading is not permitted during the expedition due to the risk of drowning and schistosomiasis, a parasite found in standing water bodies that causes infection. Political tensions in South Africa can often result in demonstrations, protests, strikes, or rallies, usually in urban areas. These events can turn violent. You should avoid all protests, demonstrations, rallies, and areas where there is picketing. Project staff will instruct participants on the proper research methodology and safety. Staff and field ranger instructions must be carefully followed at all times. Volunteers should wear protective gloves (provided) if collecting scat samples, and be sure to thoroughly wash their hands after all field excursions. While most visits to South Africa are trouble free, crime can be a problem, particularly in cities such as Johannesburg. If you travel into Johannesburg, use sensible precautions: avoid carrying money conspicuously (e.g., in bulging wallets or bum-bags or fanny packs); avoid walking alone whenever possible and ignore persons who approach to solicit for donations; avoid wearing jewelry, tourist outfits such as safari shorts and jackets with cameras and/or binoculars, and very short skirts or shorts, tank tops, etc. (more conservative clothing is recommended); always take a taxi when going out after dark; and select and use ATMs with caution. There is a potential risk of theft and a small risk of encountering criminal activities when in transit between sites. High-risk areas will be avoided at all times, and you will be warned of any potential risk before entering hazardous areas. You should keep all valuables out of site. Do not bring expensive equipment or jewelry with you; unnecessary valuables are always better left at home. The risk of theft will be reduced by locking away personal items when in transit and also at the field sites. Traveler s diarrhea affects 20-50% of all international travelers. Always wash your hands with soap and water or a hand sanitizer before eating, and drink filtered or bottled water. You should also carry an over-the-counter antidiarrheal medication in your personal first aid kit. Speak to your doctor about other options for treating traveler s diarrhea and see the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website for advice on avoiding this condition. 30

37 HEALTH INFORMATION Routine Immunizations All volunteers should make sure to have the following up-to-date immunizations: DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus), polio, MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) and varicella (if you have not already had chickenpox). Please be sure your tetanus shot is current. Project Vaccinations Medical decisions are the responsibility of each volunteer and the following are recommendations only. While Earthwatch can provide details regarding suggested vaccinations, we are not a medical organization and decisions about which vaccinations to receive should be made between you and a doctor. Health conditions around the world are constantly changing, so keep informed and consult your physician, a local travel health clinic, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (cdc.gov), and the World Health Organization (who.int) for the latest health information for travelers. Please consult a physician for guidance on vaccinations if you intend to travel to other parts of the country. Yellow fever Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Tetanus Required for Entry X - if traveling from countries or region where it is endemic, a Certificate of Vaccination obtained at least 10 days prior to arrival in South Africa is required. Recommended for Health Reasons X X X Advice Regarding Diseases Diseases found in South Africa include malaria, dengue fever, typhoid, rabies, West Nile virus, schistosomiasis, cholera, hepatitis, filariasis, chikungunya, tick bite fever, tuberculosis, strongaloidiasis, and the largest epidemic of HIV/AIDS in the world. Please see the CDC (cdc.gov) or WHO (who.int) websites for more information. Malaria is not present at the research site; however, it is found elsewhere in the country. Chloroquineresistant malaria is prevalent in some of the popular tourist areas of the Limpopo (Northern) Province, Mpumalanga (including Kruger National Park), and parts of KwaZulu-Natal. The risk can be greatly reduced by using malaria prophylactics and taking precautions against mosquito bites (using insect repellent and wearing long-sleeved shirts and trousers in the evening). Speak with your doctor about prophylactics. Rabies vaccinations are not compulsory for this expedition, as volunteers are not going to be handling any rabies-carrying wildlife as part of their assignments. However, volunteers may wish to consult with their health care providers about the rabies vaccine, given the regional prevalence of loose and stray dogs. Avoid stray dogs at all times. The rabies pre-exposure vaccination consists of three doses over a 28-day period. Please be sure to consult your physician or travel health clinic well in advance to ensure you have time for the full vaccination series. If you have previously been vaccinated, you must have a medical professional check your antibody levels; a booster shot may be required. Rabies is a fatal disease. Treatment after rabies exposure requires immediate care (within 24 hours), and this type of rapid response may not be available to volunteers on this project due to the remote locations. Pre-exposure vaccination does not eliminate the need for 31

