Index. E East Coast Hockey League (ECHL), 21 Easterlin s hypothesis, Employer discrimination, 98, 106 Entry discrimination, 96, 134

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1 A Aggressor, 22 American Hockey League (AHL) arenas and attendance, 21 clubs, location of, 21 fighting aggressor, 22 American and Canadian fan preferences, 29 attendance and ticket demand, effects on, data, deterrent and monitoring effect, 28 econometric model, estimation results of profitmaximization, franchise relocations, goon players, 28 instigator, motivations for players, 27 and NHL, 23 24, 28 number of fights vs. total points, 29, 30 penalty, 22 23, Rule 46, Slap Shot strategy, 24, 27 number of teams, 21 parent NHL club, affiliation with, salaries, 22 schedule, 21 ticket prices, 21 top-tier minor hockey league, 21 American Labor Law, 4 Arena Football League, 8 B Balanced penalty, 135 Barkley, Charles, 156 Bernoulli process, 141 Bird, Larry, 156 Birth cohort size baby-boom and subsequent baby-bust, birth rate cycles, 58, 60 data set, NHL player outcomes, average player salaries, 82, 86 career earnings paths, data sources and sample, 68 70, demand for player talent, 63 Easterlin s hypothesis, free-agency, 63 64, 71, 72 larger-than-average cohort ( ), player performance ( ), player salaries ( ), player types/phases/stages, 61 pre-post lockout and league expansion, player salaries, 82, 84 86, 88 regression specifications, 70 relative age effect (see (Relative age effect (RAE))) Rosen s optimal life-cycle model, 61 substitution elasticity, 63 positive demand-side effect, 58 pro-athletes, 59 Blood sport hypothesis, 154 Springer International Publishing AG 2017 B. Frick (ed.), Breaking the Ice, Sports Economics, Management and Policy 16, 199

2 200 C Canadian Hockey League (CHL), 21 CBAs, see Collective Bargaining Agreements (CBAs) Close-game penalty, 135 Coefficient of variation (COV), 9, 10 Cohort size, see Birth cohort size Collective Bargaining Agreements (CBAs), 4, 5, 8, 14 Contaminated hypothesis tests, 136 Co-worker discrimination, 98, 99, 109 Cultural and language diversity German manufacturing plants, production levels in, 114 NHL players, productivity levels estimation results, 121, ethnic specific players, team specific proportion of, European players, , 127 game level analysis, 117 game of hockey, 116 game summary and play-by-play reports, home and visiting team specific summary statistics, inferences, 127 new skills, learning of, 115 on-ice and off-ice player interactions, 115, 117 reduced communication costs, 128 season-game and season-game-goal level information, 117 semi-parametric linear model, 121 U.S.-born residents, average real wage and rents, 114 Customer-based discrimination, 98, 106, 107, 109 Czech Extraliga, see Superstars, German and Czech hockey league D Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL), see Superstars, German and Czech hockey league Discretionary penalties, 133 Discrimination, in NHL co-worker discrimination, 98, 99, 109 cultural, political/linguistic factors, 96 customer-based discrimination, 98, 109 definition, 98 employer discrimination, 98, 109 entry/hiring discrimination, 96 national origin/ethnicity, 96 salary discrimination (see (Salary discrimination, in NHL)) statistical discrimination, 98 taste-based discrimination, team-level referee discrimination (see (Team-level referee discrimination)) team owners and managers, 99 Dynamic ticket pricing airlines, 181 Anaheim Ducks, , 187, 195 data and regression model betting market prices, 182, 186 dependent variables, 181 dummy variables, 183, 184 fights-per-game variable, independent variables, 181, 183, 186 Newey-West HAC standard errors and covariances, 183 NHL, determinants, 185, 186 non-binary variables, 183, 184 points-per-game variable, 182, 184 uncertainty of outcome hypothesis, 182, 186, 188 high and low ticket price sections, average price regressions, betting market, 191 fights-per-game variable, on-ice performance, 193, 194 points-per-game variable, 190, 191 regression results, NHL teams, seating section, 188 team performance and game expectations, 190 win probability variable, 190, 191 intensity control theory, 181 Minnesota Wild (St. Paul), 178, 187, 196 Ottawa Senators, 178, 187, 196 posted-price and price-discovery markets, 181 primary ticket market sales, 180 secondary market firm, 180 variable pricing models, sports and comparisons, E East Coast Hockey League (ECHL), 21 Easterlin s hypothesis, Employer discrimination, 98, 106 Entry discrimination, 96, 134

3 201 F Fan-based discrimination, 107, 109 Fighting in AHL aggressor, 22 American and Canadian fan preferences, 29 attendance and ticket demand, effects on, data, deterrent and monitoring effect, 28 econometric model, estimation results of profitmaximization, franchise relocations, goon players, 28 instigator, motivations for players, 27 and NHL, 23 24, 28 number of fights vs. total points, 29, 30 penalty, 22 23, Rule 46, Slap Shot strategy, 24, 27 in ice hockey, NHL s Philadelphia Flyers players, 18 professional boxing matches, 18 Slap Shot (movie), television coverage, 18 G Gini Coefficients, 8 Goal differential (GD), 11 Goon players, 28 H Handedness, 55 hockey, right and left-handed shooters in assists per game, 49 average goals and average goals per game, forward positions, 44 goals per game, p-values, 48 ice hockey, 43 mean salary, difference in, off-wing position, salary determination and returns, right vs. left-handed individuals autism and learning disabilities, 41 baseball players, 43 cognitive to environmental, 42 compensation, 42 intelligence and creativity, 41 left-handed females, penalty for, 41, 42 left-handed males, premium for, 41, 42 wage loss, 42 Hershey Bears club, 24 Hill, Grant, 156 Hiring discrimination, 96 Honeymoon effect, 155 I Ice hockey fighting, IIHF, 157 right and left-handed players, 43 Instigator, International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF), 157 Invariance principle, 7 J Johnson, Magic, 156 Jordan, Michael, 156 L Labor market discrimination, Language diversity, see Cultural and language diversity League revenues, 132 Lockouts, see Strikes and lockouts M Major League Baseball (MLB), 4, 7, 14, 132, 180, 182 Major League Soccer (MLS), 8 Multicollinearity, 139 N National Basketball Association (NBA), 4, 6, 8, 14 15, 131, 155, 173 National Football League (NFL), 4, 6, 8, 173, 178 National Hockey League (NHL), Canadian players, majority of, 101 cohort size effect (see (Birth cohort size)) cultural and language diversity (see (Cultural and language diversity)) discrimination (see (Discrimination, in NHL))

4 202 National Hockey League (NHL) (cont.) Eastern and Western Conference, 100 fighting, 23 24, 28 players union and owners (see (Players union and owners, NHL)) superstars, attendance effects (see (Superstars, German and Czech hockey league)) teams of, ticket prices (see (Dynamic ticket pricing)) US players, percentage of, 101 National Hockey League Players Association (NHLPA), 4, 5 Non-discretionary penalties, 133 O O Neal, Shaquille, 156 P Penalty, 22 23, 27 28, 134, 135, Players union and owners, NHL CBAs, 4, 8, championship season, 5 cracks in union s solidarity, 5 federal labor law, 4 labor policy, changes in, 8 competitive balance, 7 invariance principle, 7 property rights to players labor service, 6 7 modified CBA, 4 5 NHLPA, 4, 5 salary caps bounds on payroll, 8 competitive balance, improvement in, 8 effects on sports leagues, 6, 8 hard payroll cap, 4 6 individual player s compensation, limits on, 8 payroll limits, demand for, 5 pre and post salary cap, 9 13 salary distribution within and across teams, improvement in, 8 soft payroll cap, 4, 6, 8 strikes and lockouts, 4, income-eliminating work stoppages, lockout, lockout, MLB championship tournament, NBA lockout, public relations damage, schedule of games, season s games, cancellation of, 14 Q Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL), 154, 182 R Racial discrimination, 96 Relative age effect (RAE), 58, 60 amateur athletics, 59 NHL player outcomes, 67 68, 87 accumulative advantage, 65 cutoff date hypothesis, data sources and sample, 68 70, drafted, team captaincy, 78 79, 82 initial better performers, 65 large birth cohort size effects, 80 81, 83 path dependence, 65 physical/psychological maturity advantage, 67 player performance ( ), 78, 80, 81 player salaries ( ), 78, 79 regression specifications, relative age disadvantage, 66 skewed birthdate distributions, positive peer effects, 59 S Salary caps bounds on payroll, 8 competitive balance, improvement in, 8 effects on sports leagues, 6, 8 hard payroll cap, 4 6 individual player s compensation, limits on, 8 payroll limits, demand for, 5 pre and post salary cap average payroll, standard deviation, and COV, 9 10 SDGD/games, 11, 12 SDWP and RSD results, 10, 11 SRCC, 12 13