38 postexposure medical attention and treatment, but it does provide additional protection against the disease in event of a delay in treatment. In addition, any bites or scratches should be immediately and thoroughly washed with soap and clean water and a topical povidone-iodine solution or ethanol. Tuberculosis: The WHO estimates that one-third of the world s population is infected with the bacterium (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that causes tuberculosis. The incidence of tuberculosis is higher in developing countries, particularly in Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and Latin America. In general, approximately 10% of persons infected with M. tuberculosis are at risk for developing active tuberculosis during their lifetimes. Tuberculosis is considered highly treatable with medications that are of relatively low toxicity and cost. Volunteers returning from developing countries are encouraged to have a (PPD)-tuberculin skin-test to screen for potential infection. Dengue fever is a flu-like virus found in most tropical and subtropical places of the South Pacific, Asia, the Caribbean, the Americas, and Africa and has become increasingly common due to the urbanization of previously rural areas. Dengue is spread by day-biting mosquitoes that prefer to live in or near human habitations. It is characterized by high fever, severe headache, and joint and muscle pains, often followed by a rash. There is no vaccine, and mosquito bites should be avoided whenever possible. Insect repellent and long sleeves and pants are highly recommended. The risk of acquiring dengue is highest shortly after sunrise and shortly before sunset. There is no treatment for standard dengue fever other than acetaminophen (avoid aspirin and ibuprofen), fluids, and rest. It is usually resolved after about 2 weeks. However, hemorrhagic dengue fever, characterized by bleeding and shock, can occasionally occur and requires medical care. HIV/AIDS is widespread throughout Africa, particularly in sub-saharan Africa, and has no cure. HIV virus is contained in blood and other bodily fluids. The risk for international travelers is determined less by their geographic destination and more by their sexual and drug-use behavior. The use of condoms and sterile injection equipment is key in its prevention. Additional Health Information Resources Travel health website: mdtravelhealth.com The Travel Doctor: tmvc.com.au Australian Department of Health and Aging: health.gov.au Hospital for Tropical Diseases: thehtd.org Traveller's Healthline Advisory Service Tel: (020) MASTA Travelers Healthline (UK) Tel: (0906) (within the UK) 32

39 EMERGENCIES IN THE FIELD Minor injuries can be treated on site. If medical advice is required, a local doctor is situated 20 minutes away from the Mankwe campsite and from Pilanesberg National Park in Mogwase. There is also a private hospital with an emergency room in Rustenberg, approximately a 45-minute drive from Mankwe and Pilanesberg. If medical evacuation is necessary, the nearest airstrips are the Pilanesberg Airport, approximately a 30-minute drive from Mankwe. Mankwe also has landing permission for an airlift anywhere on site in case of emergency. In the case of an emergency for which where a volunteer must leave the expedition early, transport will be arranged to bring the volunteer to the Johannesburg International Airport for departure. Proximity to Medical Care Physician, nurse, or EMT on staff Staff certified in safety training Nearest medical clinic Distance Nearest hospitals Distance Project staff are not medical professionals CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) and First Aid: Dawn Scott, Lynne MacTavish, Dougal MacTavish, Louisa Richmond- Coggan, Lauren Jones and Louis Phipps Dr. Kirsten, Mogwase shopping complex Tel: +27 (14) minute drive from the project site Ferncrest Hospital Moumo Street, Thlabane, Rustenburg Tel: +27 (14) Fax: +27 (14) Peglarae Hospital 104 Kock Street, Rustenburg Tel: +27 (14) Fax: +27 (14) minute drive from the project site COMMUNICATIONS Emergency Communications in the Field Many mobile phone networks can be used on the reserve and coverage is generally good. All staff members will have mobile phones with them and VHF radios are available for use during fieldwork. Please note that these phones are for project and emergency use only, and may not be used by volunteers for any other communications. Emergency contact details (for emergencies ONLY): Lynne MacTavish: +27 (0) (mobile phone) Dougal MacTavish: +27 (0) (mobile phone) Gill MacTavish: +27 (0) (landline and fax) mankwe@telkomsa.net or doumish@mweb.co.za The emergency contact number at Earthwatch in the US is +1 (978) or +1 (800) (see Emergency Contacts for calling instructions). 33

40 Personal Communications While there is no public phone on site, it may be possible for volunteers to make limited phone calls during the expedition from the office s landline phone. Prepaid calling cards can be used with this phone, but these are not readily available to buy. Please try to make any essential calls while you are in Johannesburg, before the rendezvous. There is also generally good coverage if you wish to use your own mobile phone. Many networks will let you use your mobile phone abroad, and if you wish to do so please check with your network in advance. It is also possible to rent a mobile phone at the airport in Johannesburg. There is limited access to charging electrical equipment, including mobile phones, and this is usually done overnight. Mobile phones may not be used during project work or activities, especially while in the field. Postcards and stamps can be bought from Lynne MacTavish to be sent home; however, there is little point in trying to receive mail as it takes at least 2 weeks to get to South Africa from the UK or US. Family and friends of Earthwatch volunteers should be aware that personal communication with outsiders is not always possible while they are participating in an expedition. Earthwatch encourages volunteers to minimize outgoing calls; likewise, family and friends should restrict calls to urgent messages only. Measures have been taken to ensure that appropriate communication tools are available in cases of emergency. All volunteers are asked to remember that Earthwatch expeditions offer a rare chance to escape from hearing ringing phones and others phone conversations, and to regulate their cell-phone use with respect for fellow volunteers and staff accordingly. Contact Information This information is available in the print version of the briefing only. Appendix Hofer, H., and Mills, M.G.L. Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, IUCN IUCN red list of threatened species. version <wwiucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 08 March Smithers, R.H.N. Mammals of Southern Africa: A Field Guide. Cape Town: Southern Book Publishers,

41 Earthwatch Institute Policies & Participant Rights and Responsibilities This document contains important information concerning Earthwatch Institute policies and participant rights and responsibilities for inclusion on an Earthwatch expedition. Please read this document thoroughly and sign the Liability Release section of your Earthwatch Participation Form to indicate that you understand and accept the risks inherent to your expedition and the policies, rights, and responsibilities enumerated in this document. Participants will not be permitted to partake in an expedition until Earthwatch has received the signed release form. Intellectual Property Rights It is permissible to share photos, videos, and stories of your expedition with family, friends, local media, and in a public forum. Sharing your new perspectives and experiences is welcomed and encouraged. However, please recognize that all information, data, and images shared or gathered in the course of your expedition s field work become the intellectual property of the Earthwatch scientist (ES). Co-opting or plagiarism of data, images or information gathered during an expedition for use in a scientific thesis, masters or PhD work, or for profit or for the academic or business use of a third party without the permission of the ES is strictly prohibited. Please be aware that data gathered during the interviewing of local people becomes the intellectual property of the ES. Earthwatch scientists have the right to place additional restrictions on your ability to share data or certain research-related images. Conversely, an Earthwatch scientist may give written permission to use data and images for academic or profitable activity. Please be sure to ask what is acceptable to the Earthwatch scientist. Fellows or scholarship recipients are sometimes required to submit a written report reflecting what they have learned on a project, sometimes as a step toward developing a curriculum. Earthwatch scientists have the right but not obligation to review and edit materials involving information gathered on one of their expeditions. Discrimination Earthwatch does not discriminate on the basis of race, religion, ethnicity, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, or any other reason prohibited by applicable law and respects participants right to privacy. However, you must be aware that local laws in countries in which Earthwatch operates may not be antidiscriminatory and that the possibilities exist that local residents may not have an awareness of best practice regarding discrimination. Discrimination on the basis of race, religion, ethnicity, or sexual orientation will not be tolerated on Earthwatch teams. Disruptive behavior, or verbal, physical or any other type of abuse or harassment will also not be tolerated. Violation of Earthwatch s non-discrimination policy is grounds for expulsion from the program without a