5 203 salary distribution within and across teams, improvement in, 8 soft payroll cap, 4, 6, 8 Salary discrimination, in NHL, 96 97, , 133, 134 customer-based discrimination, 106, 107, 109 employer-based discrimination, 106, 109 fan-based discrimination, 107, 109 franchise information, 102 free agency, 108 game-team player time, individual characteristics, 102 individuals plus-minus-statistics, 105 language/cultural barriers, 100, less favorable compensation packages, 100 market-based approach, 97, 107, 108 player ethnicity and team locations, productivity measures, 102 reservation wage hypothesis, 100 salary and performance data, 97, 105 style of play, 99 team performance, 107 team-specific, 106 wage expenditures, 107 young players, 106, 108 SDGD, see Standard deviation of goal differential (SDGD) Season-game-penalty level, 134 Slap Shot (movie), Spearman s rank correlation coefficient (SRCC), Standard deviation of goal differential (SDGD), 11, 12 Statistical discrimination, 98 Strikes and lockouts, 4, income-eliminating work stoppages, lockout, lockout, MLB championship tournament, NBA lockout, public relations damage, schedule of games, season s games, cancellation of, 14 Stubhub, 179, 180, 195 Superstars, German and Czech hockey League attendance, determinants of double-logged model, 156 gate revenues, 156 in hockey analysis, linear model, 156 lockout, 157 road attendance, 156 sports, 153 ticket demand, 155, 157 capacity utilization average attendance and, 161 dependent variable, distribution of, 160 collective bargaining agreement, 151 control variables, 159 arenaage, 166 arenarenovation, 166 clubs, 165 consumer preferences, 165 descriptive statistics of, 166 economic aspects, 165 matchday, 167 multifunctional arena, 166 rivalry, 167 Tobit models, descriptive NHL-player and attendance statistics characteristics, 164 Kladno, 165 lockout, 161, 162 matches, number of, 162 nationality, 163 team experience, 162 Tobit regression, 161 game level attendance data, 152 model specification, 172 multifunctional arenas, 172 professional hockey, T Taste-based discrimination, Team-level referee discrimination anti-discrimination, 145 data chi-square tests, p-values, 137, 139 coincidental discretionary penalty, 136, 137 ethnic specific players, 138 identity and ethnicity, refereeing crews, 137 decision-making, 131 empirical model motivation, specifications,

6 204 Team-level referee discrimination (cont.) English Canadian players, English Canadian referees, estimation procedure, 141 French Canadian players, French Canadian referees, homogeneous referee pairings, 142 intermediate specification, 142 NBA referees, 131 NHL and game of hockey, null hypothesis, 142 parsimonious specification, 142 penalty rates, 132 referee ethnic mixes, saturated specification, 142 Thomas, Isiah, 156 Ticket prices, see Dynamic ticket pricing W Wald test, 34 Women s National Basketball Association (WNBA), 8 Work stoppages, see Strikes and lockouts World Hockey Association (WHA), 7, 21, 28