refund. Intimate relationships Earthwatch scientists, their staff, their colleagues, and their associates are prohibited from becoming romantically involved with participants during the entire duration of the period that the team is in the field. Romantic relationships that may otherwise seem permissible may eventually create an unpleasant or unproductive work environment and are therefore strongly discouraged for the duration of an Earthwatch project. Sexual Harassment Please recognize that the relationship that exists between Earthwatch scientists and staff and participants is analogous to the student-teacher relationship. Therefore, please be aware of the following policies. Sexual harassment of participants by the Earthwatch scientist or Earthwatch staff is prohibited. Likewise, sexual harassment of other participants, Earthwatch field staff, or local people by participants is also prohibited. Sexual harassment infringes on an individual s right to an environment free from unsolicited and unwelcome sexual overtones of conduct either verbal or physical. Sexual harassment does not mean occasional compliments of a socially acceptable nature. 35

42 Sexual harassment refers to conduct which is offensive, which harms morale, or which interferes with the effectiveness of Earthwatch expedition teams; such conduct is prohibited. Lewd or vulgar remarks, suggestive comments, displaying derogatory posters, cartoons or drawings, pressure for dates or sexual favors and unacceptable physical contact or exposure are examples of what can constitute harassment. No one should be touched in areas that otherwise would be covered by a bathing suit. It is important to realize that what may not be offensive to you, may be offensive to participants, the local population, and Earthwatch field staff. Any individual who feels subjected to sexual harassment or has any knowledge of such behavior should report it at once to his or her PI or to Earthwatch staff members. All Earthwatch scientists and Field Team Leaders (FTLs) will notify Earthwatch immediately when an accusation of sexual harassment or abuse is made or witnessed. All reports of sexual harassment will be handled with discretion and will be promptly and thoroughly investigated. Any participant who is found to have engaged in conduct constituting sexual harassment will be immediately removed from the expedition at his or her own expense. If a minor is immediately involved in allegations of sexual harassment, his or her parents will be contacted. Drugs Laws on drug use in most countries are severe and may carry lengthy imprisonment or death penalties. I understand and accept that the manufacture, possession, use, purchase and/or sale of illegal drugs or other illegal substances while on an Earthwatch expedition is strictly prohibited. Prescription drugs may only be purchased and used by the individual indicated on the prescription in keeping with their intended use guidelines. Alcohol Local statutes, customs, practices, ordinances, and regulations with regard to the use, possession, sale, or purchase of alcohol are applicable to all participants and project staff in Earthwatch expeditions. Participants and project staff on Earthwatch expeditions must comply with the law of the country in which a project is located regarding the minimum age required to consume alcohol. In addition, restriction on the use, possession, sale, or purchase of alcohol may be set by the Earthwatch scientist. Any restrictions on the consumption of alcohol should be clearly outlined by the project staff in the briefing to participants at the start of the project, and in the Expedition Briefing. Consumption or possession of alcohol or smoking is not permitted on any Earthwatch Teen Team, regardless of local law. Excessive consumption of alcohol by staff or participants is not acceptable on any Earthwatch project. Intoxication can jeopardize personal safety, in addition to the safety of the team. It can also cause delay, and hinder response in the event of a crisis or emergency situation. Earthwatch staff and the Earthwatch scientist have the discretion to remove individuals from the project who consume alcohol in a time and manner that endanger the safety and/or productivity of the expedition. Minors Earthwatch considers participants under eighteen (18) years of age to be minors. Minors are not permitted to participate on any of Earthwatch s standard teams unless accompanied by a parent or legal guardian in which case the minimum age is sixteen (16). Minors on regular teams do not receive additional guidance or supervision from Earthwatch beyond what is offered to the adult participants. The number of minors on regular teams is limited to two (2) per team. Earthwatch has developed teams specifically for 16 and 17 year olds ( Teen Teams ) as well as teams specifically for families ( Family Teams ) with children as young as 10 years old. These teams focus on the same research activities and have the same expectations as our regular teams, but with more facilitation and support. Exceptions for some projects are made at the discretion of Earthwatch and the Earthwatch scientist. Due to a more in-depth screening process for certain programs that select candidates based on school year rather than age, there may be 18 year olds fielding on the same team as 16 and 17 year olds. Please be aware that some Earthwatch projects do not allow participation by minors in any circumstance. Participants and Driving Participants are not allowed to drive project vehicles or aircraft during an expedition. In select circumstances, participants may be able to drive boats under the direct supervision by project staff. These circumstances are pre-determined by project staff in collaboration with Earthwatch. Participants must respect the restrictions for boat driving in place for each project. 36

43 If a project environment is such that participants can drive their own vehicles to the rendezvous, those who have driven themselves to the project may not drive their own vehicles to, from or for project activities, including the transport of project equipment after arriving at the site. Participants who have driven themselves to the project may choose to utilize their own vehicle during recreational time, but project staff will brief them on the driving restrictions. All driving during recreational time is done at your own risk. Please be advised that the only exception to the above driving restrictions is emergency situations. Riding in other participants vehicles is not covered under the participants insurance policy for the expedition. Riding in another participant s vehicle is done at a participant s own risk. In the Event of an Emergency In the event of emergencies, judgments must be made by Earthwatch field staff and participants. While Earthwatch makes an effort to ensure that qualified people make the most informed decisions possible, occasionally first aid may be administered and other immediate steps taken by expedition participants who are not licensed medical providers. Each Earthwatch expedition has safety protocols and emergency procedures in place. Earthwatch encourages team members (the field staff and participants) to exercise their best judgment with regard to their own safety and the safety of other team members. Other participants may perform Good Samaritan actions, or actions taken to assist fellow participants during emergency situations in the field. However, Earthwatch does not encourage or expect you to jeopardize your own safety or that of others in attempting to rescue or assist your fellow team members. Right of Refusal Earthwatch reserves the right to refuse an applicant s participation on Earthwatch projects at any time and to terminate any work being done by a participant and require the participant to vacate the project site if any of the Earthwatch Expedition Team in his or her absolute discretion considers it appropriate. In this event, the participant (and his/ her parent/ guardian, if appropriate) will be responsible for arranging and paying for any accommodation, travel or other arrangements which may be necessary following the termination of a participant s involvement in a project, for whatever reason and may not be eligible for a refund. Earthwatch and the project staff may not refuse a participant for discriminatory reasons (race, religion, ethnicity, national origin, sexual orientation, or any other reason prohibited by applicable law). However, participants may be denied in the interest of team compatibility. Earthwatch will make reasonable efforts to accommodate participants with disabilities and the organization endeavors to find appropriate expeditions for those participants that have physical limitations. Refusal of a participant is an unusual event and is generally due to either an applicant s failure to meet the essential eligibility requirements of a particular project, or in the interest of team compatibility. In the event that an applicant is refused participation for health reasons, Earthwatch will refund in full any deposit or payment made toward the expedition. Earthwatch scientists have the right to refuse special requests, such as media visits (film, photography or print), special groups or teams (students, donors, etc.), if they conflict with Earthwatch scientist schedules, safety, research objectives or general performance of the team. Any participant found in violation of any of the policies described in this document ( Earthwatch Institute Policies & Participant Rights and Responsibilities ) is subject to removal from the team at their own expense. By signing the Liability Release section of your Earthwatch Participation Form, participants are indicating that they have read and understand the policies in this document. Removal of a participant from a team is at the discretion of the Earthwatch scientist or Field Team Leader and Earthwatch staff. In addition, Earthwatch will support the right of the scientist to send participants away from a project once in the field should their behavior compromise the safety, research objectives or general performance of the team, or if the participant has violated a stated policy. In the event that a minor is dismissed from a project, Earthwatch will contact the participant s parents or legal guardian prior to their dismissal. Should a participant be removed from a team, he/she is responsible for any or all costs associated with departure from the team and will receive no refund of the share of costs of the expedition nor any expenses incurred in participation on the expedition. (November 2010) 37

44 Expedition Packing Checklist This Expedition Briefing Required Items Photocopies of your passport, flight itinerary and credit cards in case the originals are lost or stolen; the copies should be packed separately from the original documents Passport and/or visa (if necessary) Certification of vaccination (if necessary) Documentation for travel by minors (if necessary) (see Volunteers Under 18 Years of Age in the Travel Planning section) Calling card/mobile phone (with international calling capabilities if applicable) Credit card that may be used (internationally, if applicable) in the event of an emergency (travel delays, etc.) Clothing/Footwear for Fieldwork Note: Khaki, earth-toned or darker colors are recommended for field clothing, as white and bright colors will scare animals away Be sure to bring your Earthwatch T-shirt and remember to wear it, as appropriate, throughout your expedition Long-sleeved shirts Pants Fleece/jumper/sweater or other warm clothes for night work Well broken-in hiking boots Wide-brimmed hat to protect face, neck, and head from the strong sun Additional Clothing/Footwear for Fieldwork: February, October & November Teams Lightweight, waterproof jacket Waterproof footwear Additional Clothing/Footwear for Fieldwork: June/July/August Teams Warm windbreaker/jacket Several layers of warm clothing, including thermal under-layers Warm hat and gloves Clothing/Footwear for Leisure One set of clothing to keep clean for end of expedition Shorts T-shirts Comfortable pants Lightweight long-sleeved top for sun protection Comfortable closed-toe shoes to wear around camp Flip-flops for the shower Socks and underwear Field Supplies Small daypack/rucksack Dry bag or plastic sealable bags (good for protecting equipment such as camera from dust, humidity, and water) 38

45 Insect repellent spray At least two (2) one-liter water bottle(s) Flashlight, torch or headlamp/headtorch with extra batteries and extra bulb (a headlamp with a red lamp function is particularly useful for some night work; the red light cannot be seen as easily by animals and a headlamp allows hands to be free for fieldwork) Compass Whistle Notebook Pens/Pencils Binoculars Bedding and Bathing Note: A pillow, duvet, and bed sheet will be provided. Four-season sleeping bag (for June/July/August teams only) Towel Personal Supplies Personal toiletries (biodegradable soaps and shampoos are encouraged) Antibacterial wipes or lotion (good for cleaning hands while in the field) Personal first aid kit (e.g. anti-diarrhea pills, antibiotics, antiseptic, itch-relief, pain reliever, bandages, blister covers, etc.) and personal medications Sunscreen lotion with SPF 30 or higher Lotion and lip balm (your skin will be exposed to sun, dry air, and wind) Sunglasses Spare glasses or contact lenses (if you wear them) Bandana Miscellaneous Spending money Camera, film/memory card(s), extra camera battery Travel alarm clock Optional Items Memory stick (optional) Blank CD or DVD for sharing digital photographs at the end of the expedition Travel guide Books, games, journal, art supplies, etc. for recreational/rest time and travel Field guidebook(s) Earplugs and/or facemask to help sleep during the day Mosquito net Money belt A small amount of biodegradable laundry soap to wash clothing Favorite snacks and/or supplementary food if you have specific dietary requirements (NOTE: these should be stored in the kitchen tent cabinets, rather than in your sleeping area, to avoid attracting small mammals.) Note: Required and Optional Items lists are accurate to the best of Earthwatch s knowledge at the time of publication. 39

46 Our Mission Earthwatch engages people worldwide in scientific field research and education to promote the understanding and action necessary for a sustainable environment. We believe that achieving a sustainable future requires objective scientific data from the field and that the scientific process must engage the general public if it is to change the world. To that end, we involve people from all walks of life directly in global field research. We invite you to join us. Earthwatch Institute 114 Western Avenue Boston, MA USA info@earthwatch.org Toll-free: +1 (800) Phone: +1 (978) Fax: +1 (978) Earthwatch (Europe) Mayfield House 256 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7DE UNITED KINGDOM info@earthwatch.org.uk Phone: +44 (0) Fax: +44 (0) Earthwatch (Australia) 126 Bank Street South Melbourne VIC 3205 AUSTRALIA earth@earthwatch.org Phone: +61 (0) Fax: +61 (0) Earthwatch (Japan) Sanbancho TY Plaza 5F Sanbancho 24-25, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo JAPAN info@earthwatch.jp Phone: +81-(0) Fax: +81-(0) An international nonprofit organization founded in Boston, Massachusetts in 1971